1、北京市门头沟区2015高考英语阅读理解一轮优化训练（1）及答案阅读理解概述（1）题型探究 探究点一细节理解题一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：When / Where d
2、id the story happen?Which of the following statements is (not) correct?Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?All the statements are true except该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实
3、、数据、图表等细节信息。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。二、解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化，成为正确答案。4正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确
4、选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。下
5、面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。1直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节。找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。 例1 【2011全国卷】Wanted, Someone for a KissWere looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.Youll work on the stations music programmes.Musi
6、c production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music.Please apply(申请) in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?AProducer Vacancies, Kiss 100.BMrs ROglivie, Palmlace Limited.CThe Enterp
7、rise Shopping Centre.DWealden District Council.【解析】 A直接细节题。这则广告是招聘电台播音员的，因此A最合适。 例 【 2011北京卷】As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that.I got a taste of that dream in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to
8、ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.What happened to the author in 2001?AShe flew an airplane.BShe entered a competition.CShe went on a hot air balloon ride.DShe moved into a retirement community.【解析】 C直接细节题。根据I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot
9、 air balloon for my birthday.可以选出最佳答案。 2间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。 例3【 2011北京卷】On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and i
10、deas. Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom，I have a ruleno laptops, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy. Some of the students in the history class were u
11、nhappy with_.Athe course materialBothers misuse of technology Cdiscussion topicsDthe authors class regulations【解析】 D间接细节题。根据I have a ruleno laptops, iPads，phones，etc.some of them were not happy可知答案。在这里我们需要把“rule”以及后面的some of them were not happy进行转换。 3数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过
12、具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。例4 【 2011辽宁卷】.According to the Coalitions studies, of over two hundred million people living in the United States, up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing How ma
13、ny people are homeless in the US.according to the Coalitions studies?A39% of the population.B200 million people.CAbout 3 million people.DAbout onefifth of the population.【解析】 C细节理解题。根据文中“.up to three million are homeless.”可知选C。 4排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个
14、事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。 例5 【2011山东卷】The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.The wheelchair also has two cameras that iden
15、tify objects in its path.They help the computer react to commands from the brain. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?AscalpcomputercapwheelchairBcomputercapscalpwheelchairCscalpcapcomputerwheelchairDcapcomputerscalpwheelchair【解析】 C细节理解题。根据This head cover pi
16、cks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.可知这种特殊的帽子接受来自大脑头皮的指令，然后传达给计算机，最后把指令传给轮椅。 5图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图
17、片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。 例6 【 2009安徽卷】The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, _.Athe percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsBthe percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchangedCthe number of the Black families with a computer was on the decreaseDthe numb
18、er of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase 【2014唐山一中调研考试（二）】“Yes, Ill be ready at nine in the morning. Goodbye, dear, and thanks again.” It had not been an easy telephone call for Mrs. Robson to make. Her daughter had been very kind, of course, and had immediately agreed t
19、o pick her up and drive her to the station, but Mrs. Robson hated to admit that she needed help. Since her husband died ten years ago, she had prided herself on her independence. She had continued to live in their little house, alone.This evening, however, she was standing at her living-room window,
20、 staring out at the SOLD notice in the small front garden. Her feelings were mixed. Of course, she was sad at the thought of leaving the house, as it was full of so many memories. But at the same time she was looking forward to spending her last years near the sea, back in the little seaside town wh
21、ere she had been born. With the money from the sale of the house, she had bought a little flat there. She turned from the living room window, and looked round at the room. One or two pieces of furniture remained, covered with sheet. All her pictures had been taken from the walls. There was a small f
22、ish tank, with two goldfish in it. When asked why, her husband used to say: “Its nice to have something alive in the room.” Since he had passed away, she had always kept some goldfish, and always had “something alive in the room”.The next morning, as her train was pulling out of the station, Mrs. Ro
23、bson called to her daughter, “Kate, you wont forget to collect the goldfish, will you? The children will love them. Its”“I know,” Kate interrupted gently. “Its nice to have something alive in the room.” But in the little house, the two goldfish had stopped their circling. They were floating on the w
24、ater, in the room with silent walls.63. According to the passage, we know that Mrs. Robson _.A. was a person who liked to be aloneB. was not able to help herselfC. did not like asking people for helpD. wanted to live without her husband64. On her last night in the house, Mrs. Robson was feeling _.A.
