1、Unit 1Great scientists话 题 导 读成就屠呦呦获得 2015 年诺贝尔奖的青蒿素有什么作用呢？屠呦呦的贡献有多大呢？让我们一起来读读下面的文章吧。Tu Youyou and another scientist jointly won the 2015 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work against diseases.The Chinese scientist Tu Youyou was awarded the other half of the prize for discovering artemisinin(青蒿素),a
2、 drug that has significantly reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria(疟疾).It has provided humankind with powerful new means to overcome the disease that affects hundreds of millions of people annually.The consequences in terms of improved human health and reduced suffering are imm
3、easurable.Despite rapid progress in controlling malaria in the past decade,the mosquito-borne disease still kills more than half a million people a year,the vast majority of them babies and young children in the poorest parts of Africa.Medicine is the first of the Nobel prizes awarded each year.Tu p
4、ioneered a new approach to malaria treatment that has benefited hundreds of millions of people and promises to benefit many times more.By applying modern techniques to a heritage provided by 5,000 years of Chinese traditional doctors who practice a learned profession,she has delivered its riches int
5、o the 21st century.Section Warming Up&Pre-reading&ReadingComprehending练读文 记词汇 学翻译1 教材助读先读通JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert，indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary peo
6、ple exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time1 there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until
7、its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that2 possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodi
8、es with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected3person died.再记住defeat dIfi t vt.打败；战胜；使受挫King Cholera 1854 年爆发于英国的一次严重霍乱expert eksp t adj.熟练的 n专家；行家attend tend vt.照顾；护理；参加；出席Queen Victoria 维多利亚女王(18191901)physician fIzIn n医生；内科医师expose Ikspz.to 使显露；暴露
9、过去分词短语 exposed to cholera 作后置定语，修饰 people。deadly dedlI adj.致命的cure kj n治愈；痊愈 vt.治愈；治疗outbreak atbreIk n爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争)challenge tlInd n挑战 vt.向挑战multiply mltIplaI v繁殖；成倍增加；乘a cloud of 一团victim vIktIm n受害者absorb bz b vt.吸收；吸引；使专心absorb.into.将吸入难点理解1.every time 每次；用作连词，连接时间状语从句。2.that 在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词 th
10、eories。3.affected 为过去分词，在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。再翻译 约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次暴发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的看法，斯诺对这两种看法比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到受
11、害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒吸入体内的。疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死亡。John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As4 the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods，he began to gather information.I
12、ntwo particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that5more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.先读通First he marked on21 a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived6.This gave him a valuable clue22 about the cause of the disease.Many of the death
13、s23 were near the water pump24in Broad Street25 (especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street26)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen27this,so he made further investigations28.He discovered that these people worked i
14、n the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that7 the water was to blame29.Next,John Snow looked into30 the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted31 by the dirty water from Londo
15、n.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle32 from the pump so that it could not be used8.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down33.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs34 and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London,he found supporting35 evidence
16、from two other deaths that were linked to36 the Broad Street outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street9,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered10to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John
17、 Snow was able to announce37 with certainty38 that polluted water carried the germs.suspect sspekt vt.认为；怀疑sspektn.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯hit vt.(厄运、灾难等)突然袭击；侵袭enquiry InkwaIrI n询问neighbourhood neIbhd n附近；邻近severe sIvI adj.严重的；剧烈的；严厉的再记住难点理解4.as 在句中引导时间状语从句，意为“当时候”。5.so.that.“如此以至于”21 mark.on.把标在上22 clue klu n线索；提
