1、Topic 20人文社会国体与政体 (States and Polities)_ pafl51, force, party, political, official, federal, royal, society, republic, _ rk13, arbitrary, autonomous, bureaucracy, dynasty, system, state, government, congress部门与机构 (Departments and Institutions)department, _ rti15, form, set up, _ naIzeIn68, ministry,
2、 agenda, compromise, administration, embassy, _ suprim2 court, charity, council人员 (Personnel)ambassador, _ sIvl11, chairman, emperor, pioneer, politician, Prime Minister, president制度与法规 (Regulations and Rules)_ dpt5, ban, pass, bill, policy, rule, legal/illegal, carry out, abolish, compulsory, viola
3、te, code活动与运动 (Activities and Campaigns)run, exercise, _ kmpeIn25, freedom, liberty, majority, _ ikwl24, elect, run for, reform，vote, incident, revolution, suspension, put off, give up, postpone, delay民族与种族 (Nation and Race)state, nation, race, racial equality, racial discrimination, discriminate, p
4、rejudice, privilege历史文化 (History and Culture)_ hIstrIkl23, keep up, pass down, century, generation, from generation to generation, _ sIvlaIzeIn9, tradition, heritage, relic, culture, origin, conventional, diverse宗教信仰 (Belief and Religion)belief, believe in, faith, moral, _ rIlIds11, pray, worship, s
5、piritual, bless, bishop, Buddhism, Catholic, Christian, Ramadan, chant, Easter, holy, sacred, Moslem, Protestantism, donate, cross, vegetarianpowerful; rank; authority; organization; supreme; civil; adopt; campaign; equal; historical; civilization; religiouspower(2019全国卷)Then theres the kind of popu
6、larity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. China has been showing increasing economic power over the past decade.It is not within my power to help you.(2019北京高考)You can plant a tree, make a meal with locally grown vegetables, or save powerthe possibiliti
7、es are endless.All cars will be powered by electrically, solar energy or wind.(1)根据句意写出加黑词的最佳释义Human societies have the power to solve the problems confronting them._Chinas soft power grows in line with the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally._We were cut off in the middle of
8、 our telephone conversation because my cell phone was out of power._答案：能力实力电(2)单句语法填空(2019北京高考)Thats because there are a number of _ (power) voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. A new party has come _ power.Tom can even make
9、 machines with moving parts, which could lead to a mini machine _ (power) by an outside source such as a light or a magnet.答案：powerfulintopowered(3)单句写作对这件事做出最后决定超出了我的能力。_中国人民的购买力越来越强了。_答案：Its beyond my power to make a final decision on the matter.The purchasing power of the Chinese people is gettin
10、g stronger and stronger.(1)n. 权力；职权；权势 the right or authority of a person or group to do sth.(2)n. 某方面的力量(或影响)；实力 strength or influence in a particular area of activity(3)n. 能力；机会 the ability or opportunity to do sth.(4)n. 电，电力 electricity that is used in houses, factories, etc.(5)vt. 驱动，推动(机器或车辆) t
11、o supply a machine or vehicle with the energy that makes it workcome into power 上台；掌权in power 执政power failure 停电hold/have sb. in ones power 控制住某人，能摆布某人within/beyond ones power to do sth. 做某事在某人的能力范围之内/超出某人的能力powerful adj. 有影响力的；有权势的；强有力的powerless adj. 无权的；无影响力的；无能为力的rankFor example, people avoid dis
12、agreeing outright with someone of a higher rank.Britain is no longer in the front rank of world powers.The survey ranked schools according to their exam results.(1)根据句意写出加黑词的最佳释义Xu Beihong is a painter of the first rank._He rose through the ranks to become managing director._Instead of just allowing
13、 you to rank films, Criticker compares your ratings to those of other users and see how closely your tastes match those of other users._The data show that the countrys digital economy added up to 22.58 trillion yuan last year, ranking second globally and accounting for around 30 percent of national
