1、六、篇章结构类 1.篇章结构类题目的特点篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。篇章结构题的题干表现形式有：(1)Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?(2)In the next part，the author would most probably discuss with you.(3)The second
2、 paragraph is developed by.(4)How does the passage develop?(5)The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with.2.篇章结构类阅读理解的备考策略这种题型可分为两种：考查对文章整体结构的把握；考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。(1)对于文章段落的发展方法题，关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等。一般可通过仔细阅读文章，并根据其内在逻辑关系及内容来进行判断。(2)对于推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件将要发表的
3、观点题，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断。作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测：或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。实例透析1.(2011陕西卷D)Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s，genetically modified(GM，转基因)foods have been increasingly developed and m
4、arketed in many countries in the world，mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis.But can GM technology solve world hunger problems?Even if it would，is it the best solution?Despite what it promises，GM technology actually has not increased the production potential(潜力)of any
5、 crop.In fact，studies show that the most widely grown GM crops，GM soybeans，has suffered reduced productivity.For instance，a report that analysed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.Something else，howe
6、ver，has been on the rise.While GM seeds are expensive，GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides(杀虫剂).On the contrary，US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops.“The pr
7、omise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production.But neither is true，”said Bill Christison，President of the US National Family Farm Coalition.At the same time，the authors of the book WorldHunger：Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the
8、 hunger crisis is not caused by production，but by problems in food distribution and politics.These indeed deserve our efforts and money.Meanwhile，the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food，according to a 2008 World Bank report.As a matter of fact，scient
9、ists see better ways to feed the world.Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger，because better ways out are available，among which“green”farming is supposed to be the first choice.57.The author develops the second paragra
10、ph mainly.A.by classification B.by comparisonC.by example D.by process 解析 第二段主要通过举例来证明观点，故应选 C 项。答案 C2.(2010安徽卷E)The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water.With 97%of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture，the worldwide supply
11、of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the worlds agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water fo
12、r agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配)are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷)are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.
13、Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries
14、in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25%reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly man
15、aged.Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.74.What is
16、 most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A.Steps to improve water use management.B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.解析 篇章结构类。文章论述了水资源匮乏的原因，可采取的措施及严峻的用水形式，本题 A、B、C、D 四项中极有可
17、能再论述到的内容应是对有限的水资源的充分利用问题。答案 A考题印证A(2011安徽卷B)Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources(来源)，as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills(风车)began to be used in ancient Iran
18、back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s，when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.For many centuries，people used windmills to grind(磨碎)wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered
19、in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However，by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.During the 1970s，people start
20、ed becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then，wind was rediscovered，though it means higher costs.Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more o
21、f our electricity through the use of wind.1.From the text we know that windmills.A.were invented by European armiesB.have a history of more than 2,800 yearsC.used to supply power to radio in remote areasD.have rarely been used since electricity was discovered解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“This allowed them to ha
22、ve electric lights and radio.”可以推断出风能被用于 电灯 和无 线电。由 第一 段最 后一 句中 的“with knowledge of using wind power”可知 A 项中军队是使用(use)而不是发明(invent)了风车；B 项中 more than 是“超过”，因此时间不对；由第二段最后一句中“in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.”可知风车只是在美国很少被使用，因此 D 项中的范围不对。答案 C2.What was a new use for w
23、ind power in the late 19th century?A.Sailing a boat.B.Producing electricity.C.Grinding wheat into flour.D.Pumping water from underground.解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.”可知风能在 19 世纪晚期就在一些偏远地区
24、被用来发电了，所以 B 项正确。答案 B3.One of the reasons wind was rediscovered in the 1970s is that.A.wind power is cleanerB.it is one of the oldest power sourcesC.it was cheaper to create energy from wind D.the supply of coal and gas failed to meet needs解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“During the 1970s，people started becoming co
25、ncerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.”可知 coal and gas 会污染环境，再根据常识可以断定 A 项正确。答案 A4.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?A.The advantage of wind power.B.The design of wind power plants.C.The worldwide movement t
26、o save energy.D.The global trend towards producing power from wind.解析 推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.”可以推断下一步就要涉及风能在全世界的开发利用趋势，即“The global trend(趋势)towards producing power from wind.”。因此D 项正确。答案 D211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.
