1、北京市门头沟区2015高考英语阅读理解一轮优化训练（2）及答案阅读理解概述（2）题型探究探究点二主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳、推理、判断等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。 要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找
2、出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。一、题型特点与命题方式【设题类型】1概括文章大意；2选出最佳题目(标题)；3概括人物特点。 【设问形式】1标题类(1)The best title / headline for this passage might be_.(2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.(3)What is the best title for the passage? (4)Which of
3、 the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2大意类(1)This passage chiefly deals with _.(2)Whats the topic of the article?(3)What is the subject discussed in the text?(4)With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 二、解题思路与应试技巧做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章
4、的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类试题的解题技巧。 1标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助
5、读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 例1 【 2011课标全国卷】Which of the following might be the best title for the text?AFamily Food PlanningBBanking on GardeningCA Belttightening MoveDGardening as a Hobby【解析】 B主旨大意题。全文讲述了在物价飞速上涨的美
6、国，人们为了节省开支自己种植蔬菜的事情。 2大意类解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章大意。概括大意的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排
7、除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。 例2【 2011安徽卷】The main idea of the text is that _.Atwo heads are better than oneBfriendship is precious in lifeCthe disabled should never give upDa man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated【解析】 B主旨大意题。全文围绕友情、生命讲述了两位朋友一起攀岩的故事，强调了“友情很珍贵”，故答案为B。 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡
8、上将该项涂黑。（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）【2014四川省资阳市第一次诊断性考试】AGalaxy saw a man and a woman who communicated with the sign language at the train station when she was on the way home one evening. She noticed that the woman asked the man for the direction. He told her that he did not know. Galaxy decided to help them
9、. She had learned the sign language when she served as a volunteer in the deaf and mute (聋哑) school. Then she showed the woman the direction and left her email address to them in case they needed her help later. She received an email from that man the next day. Kazrim was his name. Galaxy replied hi
10、s mail sincerely. They both started chatting online soon after and began seeing each other. Although they only communicated with the sign language, it never bothered her. Galaxy was fond of him gradually. Obviously, Kazrim was the same too. He presented Galaxy with a bunch of sunflowers and asked he
11、r sincerely. “Are you willing to be my girlfriend?”Galaxy was pleasantly surprised. She requested him to give her some time to persuade her parents. As she had expected, her parents were very angry after they had learned of their love story. Galaxy explained, “Kazrim is an excellent and a very optim
12、istic person. He has a very positive attitude towards life and work. He cares for others always. He is 100% better than the normal. Moreover, the mute is still a human. He should possess a perfect and wonderful love.”Her parents asked to see him, then. The very worried Galaxy took Kazrim home a few
13、days later. When they were on the train, Kazrim told her, “Im going to tell your parents that Ill be looking after you well with all my life!” Galaxy was deeply moved. As soon as they had entered the house, Galaxy introduced him to her parents. She said, “This is Kazrim.” Just right after her speech
14、, an unbelievable thing happened. Kazrim threw the gift away and held her in his arms tightly. He said, “YOU CAN TALK?” It was the same question that Galaxy wanted to ask, too.The four people were shocked all of a sudden. As a matter of fact, Kazrim always believed that Galaxy was a mute and he stil
15、l fell in love with her deeply.31. How did Galaxy and Kazrim get to know each other?A. They met each other by chance. B. They were introduced to each other. C. They once studied at the same university. D. They both served in a deaf and mute school. 32. How did Galaxy probably communicate with Kazrim
16、 before she took him home?A. Writing words on paper. B. Using the sign language. C. Judging from his expression. D. Speaking her native language. 33. What did Galaxy expect her parents to do?A. To have a talk with Kazrim.B. To prepare for her marriage. C. To treat Kazrim as a normal man. D. To accep
17、t Kazrim as her boyfriend. 34. What can we learn about the two young people from the passage?A. They fell in love at the first sight. B. They cheated each other to win love.C. They mistook each other for being mutes.D. They ignored the anger of Galaxys parents.【参考答案】31-35 ABDC 【2014唐山一中调研考试（二）】DScie
18、ntists in Mexico have just begun a new study of one of the worlds biggest pyramids: the Pyramid of the Sun, north of Mexico City. Theyre putting lots of small, high-tech machines under the pyramid to try to unlock some of its secrets. For thousands of years, people have tried to uncover the secrets
