1、短语英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。观察例句1So Ive been here in the jungle for about a month now.2My secondary school is a bush school.3It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds.4Ive had to become
2、 much more imaginative in my teaching.5Right now Im feeling very excited.归纳用法1例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。2例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。3例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。4例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。5例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。一、名词短语名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。many good students 许多优秀的学生his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子the best answer 最
3、好的答案those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰These red roses are for you.(作主语)这些红玫瑰是送给你的。He brought a new book with him.(作宾语) 他带来了一本新书。He is my best friend.(作表语)他是我最好的朋友。名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers
4、，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。即学即练1找出下列句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。I have three close friends.three close friends作宾语There are some red roses on that small table.some red roses作主语；that small table作宾语The cute
5、 boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.the cute boy作主语；blue jeans作宾语；my brother作表语二、形容词短语形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。1两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)你的房间大且美丽。He is young but clever.(作表语)他年轻但聪明。2very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。It is very hot today.(作表语)今天很热。The road
6、 is long enough.(作表语)这路够长的。3介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。I am sure of success.(作表语)我确信会成功的。The bottle is full of water.(作表语)瓶子里装满了水。4不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。He is sure to come.(作表语)他一定会来的。名师点津形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。1形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to
7、 do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。2形容词短语作后置定语Factories，big or small，can be seen there.在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。The hou
8、se worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。即学即练2找出下列句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。Glad to accept，the girl nodded her agreement.glad to accept作原因状语The room was awfully dirty.awfully dirty作表语He cast it a second time，and drew in an old basket full of sand.full of sand作后置定语三、副词短语副词短语是指由几个副
9、词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。1两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。I tried again and again.(作状语)我试了一遍又一遍。2very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。He runs extremely fast.(作状语)他跑得快极了。The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)老师说得够清楚的。3其他类型的副词短语I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldnt fall asleep deep in
10、to the night.(作状语)他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)我们每天给卧室通通风。即学即练3找出下列句中的副词短语He can finish that much quicker.much quickerShe types quickly and correctly.quickly and correctlyThat man talked too much.too much四、动词短语动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用
11、中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：1动词介词go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由构成，arrive at 到达He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。He has been asked to account for his abs
12、ence.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。2动词副词eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿They were so far away that I couldnt make out their faces clearly.他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。名师点津“动词副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如
13、：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.3动词副词介词catch up with 赶上，get on with 与相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully?律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍
14、呢？There are some things that teachers will not put up with.有些事情教师是不会容忍的。4动词名词介词catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给上课，make friends with 与交朋友，take care of 照料We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。People who take part in sports must be in condition.参加运动
15、的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。5动词形容词介词be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.人皆好名，我则不然。You coward! What are you afraid of?你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？即学即练4找出下列句中的动词短语I dont get on with the people at work.get on withI d
16、ont much care for television.care forIm afraid Ill have to ring off.Someone is calling me.ring off五、介词短语介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。1常见的介词短语(1)介词名词：at the door，into the bag(2)介词代词：for me，of others(3)介词动名词：in doing so，to my saying that(4)介词连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do(5)
17、介词连接副词/连接代词不定式：on how to do this(6)介词介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner(7)介词副词：from below(8)介词复合结构：with the light on(9)介词不定式(but/except)：.did nothing but sleep2介词短语的用法(1)用作表语The house is in fairly good condition.这所房子状况尚好。She looks like her mother.她像她母亲。(2)用作宾语Choose a book from among the
18、se.从这些书中选一本吧。The window is never opened except in summer.除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。(3)用作定语I like the design on his tie.我喜欢他领带上的图案。Ive decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.我决定18号下午离开。(4)用作状语Mr Smith was injured in the war.史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。He walked by me without noticing me.他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。(5)用作补语Kelly is e
19、mployed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语)凯利受雇当技工。He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)他被认为是本城最好的医生。即学即练5找出下列句中的介词短语A man stepped out from behind the wall.from behind the wallChange the oil in the car every 5，000 miles.in the carI saw him walking along the street.along the street.指出下列句中的黑体部分属于哪种类型的短语
20、1The kids are playing on the grass rather happily.副词短语2They picnicked in the woods.介词短语3I wont go home until after the exam.介词短语4It was no surprise when we were told that our grandfather had passed away.名词短语5Do you know the reason why the automobile breaks down？动词短语6At last，the police found out the
21、car full of drugs.形容词短语.完成句子1I can run fast enough to catch you at least.我跑得足够快，至少能抓到你。2I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient with him我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。3Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？4This is an article worthy of careful study这是一篇很值得研究的文章。5They need more materials relevant to the present question他们需要更多的和目前问题有关的资料。