1、Section Grammar 过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语语法图解探究发现By the time it ended,more than 700 people had been killedand 2,700 had been injured.By the late 1890s,he had moved to Galveston,where he died in 1899,a year before the hurricane struck.Coghlan traveled back to Canada after he had been buried in Texas!She says,“
2、Tom was very kind.”She says that Tom was very kind.He asked,“Will you go to the party？”He asked whether/if I would go to the party.She asked me,“When do they have their dinner？”She asked me when they had their dinner.The teacher said，“About 70%of the earths surface is covered with water.”The teacher
3、 said that about 70%of the earths surface is covered with water.我的发现(1)句采用了过去完成时，其构成形式为：。(2)句采用了过去完成时的被动语态，其构成形式为：_。(3)句均为直接引语变间接引语的句子，在变间接引语时，_、等方面都要做相应的变化。(4)由句可知，若直接引语为客观真理，变间接引语时，时态。主语had done主语had been done人称时态语序不变一、过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动式形式是：had been done，常用于以下情况：1表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与 by,before等引导
4、的时间状语连用。200 cars had been produced by the end of last year.到去年年底，我们已经生产了 200 辆汽车。By the time he got to the school,the first period had been finished.当他赶到学校的时候，第一节课已经上完了。2在 told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时的被动语态。He heard that the robber had been caught and put into prison.他
5、听说抢劫者已被抓住并进了监狱The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killedin the hurricane.媒体报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。3It was the first/second.time that.句中 that 引导的定语从句中，主语与谓语构成动宾关系时用过去完成时。It was the first time that he had been beaten black and blue.那是他第一次被打得青一块紫一块的。即时演练 1 11.单句语法填空As the assignment (do),he went
6、 on to search some information on the Internet.He did what he (tell)to.The classroom (clean)before the teacher came.It was the first time that a speech ever(give)by Tom.Experiments of this kind (conduct)in both the US.and Europe well before the Second World War.had been donehad been toldhad been cle
7、anedhadbeen givenhad been conducted12.完成句子飓风结束的时候，有多少座大楼被毁了？How many buildings when the hurricane ended?她回到家发现所有的家具都被洪水毁坏了。She returned home and found all her furniture by the flood.had been destroyedhad beenruined地震后，他们发现几个人受了伤。After the earthquake,they discovered that several people 在这个系统投入使用之前，大量
8、的水被浪费了。Large quantities of water before this system was put into use.会议结束时，宣布达成了一项协议。At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreement.hadhad been wastedhad been reachedbeen injured二、间接引语英语中常用两种方式引用别人的话。一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面做相应变化。1句型变化(1
9、)直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词 that引导。She said,“Im a dentist.”She said that she was a dentist.(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反义疑问句时，在变为间接引语时要用连词 whether(或 if)，要把疑问句的语序改为陈述句语序，句末用句号，主句中的谓语动词是said 时，要改为 asked。He said,“Can you speak English？”He asked me if/whether I could speak English.He asked，“Youve already finished y
10、our homework，havent you？”He asked if/whether we had already finished our homework.(3)直接引语若是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。“Where do you usually have lunch？”he asked me.He asked me where I usually had lunch.(4)当直接引语为祈使句时，变间接引语时主句的谓语动词应根据直接引语的口气换用 ask,invite,advise,warn,tell，order 等词，而原直接引语中的谓语动词则变为不定式。He s
11、aid to me，“Dont be late tomorrow.”He told me not to be late the next day.2时态的变化主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化。如下表所示：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时(不变)时态变化一般将来时过去将来时She said,“I need a calculator.”She said that she needed a calculator.Jim said,“Im expecting a long distan
12、ce call.”Jim said that he was expecting a long distance call.He said,“I took it home with me.”He said that he had taken it home with him.Peter said,“Our team has won the match.”Peter said that their team had won the match.时态不变的特殊情况如下：(1)直接引语是客观真理或是格言、谚语时。He said，“The earth goes around the sun.”He sa
13、id that the earth goes around the sun.(2)当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时，间接引语仍然用一般过去时。Mr.Wang said，“I was born in China in September,1972.”Mr.Wang said that he was born in China in September,1972.(3)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时时。She says，“Miss Liu is good at English.”She says that Miss Liu is good at English.即时演练
14、2 把下列直接引语变为间接引语The official said,“Get ready before lunch.”The official He said,“Are you a student？”He asked She said,“I came here to see the doctor the day before yesterday.”She said ordered us to get ready before lunchwhether/if I was a studentthat she had gone there to see the doctor two daysbefor