27、vocabulary：(1)as well as 也；和A：He，as well as his parents，_(like)watching TV.B：Not only _ but also _ likes watching TV.(2)available adj.可获得的；可利用的；闲暇的There is no money available _ this project.Not all the facts are made available _ us.My tutor is always available _(talk)to her students.likeshis parents
28、hefortoto talk1.What does the underlined word“them”in Para.2 mean?_1.What is the main idea of the passage?_Windmills.The process of wind being used.B(2010重庆卷C)It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商)follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征)of clothes.What seems strang
29、e，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Mens clothes tend to button from the right，and womens from the left.Considering most of the worlds populationmen and womenare right-handed，the mens standard would appear to
30、make more sense for women.So why do womens clothes button from the left?History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly right-handed servants，having womens shirts button from the le
31、ft would be easier.On the other hand，having mens shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still
32、 the standard for them.Is it interesting？Actually，a standard，once set，resistschange.At a time when all womens shirts buttoned from the left，it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer womens shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which button
33、ed from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch.Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing mens shirts.1.What is surprising about the
34、standard of the clothing industry?A.It has been followed by the industry for over 400 years.B.It is different for mens clothing and womens.C.It works better with men than with women.D.It fails to consider right-handed people.解析 细节理解题。由第一段第四句“Mens clothes tend to button from the right，and womens from
35、 the left.”可以得出答案。答案 B2.What do we know about the rich men in the 17th century?A.They tended to wear clothes without buttons.B.They were interested in historical matters.C.They were mostly dressed by servants.D.They drew their swords from the left.解析 细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“Most men dressed themselves，and a
36、sword drawn from the left.”可以得出答案。答案 D3.Womens clothes still button from the left today because.A.adopting mens style is improper for womenB.manufacturers should follow standardsC.modern women dress themselvesD.customs are hard to change解析 细节理解题。由最后一段第三句话“Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.
37、”可以得出答案。答案 D4.The passage is mainly developed by.A.analyzing causesB.making comparisonsC.examining differencesD.following the time order解析 篇章结构题。文章先是提出男女服装上系纽扣的区别，然后再分析这种习俗的原因。答案 A211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)make sense 有道理，讲得通_理解；弄懂come to ones_变得理智in a/one sense 从某种意义上说There is no sense in doing.
38、做是不明智的。继续改革是非常明智的。_make sense ofsensesIt made good sense to continue with the reforms.(2)resist v.抵制；抵抗Resist _.忍住做resist the _ 抵制诱惑_ resistance 遭到抵制resistant _.反对1.翻译句子What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women isthe opposite of the one for men.1.Some women would not like to
39、wear clothes buttoned from the right because _ _.doingtemptationmeet/facetoit would make them socially awkwardto appear in public但是，奇怪的是，针对女子所采用的标准与男子的相反。C(2010湖北卷B)For many parents，raising a teenager is like fighting a long war，but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between
40、 neighboring countries，the parent-teen war is about boundaries：Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Both sides want peace，but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict.In part，this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.From the parent
41、s point of view，the only cause of their fight is their adolescentscomplete unreasonableness.And of course，theteens see it in exactly the same way，except oppositely.Both feel trapped.In this article，Ill describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest so
42、me ways out of the trap.The first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things.Examples include the color of the teens hair，the cleanliness of the bedroom，the preferred style of clothing，the childs failure to eat a good breakfast before school，or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weeke
43、nds.Second，blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong.Third，needing to be right.It doesnt matter what the topic ispolitics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove
44、that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，theyll continue to fight these battles for
45、ever and never make any real progress.1.Why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border conflict?A.Both can continue for generations.B.Both are about where to draw the line.C.Neither has any clear winner.D.Neither can be put to an end.解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话可知，像邻国之间的冲突一样，父母与青少年之间的战争就是关于边界的问题。