14、GDP._答案：等级；级别地位，级别把分等级属于某等级(2)单句语法填空 In early 2008, ShellyAnn, only _ (rank) number 70 in the world at that time, beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen of the sprint. He ranks _ the best pupils of his grade.答案：rankingamong(3)句型转换He is a topranked physicist.He is a physicist _.答案：of the first rank(1)n. (尤
15、指较高的)地位，级别 the position, especially a high position that sb. has in a particular organization, society etc. (2)n. 等级；级别 the degree to which sb./sth. is of high quality(3)vt. 把分等级；属于某等级 to give sb./sth. a particular position on a scale according to quality, importance, success, etc.; to have a positi
16、on of this kindauthorityShe is an authority on early musical instrument.In Singapore, rank is important and authority is respected. This provided an excuse for the authorities to cancel the elections.(1)根据汉语提示填空Perhaps the railway _ (当权者) are at fault for pour signaling system. Persons in Asian cult
17、ures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in _(权力)He has come to be something of a leading _ (权威人士) on the subject.答案：authoritiesauthorityauthority(2)单句语法填空She now has _ (authorize) over the people who used to be her bosses.We reported the car accident to the l
18、ocal _ (authority)Who is _ authority on English?答案：authorityauthoritiesan(1)n. 权威人士，专家，泰斗 someone who knows a lot about a subject and whose knowledge and opinions are greatly respected(2)n. 权力；威权；当权(地位) the power to give orders to people(3)n. (通常用复数)当权者，当局 the people or organizations that are in cha
19、rge of a country or areaauthorized adj. 经授权的；经认可的authorize vt. 批准；授权formThere are millions of different life forms on the planet today.Help in the form of money will be very welcome.Reading bedtime stories can develop your childrens ability to form pictures or ideas in their mind.He formed a band wi
20、th some friends from school.(1)根据汉语提示填空In my opinion, _ (形成) good habits to learn English is very important and necessary.They have _ (建立) an organization to protect endangered species, such as the Tibetan antelopes.Complete the sentence with the correct _ (形式) of the verbs in brackets.答案：formingfor
21、medform(2)单句语法填空The horse was clearly _ of form.This disease takes _ form of high fever.答案：outthe(3)单句写作I didnt see enough of the play to _ (形成观点) about it.Youd sound a lot more polite if you make a request _ (以形式) a question. 答案：form an opinionin the form of (1)n. 类型；种类 a type or variety of sth. (2
22、)n. 形式；外表；样子 the particular way sth. is, seems, looks or is presented (3)v. (使)形成 to start to exist and develop; to make sth. start to exist and develop(4)v. 组织；建立 to start a group of people, such as an organization, a committee, etc.; to come together in a group of this kind in the form of 以形式take
23、the form of 采取的形式in/out_of form 状态良好/不在状态form a good habit of 养成的好习惯formation n. 形成；组成formal adj. 正式的informal adj. 非正式的adopt(2019天津6月高考)Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.S
24、he had just been adopted by a family in town who decided that the best way for her to learn American ways of life was to be with American kids. (1)根据句意写出加黑词的最佳释义She was forced to have her baby adopted._All three teams adopted different approaches to the problem._答案：收养；领养采用(2)单句写作Having no children o
25、f their own, they decided to _ (领养一个孤儿)After much consideration, my teacher decided to _ (采纳我的建议)答案：adopt an orphanadopt my suggestion(3)用adopt的适当形式填空The young couple had no children of their own and _ a boy whose parents were killed in the earthquake. To their surprise, the _ boy soon _ to his new