18、示23 death n死；死亡(人数)；死亡案例24 pump pmp n泵；抽水机 vt.(用泵)抽(水)25 Broad Street 牛津城的宽街，历史建筑群最密集的街道之一。26 Cambridge keImbrIdStreet 剑桥大街27 foresee f si vt.(foresaw，foreseen)预见；预知28 investigation InvestIeIn n调查29 blame bleIm vt.责备；谴责 n过失；责备be to blame 应受责备；该受责备30 look into 调查；了解31 pollute plu t vt.污染；弄脏32 handle
19、hndl n柄；把手 vt.处理；操纵33 slow down 减缓；缓解34 germ d m n微生物；细菌难点理解6.where 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 places。7.It seems that.好像8.so that 引导目的状语从句。35 supporting adj.有力的；(演员、角色)次要的；配角的supporting evidence 有力的证据36 link lIk vt.&n连接；联系link.to.将和联系或连接起来37 announce nans vt.宣布；通告38 with certainty“肯定地”，作状语。难点理解9.who 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰
20、先行词 woman。10.had it delivered(让人运送它)中 it 代指上文的 water，have 为使役动词，过去分词 delivered 作宾语补足语。约翰斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在 1854 年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于 10 天内就有 500 多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。再翻译首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱病因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是 16、37、38、40 号)。约
21、翰斯诺还发现有些住宅(如宽街上的 20 号和 21 号以及剑桥大街上的 8 号和 9 号)却无人死亡。他以前没预见到这种情况，所以他要进行更进一步的调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥大街 7 号的酒馆里工作。酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵里抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被从伦敦排放的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的百姓拆掉水泵的把手，这样，水泵就不能用了。不久，疫情就得到了缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。有一位妇女是
22、从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。她和她的女儿喝了这种水后，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个额外的证据，约翰斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。To prevent this from happening 39 again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined11.The water companies were instructed40 not to expose people to polluted water any more.F
23、inally“King Cholera”was defeated.先读通39 prevent.(from)doing 阻止做40 instruct Instrkt vt.命令；指示；教导instruct sb.to do sth.指导某人做某事难点理解11be examined 为虚拟语气结构，其前省略了 should。再记住为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触被污染的水了。最后，“霍乱王”被击败了。再翻译通语篇 学理解 重分析2语篇理解Step 1 Fast Reading1Whats the main idea of the pa
24、ssage?The passage mainly tells us how John Snow _.found the cause ofthe disease and finally“King Cholera”was defeated2Match the main idea with the proper paragraph.Para.1 AOffering solutionsPara.2 BWhat caused choleraPara.3 CProvide two control theoriesPara.4 DCollect informationPara.5 ECollect resu
25、ltsPara.6 FAnalyze the resultPara.7 GFind supporting evidence答案：BCDEFGAStep 2 Careful Reading.Read the text and choose the best answers.1Which of the following did John Snow think is the most important to defeat a disease?AFinding its cause.BFinding its cure.CFinding its result.DFinding its harm.2Wh
26、ich of the following streets had the most deaths from cholera?ANo.40 Broad Street.BNo.8 Cambridge Street.CNo.21 Broad Street.DNo.9 Cambridge Street.3Some houses in No.20,21 Broad Street had no deaths in the outbreak of cholera,because_.Athey worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street which had cleaner
27、conditionsBthey had drunk free beer instead of water from the Broad Street pumpCthe beer they had drunk could prevent against choleraDthey had known the water from the Broad Street pump was dangerous to drink4It seemed that_.Apolluted water played a key role in spreading choleraBBroad Street and Cam
28、bridge Street had their own water pumpsCcholera spread through airDJohn Snow found the cause of cholera by accident5The main idea of this passage is_.Ahow John Snow found the cause of choleraBhow John Snow stopped choleraChow John Snow did his researchDabout John Snows life and his discovery答案：15 AA
29、BAB.Number these events in the order that they happened._John Snow began to test two theories._ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854._ John Snow marked the deaths on a map._ He announced that the water carried the disease._John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe._
30、King Cholera was defeated._ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump._ He had the handle removed from the water pump.答案：2 1 4 7 3 8 5 6.Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.分析翻译 但
31、当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。定语时间状语从句分析where 引导_，修饰先行词 places，on a map为地点状语前置，原因是 marked 的_“the exact places.had lived”太 长，为 了 结 构 紧 凑，故 放 在 了_的后面。2First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.定语从句宾语地点状语翻译 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。3A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.分析翻译 有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。定语从句结果状语从句