1、省略与替代（一）并列句中的省略在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、第四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如：Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. （二）简单句中的省略1省略主语1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：(You) Be seated, please. 2）其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：(I)Thank you for your help. （谢谢你的帮助。）(It)Doesnt matter. （没关系。）2省略
2、主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：(There is) No smoking. （禁止吸烟。）(Is there) Anything else ?（还有其他事吗？）(You come) This way, please. （请这边走）。(Will you)Have a smoke ?（吸支烟？）What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?（来一杯怎么样？）Why（do you）not say hello to him ?（为什么不和他说声再见呢？）3省略宾语。如：Do you know Miss Gao ?（你认识高小姐吗？）I dont know（her）. （
3、我不认识。）Which of them is the better choice ?（他们中谁是更合适的人选？）Well, its hard to tell（it）. （哟，这很难说。）4省略表语。如：Are you thirsty ?（你渴吗？）Yes, I am（thirsty）. （是的，我渴。）5同时省略几个成分。如：Are you feeling better now ?（你觉得好些吗？）（I am feeling）Much better（now）. （好多了。）Have you finished your work ?（你完成工作了吗？）（I have）Not（finished m
4、y work）yet. （还没有。）（I wish）Good luck（to you）！（祝你顺利！）6其他一些省略结构1）名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：We spent the weekend at the Blacks. 2）what和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。如：What a wonderful victory（it is）for Wilma!How wonderful（it was）to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad. 3
5、）不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，wand，wish等后边。如：I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to. 在have，need，ought，be going，used等后。如：I didnt want to go there, but I had to. 在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后，如：Will you j
6、oin in the game ?Id be glad to. 否定形式的省略用not to。如：Shall I go instead of him ?I prefer not to. 如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：Are you a sailor ?No, but I used to be. He hasnt finished yet. Well, he ought to have. （三）复合句中的省略1定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom常可以省略；当先行词是time，reason，place时作状
7、语的关系副词when，why，where也可以省去。如：This is the first time（when）he had trouble with the boss. 2当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时，可以把重复的内容省去，而保留wh-疑问词。如：Tom was sad, but I dont know why（he was sad）. 3状语从句中的省略现象一般来说，省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中：由when，while，as，before，after，till，until，once等引导的时间状语从句；由if，unless，whether等引导的条件状语从句；由
8、though，although，even if，whatever等引导的让步状语从句，由as，than引导的让步状语从句；由as，as if，as though 方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时，并不是任何成分都可以省略，而是遵循一定的原则：1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：连词(as, as if, once) + 名词Once（he was）a teacher, he now works in a government office. 连词(though，whether，when) + 形容词Work hard when
9、（you are）young, or youll regret. 连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语He looked everywhere as if（he was）in search of something. 连词(when，while，though) + 现在分词While（I was）walking along the street, I heard my name called. 连词（when，if，even if，unless，once，until，than，as） + 过去分词The exhibition is more interesting
10、than（it was）expected. 连词（as if，as though） + 不定式He opened his lips as if（he were）to speak. 注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略：Her father told her to be careful when（she was）crossing the street. 2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if，unless，when，whenever) + 形容词的结构。如：Unless（it is）necessary, y
11、oud better not refer to the dictionary. 另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so/not省略句式。Get up early tomorrow. If not（you dont get up early），you will miss the first bus. He may not be at home then, if so（he is not at home），leave him a note. 替 代（一）so和not作替代词，代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，作be afraid，bel
12、ieve，become，all，do，expect，fear，hope，imagine，say，see，speak，suppose，think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子，还可放在perhaps，probably，absolutely等副词后。如：She was not angry at first, but became so（=angry）after a while. Is he the best student in the class ?I think so（=He is best student in the class. ）I think not（=He is not the b
13、est student in the class）. （二）替代的应用1So可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等，则只能放在句首。如：I believe（say, think）so. =So I believe（say, think）. He is absent today. So I see（hear, notice）. 2在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如：误：I doubt so. 正：I doubt it. 3在ask和know之后也不用so。如：误：Why do you ask so ?正：Why do you ask that ?4do so
14、一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。如：She said she would go with me, but she didnt do so. Alice feels better today. I think she does. So she does. 但不可说：I think she does so. 基础训练1.(2003春季全国高考题)The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if_whether he was going in the right direction.A.seeingB.havingC.to have s
15、eenD.to see2.(2002全国高考题)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，_ I will always treasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what3.I often think of my childhood,during_I lived on my uncles farm.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.who4.May I help you with some shoes，sir?Yes，Id like to try on those white _.