26、family.答案：adopted; adopted; adapted(1)v. 采用(某方法)；采取(某态度) to start to use a particular method or to show a particular attitude towards sb./sth.(2)v. 收养；领养 to take sb. elses child into your family and become its legal parent(s)adopt a child/kid/an orphan 收养一个小孩/孤儿adopt an idea/a suggestion 采纳意见/建议adop
27、t a new technique/method 采用新技术/方法adapt v. 适应；改编(往往与to连用)runThe school is run in a humanbased way and gives the students homework according to their respective abilities.Could you run the engine for a moment?(2017浙江高考)Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. Her last
28、 musical ran for six months on Broadway.The company is 20 minutes run from her home.(1)根据首字母或汉语提示填空The airconditioner _ (运行) on very little electricity.The truth is that the fog was too thick for the bus to r_ that far. My car broke down on the way to the beach because it had r_ out of petrol.答案：run
29、srunrun(2)介词填空It was only last February that he announced he would run _ president.As a scholar, he doesnt run _ titles or fortune like others.I ran _ Linda and we went to a pub. 答案：forafterinto(3)单句写作他丝毫不懂如何经营企业。He has no idea how to _.从长远看来，搬到西班牙对你更适合。_ in the long run.答案：run a businessMoving to S
30、pain will be better for you(1)vt. 经营，管理 to be in charge of a business, etc.(2)vt. (使)运转；运行；操作 to operate or function; to make sth. do this(3)vi. 跑；奔跑 to move using your legs, going faster than when you walk(4)vi. 持续；延续 to continue for a particular period of time without stopping(5)n. 跑；跑步；跑步的时间(或距离)
31、 an act of running; a period of time spent running or the distance that sb. runsmajorityAn agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it. (1)根据汉语提示填空Young people were in the _ (大多数) at the meeting.There are 55 ethnic _ (少数民族) in ChinA 答案：majorityminori
32、ties(2)单句语法填空For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert, the majority _ (be) over the age of fifty.She says that the majority of those who _ (come) to her are dealing with some pretty heavy issues, and they expect her not only to listen, but also to provide real answers.Boys are
33、 very much _ the minority at the dancing class. Nowadays, the majority _ in favor of banning smoking in public places.Onethird of the country is covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ (be) black people. 答案：iscomeinis/arearen. 大部分；大多数 the largest part of a group of people or thingsin a
34、/the majority 占大多数minority n. 少数；少数派；少数民族in the minority 占少数“the majority of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the majority of不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。the majority作主语时，谓语动词用单复数形式均可。 equalSo we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things arent necessarily happi
35、er.Do you think he is the only person for the job?Im not quite sure but hell prove equal to the task.So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. When it comes to taking the tough decision, he has no equal.(1)根据汉语提示填空Chinas effort to preserve the Oz
36、one Layer (臭氧层) is _ (等同的) to half of the total efforts made by developing countries.We Chinese people have persistently urged the _ (平等) of nations, big or small.答案：equalequality(2)单句语法填空Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be _ (equal) respected.None of us is equal _ her, eith
37、er in beauty or as a dancer.答案：equallyto(3)单句写作I _ (不能胜任) the position, so I dont apply for it.His paintings are _ (无与伦比) in the Western world.答案：am not equal towithout equal(4)用equal的适当形式填空All men are born _， so everyone hopes to be treated _ because _ is the basic demand.答案：equal; equally; equalit
38、y(1)vt. 比得上；敌得过 to be as good as sth. else or do sth. to the same standard as sb. else (2)adj. (力气、勇气、能力等)相当的；能胜任的；能应付的 having the necessary strength, courage and ability to deal with sth. successfully(3)adj. (大小、数量、价值等)相同的，同样的；相等的 the same in size, quantity, value, etc. as sth. Else(4)n. 同等的人；相等物 a