46、答案 B2.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?A.The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.B.The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.C.The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.D.The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.解析 词义
47、猜测题。根据第二段可知，父母与十几岁的青少年都不想承认是自己引起了冲突，都在指责对方挑起事端，故选择 A 项。答案 A3.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to.A.give orders to the otherB.know more than the otherC.gain respect from the otherD.get the other to behave properly解析 细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Third，needing to be right.It doesnt matter what the
48、 topic ispolitics，the laws of physics，.and therefore to command respect.”可知，应选择 C 项。答案 C4.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?A.Causes for the parent-teen conflicts.B.Examples of the parent-teen war.C.Solutions for the parent-teen problems.D.Future of the parent-
49、teen relationship.解析 推理判断题。由最后一段第一句“In this article，Ill describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.”可知，应选 C 项。答案 C211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)go by(时间)流逝；根据所说；路过go by appearance 以貌取人根据蒂姆所说，我们应该在下午 3 点左右到那里。_Going by wha
50、t Tim said，we should be there at about three in the afternoon.(2)command v.率领；指挥；博得；n.命令；指挥command sb.to do.命令某人做_ ones command 运用自如_ ones command 在某人的指挥下_精通1.What does the underlined word“it”in Para.2 mean?_1.What is the best title of the passage?_atunderhave a good command ofIt means the parenttee
51、n war.The Reasons for the Parentteen ConflictD(2010江西卷C)Kong Zi，also called Confucius(551479 B.C.)，and Socrates(469399 B.C.)lived only a hundred years apart，and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece，but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these grea
52、t philosophers came from shaped their ideas，and how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies.Neither philosopher lived in times of peace，though there were more wars in Greece than in China.The Chinese states were very large and feudal，while the Greek city-states were small and urban.The urban envi
53、ronment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的)than Confucius.Unlike Confucius，Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively.Thus Socrates was able to be more idealistic，focusing on issues like freedom，and knowledge for its own sake.Confucius，on the other hand，advise
54、d those in government service，and many of his students went on to government service.Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life：“Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.”He assumed that all men were equal at birth，though some had more potential
55、 than others，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.Socrates focused on the individual，and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom.He believed that some had more potential to develop theirreason than others did.Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule
56、the inferior(下层的)classes.For Socrates，the family was of no importance，and the community of little concern.For Confucius，however，the family was the centre of society，with family relations considered much more important than political relations.Both men are respected much more today than they were in
57、their lifetimes.1.Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?A.Socrates and Confucius had much in common.B.Confucius had much influence on Socrates ideas.C.The societies were influenced by the philosophersideas.D.There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece.解析 推理判断题。由第
58、一段最后一句话可知，两位哲学家所生存的社会使他们形成了自己的思想，而反过来，他们的思想又影响了他们所赖以生存的社会。答案 C2.Socrates spared the idea with Confucius that.A.all men were equal when they were bornB.the lower classes should be ruled by the upper classC.the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdomD.people should not ask others to do what they
59、 did not want to解 析 细 节 理 解 题。由 第 三 段 最 后 一 句 话“Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior classes.”可知，两位哲学家思想的共同之处就是他们都认为下层社会应被上层社会所统治。答案 B3.What made some people different from others according to Confucius?A.Family.B.Potential.C.Knowledge.D.Community.解析 细节理解题。由第三段
60、中“.，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.”可知，孔子认为是知识使得人与人之间不同。答案 C4.This passage is organized in the pattern of.A.time and eventsB.comparison and contrastC.cause and effectD.definition and classification解析 推理判断题。纵观全文，文章用对比的手法叙述了两位古代哲学家思想的异同。答案 B211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)in turn 依次；反过来_ t
61、urn 不按次序地_ turns 轮流take turns _ doing/to do.轮流做A：They took turns at driving.B：They drove _ _.(2)for ones own sake 为了我做这件事不只是为我自己，你知道。_out ofbyatby turnsIm not just doing this for my own sake，you know.1.翻译句子Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you._1.What differences do Socrates and Confucius have?_己所不欲，勿施于人。Socrates was more radical and idealistic than Confu-cius；Socrates focused on the individual；Socrates thought the family was not important and the comm-unity of little concern.返回