16、A.oneB.onesC.twoD.pair5.Here are four choices，which do you think is the best_?A.choicesB.thatC.onesD./6.Whats the difference between the first house and the second?The first one has a garage while the second has _.A.nothingB.noneC.no oneD.neither7.Have you ever been to Shanghai?_.A.Not yetB.HaventC.
17、Yet notD.Still not8.Dont forget to come to my birthday party._.A.I dont B.I wontC.I dont forgetD.I wont forget9.Be sure to get up earlier tomorrow morning._.Ill be as early as a bird.A.OK.I willB.Im afraid 1 canC.Of course notD.No，I will10.Whats the matter with you?I didnt pass the test，but 1 still
18、_A.hope soB.hope toC.hope itD.hope that11.Is she really ill?_.Shes in hospital.A.I hope soB.Im sureC.1 dont think soD.Im afraid so12.I am happy if you _.A.happyB.areC.willD.be13.I say it is your turn to be on duty today._?A.MineB.IC.MyselfD.Me14.Dont come in unless _.A.invitingB.inviting toC.invited
19、 toD.being invited to15.I usually go there by train.Why not _by boat for a change?A.to try goingB.try to goC.to try and goD.try going16.The doctor did what he could _the boy，but in vain.A.saveB.to saveC.savingD.saved17.He spent most of his spare time_novels.A.to readB.readingC.to readingD.for readin
20、g18.All the girl want _do is_stay at home and study hard.A./；toB.to；toC.to；/D.either B or C19.Why did you take a taxi? I _.I was late.A.have toB.have to doC.had toD.had to do20.Why didnt you do your homework yesterday?But _，sir.A.I did soB.I didnt do itC.I didnt forgetD.I did do it21.He is very famo
21、us here，so we had no trouble_him yesterday.A.to findB.findingC.foundD.in founding22.How often do they give the concert?_.A.For twice a monthB.In twice a monthC.Twice a monthD.Twice month23.He is not _his sister，but _.A.taller than；strongerB.so tall as；strongC.taller than；is strongerD.as tall as;stro
22、nger24.You look happy today，Mary. I like my new dress and Mother _，too.A.likesB.doesC.isD.do25.What do you think made Mary so upset?_ her new bicycle.A.As she lostB.LostC.LosingD.Because of losing26.Whos got all my money?He _.A.doesB.isC.wasD.has27.The children are made_twelve hours a day.A.to workB
23、.workC.workingD.worked28.We often hear him_English songs.A.to singB.singC.singingD.to be singing29.Im very busy preparing for the exam，so I cant help_the house work.A.doingB.doC.didD.done30.What doctors can do is_ peoples life.A.saveB.savingC.to saveD.A or C31.Although_to stop，he kept on working.A.t
24、ellB.toldC.was toldD.having told32.Ask him to take you home_possible.A.atB.whileC.ifD.if they33.The English book for kids is the best of its kind _.A.that has ever been madeB.ever madeC.ever been madeD.has ever been made34.Will Susan win the Nobel Prize this time?It is likely that she _.A.willB.does
25、C.will doD.wins it35.I prefer the climate of Kunming to_of Wuhan.A.itB.oneC.thisD.that36.Mr.Black has just arrived.Really? _.He didnt accept our invitation.A.I cant imagine itB.1 dont think soC.I hope soD.I dont believe him37.They live on a busy main road._ must be very noisy.A.ThereB.ItC.ThatD.They