39、 person or thing of the same quality or with the same status, rights, etc. as another be equal to (doing) sth. (in .) (在方面)与相等；能胜任equal sb./sth. in (doing) sth. 在(做)某事上比得过/敌得过某人/物without equal 无与伦比equally adv. 相等地，相同地equality n. 平等，同等；均等.七选五(2020吉林省梅河口市高三上学期联考)The history of writing instruments, wit
40、h which humans have recorded and conveyed thoughts and feelings, is the history of civilization itself. This is how we know about our ancestors and their life.The handy sharpenedstone was adapted into the first writing instrument. Around 24000 BC, the cave man started drawing pictures with the stone
41、 onto the walls of his cave. _1_ Walls at the Apollo site in Namibia are believed to be the oldest rock paintings to date.Before paper came along, people used clay or wax tablets on which they wrote with sharp objects such as metal sticks or bones. Around 6,000 years ago, the Egyptians invented the
42、first paperlike material called papyrus. The word “paper” actually comes from the word “papyrus”_2_ Bones or metal sticks were no longer useful as the papyrus could not be scratched. So the Egyptians created a reedpen perfect for the papyrus. _3_ And thus, ancient Egyptians transformed bamboo stems
43、(茎) into an early form of a fountain pen.Another writing instrument that remained active in history for a long period was the quill (鹅毛) pen. Introduced around 700 AD, the quill was a pen made from a bird feather. Goose feathers were most common. _4_ For making fine line drawings, crow feathers were
44、 the best.When writers had better inks and paper and handwriting had developed into both an art form and an everyday occurrence, mans inventive nature once again turned to improving the writing instrument. _5_ANow something was needed to write upon the papyrus.BThe papyrus became the most popular ma
45、terial at that time.CSwan feathers were of a high quality, being rare and most expensive.DBamboo stems were better and much more expensive than goose feathers.EThis led to the development of the modem fountain pen in the 19th century.FThese were mostly the stems of grasses, especially from the bambo
46、o plant.GThese drawings showed events in daily life like the planting of crops or hunting victories.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了改进书写工具的发展。人类文明的进步(the progress of human civilization)，离不开文化的传播，而文化的传播离不开载体和媒介。在纸出现之前，文化传播的载体先后经历了陶器、青铜器甚至甲骨文，它们可以帮助我们对人类文明有更多的了解。1G上文提示“大约公元前24000年，穴居人开始用石头在洞穴的墙上画画。”再根据下文提示“纳米比亚阿波罗
47、遗址的墙壁被认为是迄今为止最古老的岩画。”因此，G项“These drawings showed events in daily life like the planting of crops or hunting victories.(这些图画展示了日常生活中的事件，如种植庄稼或打猎的胜利。)”承上启下，切题。故选G。2A下文提示“由于纸莎草纸不能被刮伤，骨头或金属棒不再有用。”因此，A项“Now something was needed to write upon the papyrus.(现在需要在纸莎草纸上写点什么。)”引起下文，切题。故选A。3F上文提示“因此，埃及人创造了一种芦苇笔
48、，完美地用于纸莎草纸。”因此，F项“These were mostly the stems of grasses, especially from the bamboo plant.(这些主要是草的茎，尤其是竹子的茎。)”承接上文，切题。故选F。4C上文提示“最常见的是鹅毛。”因此，C项“Swan feathers were of a high quality, being rare and most expensive.(天鹅羽毛质量很好，既稀有又昂贵。)”承接上文，切题。故选C。5E上文提示“当作家们有了更好的墨水、纸张和书法，它们已经发展成为一种艺术形式和日常生活的一部分时，人类的创造性
49、再一次转向改进书写工具。”因此，E项“This led to the development of the modem fountain pen in the 19th century.(这导致了现代钢笔在19世纪的发展。)”承接上文，切题。故选E。convey v. 表达；传送scratch v. 划破；抓伤instrument n. 工具；乐器feather n. 羽毛(第三段第一句)Before paper came along, people used clay or wax tablets on which they wrote with sharp objects such as
50、metal sticks or bones.在纸出现之前，人们用尖锐的东西如金属棍子或骨头，写在粘土或蜡片上面。.完形填空(2020全国新高三开学联考)Frey is on her way to the Pottery (陶器) Workshop in Shanghai. She willingly _1_ the training courses of the workshop every Tuesday, spending three or four hours _2_ there. After five weeks of _3_， she is looking forward to ta