25、 a bit sad but not totally unhappyB. happy but unable to help herselfC. proud and sadD. in poor spirits65. Mrs. Robson was going to _.A. be in hospital B. live with her daughterC. meet her husband D. live where she was born66. The little house meant a lot to Mrs. Robson because_.A. it was full of pe
26、ts and plantsB. many friends and relatives visited itC. it had a long and unforgettable historyD. an important part of her life was spent there 【参考答案】63-66 CADD 新闻报道型阅读理解BARCELONA (Reuters)“Galactic Suite”， the first hotel planned in space, expects to open for business in 2012 and would allow guests
27、 to travel around the world in 80 minutes.Its architects say the space hotel will be the most expensive in the galaxy(银河系), costing $4 million for a threeday stay.During that time guests would see the sunrise 15 times a day and use Velcro suits to crawl around their pod rooms by sticking themselves
28、to the walls like Spiderman.Company director Xavier Claramunt says the threebedroom hotels joined up pod structure，which makes it look like a model of molecules, was dictated by the fact that each pod room had to fit inside a rocket to be taken into space.“Its the bathrooms in zero gravity that are
29、the biggest challenge，” says Claramunt, “How to accommodate the more private activities of the guests is not easy.”But they may have solved the issue of how to take a shower in weightlessnessthe guests will enter a spa room in which babbles of water will float around.When guests are not admiring the
30、 view from their portholes(舷窗), they will take part in scientific experiments on space travel.“There is fear associated with going into space，” said Claramunt.“Thats why the shuttle rocket will remain fixed to the space hotel for the duration of the guests stay, so they know they can get home again.
31、”In an era of concern over climate change, Galaxy Suite have no plans so far to offset the pollution problems of sending a rocket to carry just six guests at a time into space.“But，” says Claramunt, “Im hopeful that the impact of seeing the earth from a distance will stimulate the guests urge to val
32、ue and protect our planet.”()1.Which of the following might be the best title for the text?A“Galactic Suite”： the best hotel planned in spaceBFly me to the moon: space hotel sees 2012 openingCFly to the moon: a greatest dream for humansDBuilding a space hotel: a dream or a reality()2.Which of the fo
33、llowing is NOT what guests can do in “Galactic Suite”？AWatching the sunrise.BTaking a weightless shower.CDoing scientific experiment.DWalking in space.()3.According to the text, the last paragraph means that _.Aeach of us has the duty to protect our earthBspace travel helps improve peoples sense of
34、protecting the earthCseeing from space will have a great impact on peoples lifeDmany guests have the urge to value and protect the earth()4.Suppose we will travel to space, the following will be the problems we must solve EXCEPT_.AweightlessnessBfearCpollution Dmoney()5.The author writes the text in
35、 order to_.Aremind people of pollution problems on the earthBtell us a bright dream of going to spaceCexplain some problems existing in space travelDreport a space hotel to be completed by 2012【解析】 本文为新闻，主要报道了建太空旅馆的情况。1B文章大意题。本文主要报道了建太空旅馆的情况。这是一个事实而不是梦想，故可排除C和D。2D细节理解题。由第三段During that time guests wo
36、uld see the sunrise 15 times a day可知A项正确；由第六段take a shower in weightlessnessthe guests will enter a spa room in which babbles of water will float around可知B项正确；由第七段they will take part in scientific experiments on space travel可知C项正确。D在文中没有提及。3B段落大意题。由最后一段Claramunt所说的话可知，他主要讲了从太空看地球对保护地球环境的作用，故B项正确。4C推理判断题。三天游花费四百万美元的确很贵，如体验太空游，当然需要先解决资金问题，其次，第六段提到they may have solved the issue of how to take a shower in weightlessness，即失重问题；第八段提到There is fear associated with going into space，即恐惧感，污染问题是地球上的问题，由此知选项C正确。5D推理判断题。本文是一篇新闻报道，主要报道了太空旅馆即将在2012年建成的消息，故D正确。