1、过去分词过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，因此在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。观察例句1When the delayed flight will take off depends mainly on the weather.2The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summers ga
2、mes.3Seen from the top of the Tiger Hill，the city of Suzhou was very beautiful.4I heard the door pulled.5She is married.归纳用法1例句1和例句2中的黑体部分为过去分词(短语)作定语，过去分词一般位于所修饰的名词之前，而过去分词短语通常位于所修饰的名词之后。2例句3中的黑体部分为过去分词短语作状语，说明动作发生的时间，用于句首较为常见。3例句4中的黑体部分为过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的性状。4例句5中的黑体部分为过去分词作表语，表示主语的特征或性状。一、过去分词作定语1过去
3、分词作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举办的音乐会很成功。2单个的过去分词作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词后。 They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。The meeting，attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great her
4、o.(他们举行了)欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。3过去分词及过去分词短语作定语一般可转换为一个定语从句。We must adapt our regulations to the changed conditions.We must adapt our regulations to the conditions that have been changed.我们必须调整规章制度来适应变化了的情况。4有些过去分词作前置定语与后置定语时意义不同。in the given time在既定的时间内with the words given用所给的单词a concerned look一个关切的神情the
5、 people concerned有关人士名师点津及物动词的过去分词除表示“完成”的动作之外，还表示“被动”的意义。如：spoken English(英语口语)；iced beer(冰镇啤酒)；cooked food(熟食)；fried chips(炸土豆条)。不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作，而不表示“被动”意义。如：boiled water(开水)；fallen leaves(落叶)；the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。即学即练1把下面的句子改为简单句Most of the people who had been questioned were students.Most
6、of the people questioned were students.Do you know the number of the books which have been ordered?Do you know the number of the books ordered?二、过去分词作表语过去分词作表语，总是在系动词be，appear，seem，look，remain，feel，get等之后，通常表示主语所处的状态，这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。常见的有seated，surprised，astonished，amazed，moved，exhausted，
7、worried，devoted，pleased，inspired，encouraged，excited，delighted，satisfied，scared，frightened，disappointed 等。I am pleased with the result of the experiment.我对试验结果很满意。The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。I hope we can get more involved in our community and our life will be colorful.我希望我们更多地参与到社区中来，我们的生活将变得丰富多彩
8、。名师点津过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态；动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。The cup is broken.杯子破了。(强调杯子的状态)The cup was broken by Jim.杯子是吉姆打破的。(强调动作)即学即练2完成句子For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected对于那些与家人相距遥远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。While waiting for the oppor
9、tunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty.当等待机会被提升的时候，亨利尽力履行好他的职责。三、过去分词作宾语补足语能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词，表示被动意义或已完成意义，有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。在下面结构中常用过去分词作补语。1在感官动词(see，hear，notice，watch等)和表示心理状态的动词(feel，find等)后。He watched the TV set carried out of the room.他看到
10、电视机被搬到房间外面了。2表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。I had my leg broken in the football game.我的腿在足球赛中摔断了。3表示思维活动的动词，如consider，know，think等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。I considered the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了。4表示爱憎、意愿的动词，如want，wish，like，hate等。I wanted two tickets reserved.我要预定两张机票。5在with的复合结构中。He sat t
11、here，with his hands tied behind.他双手被捆在后面坐在那里。名师点津过去分词、现在分词与动词不定式作宾语补足语时的区别(1)过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或仅仅表示“状态”。(2)现在分词作宾语补足语表示其与所修饰的词之间为主谓关系。由延续性动词转化而来的现在分词作补足语，表示过程的一部分；而由瞬间性动词转化而来的现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作的反复。(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程或者是动作已经结束。即学即练3单句语法填空He worked so hard that he got his pay raised (raise)Peop
12、le in the south have their houses made (make) of bamboo.With the whole city built (build)around water，Guilin is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China.四、过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。(一)过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置1过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语
13、则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。When offered help，one often says “Thank you” or “Its kind of you”(时间状语)当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“Its kind of you”。Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。Greatly inspired by what he did，I joined him in helping
14、others.(原因状语)在他所做的事情的巨大鼓舞下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。Visited many times，the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。He has been preparing his paper all day long，locked in the host.(方式状语)锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。The guest walked into the room，greeted by the host.(伴随状语)客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。2过去分词(短语)在句中
15、作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。He stood there silently，moved to tears.Moved to tears，he stood there silently.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。即学即练4写出下列句中黑体部分分别充当什么状语Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their o