51、king home the first bowl she makes with her own hands as a _4_ souvenir. “Ive enjoyed every minute at the workshop. It enables me to make friends and learn how to make pottery with the directions and _5_ from others，” Frey says. Also, she feels very comfortable in the workshop, which creates a pleas
52、ant atmosphere like classroom in which people from different backgrounds gather _6_ to create their works. As a foreigner, Frey has adopted pottery making to _7_ her own ideas and thoughts. “The whole process of making a pottery piece may look rather _8_ to a beginner, but I still keep on, and _9_ I
53、 will leave with a whole case of my works by the end of our stay，” Frey says.Sharing the same enthusiasm, Maggie Guo, a former clothes designer and now a housewife is trying to complete her “pottery dream”. “I _10_ to study pottery when I applied to university many years ago, but I eventually get en
54、gaged in clothes design, which became my career，” Guo says. Now, after years in that field, she still _11_ learning pottery. She attends the workshop to finally realize the dream she had put on the shelf for so many years. “I am always surprised and _12_ to see the final works of my own, and it _13_
55、 me to learn the real meaning of being an artist.” They both think more people should _14_ into the world of pottery making to experience the _15_ of creativity with simple materials.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了两位来自不同背景的人在上海学习陶器制作的经历。1Apasses Bkeeps Cgives Dattends答案：D根据下文“Ive enjoyed every minute at the wor
56、kshop.”可知，她每周二都去上课，而且认真学习。因此她很愿意上(attend)这种训练课。2Apracticing Bshowing Cacting Dplaying答案：A每周的训练课，她都会花三到四个小时在那里练习(practice)。3Aactivities Bclasses Cfindings Dskills答案：B在上完五周的课(class)后，她想带一件自己做的作品回家。4Aformal Btraditional Cspecial Drandom答案：C她想把自己做的第一个碗带回家，作为一件特殊的(special)纪念品。5Aexpectations Bcomments Csu
57、ggestions Dassessments答案：C她不仅认识了很多朋友，还在其他人的指导和建议(suggestion)下学会了如何制作陶器。6Aregularly Bnervously Csecretly Dperfectly答案：A来自不同背景的人们每周定期(regularly)聚集在这里创作艺术品。7Afollow Bintroduce Cexpress Dget答案：C作为一位外国人，Frey把陶器制作作为表达(express)她自己观点和看法的方式。8Asafe Bcomplex Clogical Dartificial答案：B制作陶器的整个过程对于一个初学者来说是很复杂的(comp
58、lex)，但是她没放弃，依旧继续学习。9Anaturally Bsurprisingly Ccasually Dhopefully答案：D她希望(hopefully)在离开中国之前能自己制作出一件完整的陶艺品。10Arefused Bmeant Cpretended Dcontinued答案：B她刚开始申请大学时原打算(mean)学习陶器，但是最终还是学了服装设计。11Aends up with Bcatches up with Clooks forward to Dlooks up to答案：C现在，虽然她在服装设计领域学习了那么多年，但她依旧期望(look forward to)学习陶器。
59、12Adisappointed Bscared Ccalm Dhappy答案：D能看到自己亲手制作出来的陶器，她总是震惊和开心的(happy)。13Aforces Breminds Callows Dexpects答案：C 这可以让(allow)她体会到作为一名艺术家的真正意义。14Astep Bmove Cbreak Dturn答案：A 上面介绍的两人通过学陶器的经历告诉更多的人们应该步入(step)制作陶器的世界。15Amagic Bhabit Cprinciple Dimpression答案：A她们认为，更多的人们应该进入制作陶器的世界来领略简单材料带来的创造力的神奇(magic)。.语
60、法填空(2019兰州一中高三月考)Plovdiv is situated in southcentral Bulgaria on the two banks of the Maritsa River. The city has historically developed on seven hills, some of _1_ are 250 m (820.21ft) high. Because of these hills, Plovdiv is _2_ (typical) referred to in Bulgaria as “The city of the Seven Hills”. P
61、lovdivs history _3_ (date) back to 6000 BC. Though originally it was _4_ Thracian city, Plovdiv has been ruled by many empires over centuries. Later it _5_ (conquer) by the Romans. Only in 1885 did the city become part of BulgariA Nowadays its the second _6_ (large) city in Bulgaria and its a signif
62、icant economic, educational and cultural center.Plovdiv remains a popular _7_ (choose) for vacation travel. I have been obsessed with the city _8_ years. Last summer I was lucky _9_ (spend) a couple of days in this city and I just fell in love with its narrow paved streets and neat beautiful houses!
