1、句子成分和基本句型组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各部分在句子中所起的作用，可以把句子成分分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。不同句子成分构成不同的句型。本单元语法主要讲述句子成分和8种基本句型。观察例句1A boy meets a girl during a break.2The class was difficult.3He even told us a funny story.4I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.归纳用法一、句子成分成分意义位置主语S(subject)句子的主
2、体；谓语陈述、说明的对象，说明动作由“谁”发出位于句首谓语V(verb)表示主语的行为或状态，是句子的灵魂、核心主语之后宾语O(object)表示行为或活动的对象、接受者或受影响者动词或介词后直接宾语DO(direct object)表示动作的承受者，一般是物动词后间接宾语IO(indirect object)表示动作是对谁或为谁做的，一般是人动词后表语P(predicative)用来说明主语的身份、性质、状况等系动词后定语(attribute)用来修饰名词或代词，说明其本质或特征名词或代词前宾语补足语OC(object complement)补充说明宾语的动作或状态宾语后状语A(adverb
3、ial)说明动作“何时、何地、如何”发生；说明形容词或副词的程度位置灵活即学即练1标出下面句子的成分(用S，V，O，P，A，DO，IO，OC)I will return you the book tomorrow. .I found the film interesting. .She is beautiful and smart. .He offered me a job yesterday. .The English class begins at eight oclock. .二、八种基本句型1主谓结构(SV)：主语谓语(不及物动词)这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，故后不能直接
4、接宾语，也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。常见的不及物动词(短语)有：rise，matter，begin，come，go，happen，last，appear，work，come true，take place等。Class | begins.开始上课。A Chinese painting exhibition | will take place.一个中国画展将要举办。2主谓宾结构(SVO)：主语谓语(及物动词)宾语这种句型中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。The students | have kno
5、wn | the answer.学生们已经知道了答案。Some schools | dont have | a uniform policy.有些学校没有校服政策。即学即练2分析句子成分/翻译句子The writing class had just begun. .They laughed. .我们学校将举办一次运动会。Our_school_will_hold_a_sports_meeting.我的爱好包括旅游和游泳。My_hobbies_include_travelling_and_swimming.3主系表结构(SP)：主语系动词表语这种句型中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。
6、常见的系动词有be动词，还有感官系动词(sound/look/smell/taste/feel)，变化系动词(become/get/grow/turn/go/fall/run)，持续系动词(remain/keep/hold/stay)，表象系动词(seem/appear/look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。She | is | an English teacher.她是一名英语老师。The food | smells | delicious.这食物闻起来很香。4主谓宾宾结构(SVIODO)：主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间
7、接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有give，tell，teach，write，bring，lend，hand，show，offer，send，pay，order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有buy，fetch，save，choose，sing等。It | gives | her | a sense of duty.这给她责任感。The president | showed | me | her daughters pictures.总统给我看了她女儿的照片。
8、即学即练3分析句子成分/翻译句子All of them were amazed. .These suggestions are of great help. .你最好给你的朋友买一些小礼物。Youd_better_buy_your_friends_some_small_gifts.你能借给我那本书吗？Can_you_lend_me_that_book?5主谓宾宾补结构(SVOOC)：主语谓语宾语宾语补足语该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词：使役动词keep，make，let，have，leave，get等；感官动词或短语see，wat
9、ch，notice，observe，find，catch，look at，listen to，hear，feel，smell等；ask，tell，order，request，permit，persuade等。They | usually keep | the door | open.他们通常把门开着。My teacher | had | me | standing all the morning.我的老师让我站了一整个上午。6主谓状(SVA)：主语谓语状语该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。The children | stayed | in th
10、e room.孩子们待在房间里。His parents | have worked | in the company for ten years.他的父母在这家公司工作十年了。即学即练4分析句子成分/完成句子The exhibition will start on June 21 and last for a week. and .Hopefully，you can take part.， .We must keep our_school_clean(我们的学校干净)He asked me_to_come_back(我回来) soon.7主谓宾状(SVOA)：主语谓语宾语状语该句型的谓语动词通
11、常为及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。The man | raised | his arms | above his head.那个人把手臂举过头顶。The girl | enjoys | reading | in the morning.这个女孩喜欢早上读书。8There be句型There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。基本结构是：There is/are/was/were.地点状语。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词，如live，stand，lie，seem/appear to be(好像有)，happen to be(碰巧有)，used to be(曾经有)
12、等。There were two boys and a girl under the tree just now.刚才树下有两个男孩和一个女孩。There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有个人在此经过。即学即练5完成句子There_are_too_many_cars on the road.路上的汽车太多了。There_will_be more serious air pollution.空气污染将会更严重。分析句子成分They know us very well. .He refused to help them at last. .指出下列句子中画线部
13、分所做的句子成分1The_students got on the school bus.主语；定语2He handed me the newspaper.间接宾语3I shall_answer your question after_class.谓语；状语4What a beautiful Chinese painting！定语5They went hunting together early_in_the_morning.状语6His job is to_train_swimmers.定语；表语7He took many_photos_of_the_palaces in_Beijing.宾语
14、；状语8There is_going_to_be an_American_film tonight.谓语；主语9He is to_leave_for_Shanghai tomorrow.表语10His_wish is to_become_a_scientist.主语；表语.判断基本句型Once upon a time，there lived three monks in a small temple.And they never agreed with one another.One autumn night there were thousands of stars in the sky.A
15、 monk was sitting on a rock，holding a fishing rod up to catch one of the stars.This surprised the other two monks.“What a fool you are！”said the second monk.How can you catch a star with such a short rod？You had better have a longer one！He gave the first monk a longer rod.But the first monk failed again.The third monk saw this and made fun of them.Then he climbed onto the roof of the temple and shouted.“Look！Im much nearer to the stars than you.And Ill soon catch a star！”答案There be句型 SV SVA SVO SVOA SVIODO SVO SVO