16、wn answers.原因状语Time，used correctly，is money in the bank.条件状语If asked to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.条件状语Seated at the table，my father and I were talking about my job.方式状语When(you are) given a medical examination，you should keep calm.时间状语(二)过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况1过去分词在句中作时
17、间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。Seen from the top of the mountain(When it is seen from the top of the mountain)，the whole town looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。Encouraged by the progress he has made，he works harder.As he is encouraged by the progress he has made，he works harder.由于受到所取得进步的鼓舞
18、，他工作更努力了。2过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。The teacher came into the room，followed by two students(and was followed by two students)老师走进了房间，后面跟着两个学生。He spent the whole afternoon，locked in his study(and was locked in his study)他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。3过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句连词改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词过去
19、分词”结构作状语。Even if I am invited(Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。Unless you are asked to speak(Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at the meeting.除非被要求发言，在会上你应该保持沉默。4过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立结构。过
20、去分词(短语)的独立结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。The test finished，we began our holiday.测试结束了，我们开始放假了。More time given，we could have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。即学即练5句型转换When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.Asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.If
21、 we are united，we will make our life better.United，we will make our life better.Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.Exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.(三)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。1现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用
22、一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成、表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。2过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention，the tree could have gr
23、own better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。即学即练6单句语法填空Impressed (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home in time.Looking(look) out of the window，I found many children playing on the playground.单句语法填空1I heard my name called (
24、call) when I came in.2She looked disappointed (disappoint) at the results of the exam.3Who were the socalled guests invited (invite) to your party last night?4Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken (take)good care of at home.5John Snow told the
25、story about the astonished (astonish) people in Broad Street.6In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message hidden (hide) within the work.7Founded (found) in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.8Faced (face) with the increasing unemployment，m
26、any people went on strike in most of the European countries.9If given (give) better attention，the serious accident could have been avoided.10The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，allowing(allow) more patients to be treated.完成句子1Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们
27、班开展了一次有组织的旅行。2The woman is so kind that she treats those children dressed in rags well.这个女人很善良，她对那些衣衫褴褛的孩子很好。3Your coat is too dirty! Youd better get it washed as soon as possible你的外套太脏了！你最好尽快洗一下。4The film directed by a young man was very popular in China in 2018.2018年，这部由一位年轻人导演的电影在中国很受欢迎。5Born in
28、a poor family，he had only two years of schooling.由于出生于贫寒家庭，他只上了两年学。6Although/Though/While (he was) surprised to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.尽管见到我们很吃惊，教授还是热情地接待了我们。.语法填空There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one 1.to love(love) her.One day，2.feeling(fee
29、l) very sad and lonely，she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3.caught(catch) in a thorny bush.The young girl carefully released the butterfly.Instead of 4.flying (fly) away，the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy.“In return for your wonderful kindness，”th
30、e good fairy said to the girl，“I will give you any wish that you would like 5.to get (get)”The little girl thought for a moment and then replied，“I want to be happy.”6Leaning(lean) toward her，the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared.With the little girl 7.growing(grow) up，there was no one
31、 in the land happier than she was.Everyone wanted to make themselves 8.told(tell) the secret of happiness by her.She would only smile and answer，“The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl.”When she was dying，the neighbors all gathered around her，9.fearing(fear) that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her.So they begged her 10.to tell (tell) them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said，“She told me that everyone，no matter how old or young，how rich or poor，had need of me.”