26、38.We dont go to the cinema as much as _.A.we used to goB.we used to doC.used toD.we used to39.Canada has a large area than_China.A.that ofB.the one ofC.it ofD./40._，Ill have a letter sent to your company.A.If necessaryB.If it were necessary C.As Im necessaryD.Unless it is necessary41.Shall I invite
27、 Mike to my party?Yes，it will be nice if you _.A.doB.do inviteC.areD.invite42.Have you been here long?_.A.No，not veryB.Not muchC.Yes，only littleD.No，only yesterday43.Do you follow me?Yes，_.A.it is goodB.I willC.perfectlyD.very good44.Look out for cars_the street.A.when crossedB.when crossingC.if you
28、 crossedD.while you are crossing45.She worked very hard_still rather poor in health.A.though she B.although she C.though D.although was46.Is the stamp very unusual?_.A.Yes，very muchB.Yes，it is soC.Yes，veryD.Yes，not very47.Can you climb that tree，my boy?_?A.IB.Mine C.Myself D.Me48.Will you waste your
29、 time and money on that?Certainly _.A.I notB.noC.wontD.not49.What happened to the boy? Hes making so much noise.He wanted to play football，but his mother warned him _.A.notB.toC.not toD.不填50.Shall I wake you up tomorrow morning?Yes，_.A.please doB.you shall C.you will D.you may51.You have three child
30、ren，but I have only two _.A.oneB.onesC./D.child52.Mary said the lecture was boring.Yes，I said _.A.thatB.thisC.the kind D.the same53.Alice，why didnt you do it the day before?I _，but I had an unexpected visitor.A.hadB.wouldC.was going toD.does54.Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit，Mr.Smith?
31、No._.A.Im having plenty of tiesB.I have lots of ties to do itC.I think I have several that will doD.There are lots of ties to do it55.Are you a film star?_.A.Yes，I was B.I used to be C.I used to D.Im used to56.Ill be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?Not at all._.A.Ive no t
32、imeB.Id rather notC.Id like itD.Id be happy to57.Im going to dig it up.What _?A.withB.byC.atD.from58.Frightened by the noise in the night，the girl did not dare _in her room.A.sleepingB.to sleepingC.sleepD.slept59.They have done a good job._.Lets go to congratulate them.A.So they have doneB.So they h
33、aveC.So have theyD.So is it60.He smokes a lot.Does his father _?A.smoke soB.smoke thatC.do so D.did that基础训练18省略与替代15 DBABD610 BABAB1115 DBACD1620 BBDCD2125 BCABC2630 DABBD3135 BCBAD3640 ABDDA4145 AACBC4650 CDDCA5155 CDCCB5660 DACBC【解析】1.根据上下文，空白处为he wanted to see之省略。2.one在这里代替moment，以避免重复。5.此处既可不填直
34、接用形容词最高级表示替代，也可在其后加一个one表替代。6.此处用none表示第二套房没有车库之类的设施；而nothing表示什么也没有，显然语意不合。7.现在完成时否定式的省略回答。10.hope to pass the test之省略。11.根据下文的回答用Im afraid so表示“恐怕如此”之意。12.if you are happy的省略。13.Is it my turn(=mine) to be on duty today?的省略。18.当主语部分中含有do这个动词时，不定式作表语可省掉to，也可不省。19.I had to take a taxi的省略。20.I did do it表示“我确实做了”。25.所做的回答要能替换What在句中所起的作用。27.make sb.do sth.在主动语态中do前没有to，但如果变成被动语态则必须加to。29.这里的cant help是“不能帮忙(做某事)”的意思，所以跟带to或不带to的原形动词；如果cant help是“禁不住；情不自禁”之意，则后跟动词的-ing形式。32.if it is possible的省略。58.dare用作实义动词时，在否定句中，其后的不定式符号to可以省略。