19、of the pyramids. The people who built the pyramids made lots of secret doors and rooms to stop robbers from finding the treasures inside. However, there always have been some smart thieves in history. Now, almost all of Egypts pyramids have been robbed, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu, which is
20、 the largest pyramid in the world. It is the only one of the ancient wonders of the world that is still standing. In AD 820, an Arab king named Abdullah AL Manum got a group of workers to dig their way into the Great Pyramid and have a look. Inside the pyramid, they found three roomsthe Queens Chamb
21、er, the Grand Gallery and the Kings Chamber. But to their surprise, the men didnt find the treasures they wanted. The Queens and Kings Chambers were both empty! Where were the Kings mummy and his treasures? Had someone already taken them away? The huge stone doors at the pyramids entrance were still
22、 closed when AL Manums men went inside. How had the thieves got in and out?Since then, many people have gone inside the Great Pyramid to have a look or to try to take things. But still, no other chambers or walkways have been found. In 2002, an American team made the most recent visit to the Great P
23、yramid. Scientists sent a robot into the pyramid, but they only found a mysterious locked stone door. 67. The first two paragraphs were written to show that _. A. ancient Egyptian emperors were cruel B. the Pyramid of the Sun is an unusual historic building C. construction workers led a hard life in
24、 ancient Egypt D. the secrets of the pyramids remain to be uncovered 68. What is the purpose of making some secret doors to the pyramids? _. A. To try to unlock some of its secrets B. To stop robbers from finding the treasures inside C. To refuse some visitors all over the world into it D. To tell t
25、he truth to the people in the future69. Which of the following is NOT true to the Great Pyramid of Khufu? _. A. It is the largest pyramid in the world. B. It is the only one of the ancient wonders that is still standing. C. Abdullah AL Manum took the Kings mummy and his treasures away D. Scientists
26、found a mysterious locked stone door to the Great Pyramid 70. What would be the best title for the text? A. The Pyramid of the Sun B. The Great Pyramid of Khufu C. A Mysterious Locked Stone Door D. Unlocking the Doors of History of the Pyramid【参考答案】67-70 DBCD 【2014四川省资阳市第一次诊断性考试】BIve spent over a ye
27、ar in India, and in those 365 plus days, Ive learned a lot about getting around Indian cities. My biggest lessons have been learned through being cheated, particularly by taxi and rickshaw (人力车) drivers, but that doesnt mean those are bad ways to travel, as long as you know what youre doing. Below a
28、re the best ways to get around the city of Delhi, India, and tips for how to keep from being the victim of scams (欺骗).Taking taxis is a great way to get around the city of Delhi and chances are, if you arrive in Delhi by plane, as soon as you make it through customs, youll be swarmed by Indian taxi
29、drivers. At the Delhi airport, be sure to arrange for a taxi to your hotel at one of the two Delhi Traffic Police Taxi Booths. One is inside the airport, and one is outside. The key is to make sure to go to a booth run by the police, rather than by independent taxi drivers.Rickshaws are one of my fa
30、vorite ways to get around Indian cities, partly because its how the locals often travel. Auto-rickshaws are more common, but bicycle rickshaws are still used in Old Delhi. If you do have a chance to take a bicycle rickshaw, you should do it at least once for a unique experience that should only set
31、you back about 15 rupees. Auto-rickshaw rates around Delhi range between 30 and 80 rupees, depending on distance.If you really want to travel around Delhi like the locals, take a public bus. Indian buses become very crowded and most do not have air conditioning. They are, however, very cheap. A bus
32、trip wont set you back any more than 15 rupees, as long as you stay within the city limits. Since Indian buses get so crowded, try to board the bus at the start of the route so you can get a seat.The train is a great way to get around within the city of Delhi. Fares are reasonable, between six and 2
33、2 rupees. All departure announcements are in both Hindi and English, and tokens can be purchased for between six and 22 rupees.35. What is the author trying to do through this text?A. Expect us to travel around Delhi.B. Show his/her experiences in Delhi.C. Give some advice of traveling in Delhi.D. E
34、xplain the difficulties of traveling in Delhi.36. What should you do to avoid being cheated when taking a taxi at the Delhi airport?A. Go to a police-run booth.B. Go out of the airport.C. Show your ticket to the driver.D. Pay more to the drivers to keep safe.37. The author suggests taking a rickshaw in order to _.A. save some moneyB. gain some unique experienceC. enjoy the comfortable tripD. help the local rickshaw drivers38. Which may be the topic that follows?A. Car rentals in DelhiB. Food and drink in DelhiC. Weather conditions in DelhiD. Hotel recommendations in Delhi【参考答案】35、C36-38、 ABA