63、 The old town is definitely worthy _10_ (see). It is overwhelmed with restaurants, workshops and museums that were previously famous houses.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了普罗夫迪夫的历史、现状，以及其作为旅游城市的吸引游客之处。1which考查定语从句的引导词。“some of _1_”引导定语从句修饰前面的先行词seven hills，“介词关系代词”引导定语从句，先行词指物，只能用whic
64、h，故填which。2typically考查词性转换。该空处修饰动词短语referred to，应用副词，故填typically。3dates考查动词的时态和语态。句意：普罗夫迪夫的历史追溯到公元前6000年。此处在描述客观事实，所以用一般现在时。由于Plovdivs history是第三人称单数，且date back to . “追溯到”，不能用于被动语态，故填dates。4a考查冠词。句意：最初，它是一座色雷斯人的城市。文中泛指“一座城市”，Thracian的发音是以辅音音素开头的，故填不定冠词a。5was conquered考查动词的时态和语态。描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时，it与
65、conquer之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故填was conquered。6largest考查形容词的最高级。句意：现在它是保加利亚第二大城市。“第二大”，用“序数词形容词的最高级”来表示，故填largest。7choice考查词性转换。句意：普罗夫迪夫仍然是度假旅游受欢迎的选择。remain为连系动词，此处应用名词作表语，故填choice。8for考查介词。句意：我着迷于这座城市许多年了。for years “好多年”，for一般与一段时间连用，故填for。9to spend考查非谓语动词。此处是固定句型“sb. be形容词to do sth.”的运用，故填to spend。10to be
66、seen/of being seen考查固定用法。sth. be worthy of being done/to be done为固定搭配，此处表示这座古镇非常值得观看，故填to be seen/of being seen。【重点语法】.写作新题型概要写作阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization. Back then, as well as today, providing food and se
67、curity was the basic task for a person. However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded greatly. People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries (奢侈品). Providing humanity with these t
68、hings is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy. The problem is that the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost unavoidably associated with environmental damage.There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the enviro
69、nment. One of these is the fact that in order to produce more goods and products, the construction of large industrial plants is required. These plants produce a lot of waste, leading to the pollution of water and the atmosphere, which may cause negative longterm health effects to nearby populations
70、 of animals, or people.Industrial manufacturing leads to the constantly increasing energy consumption. The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment. There also exist socalled ecofriendly sources of energy. They are s
71、ometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time, during which people have to make some sacrifices (牺牲) to support these undertakings. Whats more, to produce economically practical energy, people unavoidably have to transform the natural site. This is expensive a
72、nd has harmful effects on the environment. For example, application of wind energy would block airflows natural speed, which is the reason for their decrease in strength after crossing the windmill. Consequently, the pressure balance that is brought about by this current will be affected, and it is
73、important to remember that the environment and weather conditions are directly affected by atmospheric pressure.For these reasons, bringing about economic growth without any resulting environmental damage, whatsoever, is impossible._写前导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类对物质享受的欲望已严重影响环境。精彩范文Humans desire for materi
74、al comforts has resulted in great damage to the environment. (要点1) To produce more goods, we have constructed industrial factories consuming lots of energy and causing serious pollution. (要点2) Though people try to substitute ecofriendly energy for traditional sources, it takes time and even the clean energy will influence the environment in some way. (要点3) So economic growth is bound to go hand in hand with environmental damage. (要点4)