15、eHe asked her,“Where are you going？”He asked her He said,“Where there is a will,there is a way.”He said She says,“He is going tomorrow.”She says that where she was goingwhere there is a will,there is a wayhe is going tomorrow3指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词的变化变化项目在直接引语中在间接引语中thisthat 指示代词thesethose nowthentodayth
16、at daytonightthat nightthis week/month.that week/month.yesterdaythe day before three days/months.agothree days/months.beforetomorrowthe next(following)day时间状语next week/month.the next(following)week/month.地点状语heretherecomego方向性动词 bringtakeShe said,“She is coming this week.”She said that she was comin
17、g that week.He said,“Its raining hard now.”He said that it was raining hard then.She said,“This happened yesterday.”She said that had happened the day before.Tom said,“He came here to visit his grandma.”Tom said that he had gone there to visit his grandma.即时演练 3 把下列直接引语变为间接引语“I havent heard from my
18、parents these days，”said Mary.Mary said that.“Ill have to stay in the lab until tomorrow，”my father said.My father said(that)_.she hadnt heard from her parents those dayshe would have to stay in the lab until the next day“Will Mr.Chen come to give us a lecture next week？”I asked Sara.I asked SaraHe
19、said,“I brought it home with me.”He said She said,“Hell be back tomorrow.”She said that whether/if Mr.Chen would come to give us a lecture he had taken it home with himhe would be back the next daythe next week链接高考单句语法填空1(2018北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who (trap)in the
20、mountains for two days.had been trapped解析：句意：一名救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。游客被困发生在被救之前，表示过去的过去，因此要用过去完成时态的被动语态。2(2018江苏高考)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan (carry)out in the past two years.had been carried解析：句意：上个月，我被派往这个村子，去看了看过去两年里这个发展计划执行得怎么样了。carry out 发生在 I was
21、sent 之前，所以要用过去完成时，且 plan 与 carry out之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。3(2017北京高考)In the 1950s in the USA,most families had just one phone at home,and wireless phones _(not,invent)yet.解析：句意：在 20 世纪 50 年代的美国，大多数家庭家里只有一部电话，那时无线电话还没有被发明出来。根据句意以及句中的关键词“In the 1950s”和“yet”可知，空格处用过去完成时；且“wireless phones”与动词 invent 之间是被
22、动关系，所以使用过去完成时的被动语态。hadnt been invented4(2015湖北高考)Though he was just a poor newsboy,he _(teach)some good things.解析：句意：尽管他只是一个贫穷的报童，但是之前有人教给他一些美好的德行。teach 发生在从句谓语动词之前，故用过去完成时，且 he 和 teach 之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。had been taught5(2014福建高考)Realizing he (trick)，the prince returned the daughter to her mother
23、.解析：trick 发生在 returned 之前，故用过去完成时，trick与其主语 he 之前为被动关系，故用被动语态。had been carried.单句语法填空1Forty factories (build)by 1990.21，500 English words (learn)by the end of last term.3The toys were so lovely that they (sell)in no time.4Which hospital Mary (send)to before midnight?5Was the boy reminded that his ho
24、mework(not hand)in?had been builtwere soldhad been learnedhadbeen senthadnt been handed演练提能6When I got up this morning,I found that the rain(stop)and the sun was shining.7He came and told us that the work(finish)8When she came back home,she found that her house(break)into.9John had to have his car r
25、epaired in a garage because it(damage)seriously.10George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their wedding?No,I (not invite)hadstoppedhad been finishedhad been brokenhad been damagedhadnt been invited.将下列句子变为间接引语1He said,“The plane takes off at 6：30 am.”He said 2The geography teacher said t
26、o us,“The moon moves around the earth.”The geography teacher told us 3“You must do it right now，”the boss said to his secretary.The boss his secretary that the plane takes off at 6：30 amthat the moon movestoldthat she had to do it rightaround the earthnow4The teacher asked,“Are you waiting for the b
27、us？”The teacher asked 5“How long have you worked in the company？”he asked me.He asked me 6The doctor said to me,“Dont drink too much.”The doctor whether/if I was waiting for the bushow long I had worked in the companytold me not to drink too much.短文改错On Friday,our teacher told us that there would an
28、 English corner in front of our teaching building.I set about soon after the last class in the afternoon.To my joy,the English corner had just been on for a few minute.I joined them on their talk.At first,I was afraid that my English was so poor and limit that I couldnt follow them or make myself un
29、derstand.I was also afraid that anyone might laugh at me.But a smiling face here or an encouraging nod there soon put me at ease.Though I speak to them only in simple English that day,I believe in future I will make a greater progress.答案：第一句：would 后加 be第二句：aboutout/off第三句：minuteminutes第四句：onin第五句：limitlimited;understandunderstood第六句：anyonesomeone第七句：orand第八句：speakspoke;去掉 a