1、【阅读理解】Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could op
2、en up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, Kin
3、g of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th centur
4、y. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter
5、than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary R
6、uebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.1. The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because .A. they lived healthily in a dirty environment.B. they
7、thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in C. they believed disease could be spread in public bathsD. they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease2.Which of the following best describes Henry IVs attitude to bathing?A. Afraid. B. Curious. C. Approving. D. Uninterested.3. How does the pass
8、age mainly develop?A. By providing examples. B. By making comparisons.C. By following the order of time. D. By following the order of importance.4. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A. To stress the role of dirt.B. To introduce the history of dirt.C. To call attention to the danger
9、of dirt.D. To present the change of views on dirt.【参考答案】14、CA CD【四川省绵阳市2014高考英语一模试题】DWhats your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember the first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom recall events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as c
10、hildren younger than three or four rarely retain any memory of specific, personal experiences.A variety of explanations have been proposed by psychologists for this childhood amnesia( 记忆缺失,健忘).One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does no
11、t mature（成熟）until about the age of two. But the most popular theory maintains (主张）that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories. But when they search through their mental files for early childhood
12、 memories to add to this verbal life story, they dont find any that fit the pattern. Its like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply arent any early childhood memories to recal
13、l. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone elses spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten impressions of these experiences into long-term memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and
14、 hear others talk about them - Mother talking about the afternoon spent looking for crabs(蟹) at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this verbal reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form permanent memories of their personal experiences.69. According to the pa
15、ssage, it is widely believed that_.A. it is impossible for an adult to recall his(or her) childhood experiencesB. adults virtually have no access to their childhood memoriesC. adults think in words while children think in imagesD. adults and children have different brain structures70. Trying to find
16、 a Chinese word in an English dictionary is stated in the passage to show that_.A. Chinese and English are totally different languagesB. it is unlikely to find a Chinese word in an English dictionaryC. adults and children have different memory patternsD. memories are in some way connected with langu
17、ages71. According to Annette Simms,_.A. verbal reinforcement is necessary for children to have permanent memoriesB. there does not exist such things as childhood memoriesC. childrens brains are mature enough to form permanent memoriesD. children are generally inexperienced and unable to remember thi
18、ngs they dont understand【参考答案】6971、BCA 科普知识型阅读理解(一)Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.The new work by Sony
19、a MKahlenberg and Richard WWrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animals choice of playthings.The two researchers say their work adds to a growing bo
20、dy of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its origins in objectcarrying by earlier apes(猿类), they say, suggesting t
21、hat toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in childrens toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures，” says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that bi
22、ology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stickcarrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and
23、on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，” says Wrangham, a P
24、rofessor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis (假设) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying stickswhen they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.” ()1.What does a female c
25、himpanzee do with sticks?AShe gives them to her child to play with.BShe treats them as dolls.CShe makes useful tools from them.DShe treats them as weapons.()2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage?ASex difference.BSocialization.CEnvironment.DCultural differ
26、ence.()3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _.Asocialization has nothing to do with humans choice of playthingsBsex difference is the only factor in humans choice of playthingsCthe biology factor may also influence toy choiceDpeople choose different toys in different cultures()4.Wrangham pr
27、obably believes that _.Aobserving so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusionBthe study proves human beings have evolved (进化) from chimpanzeesCall chimpanzees treat the sticks as dollsDchildren playing with sticks are abnormal()5.It can be concluded from the passage that _.Abot
28、h humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex differenceBdifferent factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthingsConly female chimpanzees have playthingsDchimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children【解析】 本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。1B细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌
29、性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。2A细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。3C推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。4A推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。5A推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。【四川省绵阳市2014高考英语一模试题】A century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to pro
30、tect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.Most of the cases were decided in sate courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on
31、their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his
32、right hand when a switchmans negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchmen acted carefully, was a pure accident. In effect a
33、 railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the
34、 damage. But the court overturned the jurys decision because it argued that the railroads negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads-aga
35、inst their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.72. Which of the following is NOT true in Farwells case?A. Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.B. Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman ha
36、d been more careful.C. The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.D. The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.73. What must have happened after the fire case was settled in court?A. The railroad compensated for the damage to
37、the immediate buildings.B. The railroad compensated for all the damage by the fire.C. The railroad paid nothing for the damaged building.D. The railroad worker paid for the property damage himself.74. The following aroused public resentment EXCEPT _.A. political power B. high fares C. economic loss
38、D. indifference75. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Railroad oppressing individuals in the US.B. History of the US railroads.C. Railroad workers working rights.D. Law cases concerning the railroads.7275、AACD语法填空。阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。【全国新课标卷题型】Every language has its own specia
39、l words and expressions. And a story can be told about each of them.Hot is a simple, easilyunderstood word. So are most of the expressions_1_(make) with the word hot. But not always，_2_we shall see.The words hot potato, for example, give you no idea at all to the meaning of the expression, hot potat
40、o.The potato is a popular vegetable in the United States. Many people like baked potatoes, cooked in an oven or fire. Imagine_3_(try) to carry a hot, baked potato in your hand. It would be difficult, even painful, to do so.Now we are getting close_4_the meaning of hot potato.Some publiclydisputed is
41、sues are_5_(high) emotional. The issues must be treated carefully, or they will be difficult and painful if an elected official has to deal with_6_， as difficult and painful as holding a hot potato. One such hot potato is taxes._7_(call) for higher taxes can mean defeat for a politician. And yet，_8_
42、taxes are not raised, some very popular government programs could be cut_9_that also can make a politician very unpopular. So the questions must be dealt with carefully，_10_same way you would handle any other hot potato.1_ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._6_ 7._ 8._ 9._ 10._答案：1made过去分词短语做定语，与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系。2asas引导非限制
43、性定语从句，意为“正如”。3tryingimagine后接动名词做宾语。4toget close to“接近”，固定搭配。5highly修饰形容词emotional用副词。6them指代前面的名词issues，故用them。7Calling动名词短语做主语。8ifif引导条件状语从句。9and此处语意承接，用并列连词and。10thesame前应该用定冠词the。广东省语法填空阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。Among the few scientists who have had a great effect on
44、 science and history, Albert Einstein is perhaps the _1_ (great). An American university president once commented that Einstein had created _2_ new view of the universe. His theory has completely changed the way scientists understand time and space. Now, more and more people agree that the universe
45、is something more complicated than _3_ they have ever thought before.Einstein _4_ (bear) in Germany in 1879. In 1914, young Einstein, already internationally famous, became a professor at an institute in Berlin. He had few duties, little teaching and unlimited opportunities for study. However, _5_ p
46、eaceful life was soon broken by the First World War.Einstein hated violence. He was deeply affected by the war; he sat _6_ (happily) in his office doing nothing and _7_ (lose) interest in his research. Only when peace came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.In the years _8_ (follow) the First W
47、orld War, people showered honor upon him. He became the head of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Theoretical Physics. In 1921 he won the Noble Prize _9_ Physics and was greatly honored and respected in Germany. However, his life was again disrupted. The Second World War broke out and Einstein had to
48、move to the US，_10_ he lived until his death in 1955.1解析结合语境考查形容词的最高级。由上文信息可知此处表示三者以上的人之间的比较，所以用最高级。句意：在为数不多的对科学和历史有重大影响的科学家中，爱因斯坦是最伟大的。答案greatest2解析结合语境考查冠词。a new view of.“看待的一种新观点”。结合语境可知，应用a，因为不定冠词可以表示泛指。答案a3解析结合语境考查名词性从句。此处what相当于the universe that。句意为“现在越来越多的人赞同这个说法：宇宙要比他们以前想象的复杂得多”。答案what4解析结合语
49、境考查动词的时态和语态。表示人的出生常用was born。句意：爱因斯坦于1879年生于德国。答案was born5解析结合语境考查形容词性物主代词。名词前设空，答案首选限定词；结合语境可知，此处应填his。句意：然而，很快第一次世界大战把他平静的生活打破了。答案his.6解析结合语境考查词形转换。由文章中的“Einstein hated violence. He was deeply affected by the war”可知此处用happily不合适，应用它的反义词unhappily。答案unhappily7解析结合语境考查动词的时态。本题易误用losing，认为其与前面的doing n
50、othing并列。实际上doing nothing在此处作动词sat的伴随状语，动词lost表示的动作与前面的sat表示的动作并列。答案lost8解析结合语境考查非谓语动词作定语。此处意为“在第一次世界大战以后的日子里”。years与动词follow之间为主谓关系，所以用现在分词。答案following9解析结合语境考查介词的用法。表示获得某方面的诺贝尔奖时常用介词for。句意：1921年他荣获诺贝尔物理学奖，深受德国人民的爱戴。答案for10 解析结合语境考查定语从句。表示地点的名词后设空时，很多情况下选用where引导定语从句。此处用where指代先行词the US，在定语从句中充当地点状语。答案where