1、Section Grammar 非限制性定语从句和定语从句的缩略语法图解探究发现She heard a terrible noise,which brought her heart into mouth.The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer,whose mind is not in the real world.Qingdao is a beautiful city,where Ill
2、 pay a six-day visit.They have a son and two daughters,all of whom live in the city.He lived in London for two months,during which time he picked up some English.David,as you know,is an amateur photographer.He spoke to the girl(who was)from Paris.We said goodbye to Mr.Green,(who was)still busy at hi
3、s office.我的发现(1)句中，关系词前面均有逗号，它们为从句。(2)句中都可以省略括号中的词，从而构成的缩略。非限制性定语定语从句一、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词作补充说明作用的定语从句，常常单独翻译，没有它，主句意思仍然完整。其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。1引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用 who,whom 和 whose；指物时用 which。that不引导非限制性定语从句。This is our headmaster,who I think has something important to tell you.这是我们的
4、校长，我认为他有重要的事情要告诉你。Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.全世界的人们都在踢足球，这是一项非常有趣的运动。2引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词当先行词指时间时，关系副词用 when；指地点时用where。why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。We will put off the outing until next week,when we wont be so busy.我们将把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。Chaplin lived the last years o
5、f his life in Switzerland,where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977 年他被安葬在那里。即时演练 1 11.用适当的关系词填空They have again invited me to visit their country,is very kind of them.The leader of the team is a 44 year old Frenchman,wife is also a team member.Im to fly to Kunming,it is warm in this season.whos
6、ewhereHe said he would come to my house to see me tomorrow afternoon,I will have some other friends to play together.The house was full of children,ten of were that old mans own grandsons.12.完成句子大姐成了一名医生，我原来也想做一名医生的。My elder sister has become a doctor,.他于 1992 年离开家乡，当时他只有 12 岁。He left his hometown i
7、n 1992,.whenwhomwhich I wanted to bewhen he was only 12 years old很爱他的母亲去年去世了。Her mother,died last year.他提到过一个笔友，他的名字我从未忘记。He spoke of a penfriend,很多孩子上日间托儿所，在那儿他们可以学习游戏。Many children go to a day care center,who loved him very muchwhose name Ive never forgottenwhere they can learn games3as 和 which 引导
8、的非限制性定语从句的区别两者引导非限制性定语从句时先行词都是整个主句，有下面三处不同：(1)as 在非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，甚至可以插在主句之中。which引导的非限制性从句只能放在主句之后。As can be seen from his face,he is quite pleased.He is quite pleased,as can be seen from his face.从他的表情可以看出，他非常高兴。Li Ming was late,which made Mr.Zhang very angry.李明迟到了，这使张先生非常生气。(2)wh
9、ich 在从句中可作实义动词的主语，as 不可。He came late again,which made his teacher very annoyed.他又迟到了，这让老师非常生气。(3)当从句和主句语义一致时，用 as 或 which，若主、从句语义不一致，用 which。She has married again,as/which was expected.她又结了婚，这是预料中的事。(语义一致)She has married again,which was unexpected.她又结了婚，这是出乎意料的事。(语义不一致)即时演练 2 21.用 as 或 which 填空 we a
10、ll know,he studies very hard.Taiwan,is known to all,is an inseparable part of China.AsasHe was late for the meeting,made the chairman very angry.I want to buy the house,has a garden.The elephant is like a snake,is not right.22.完成句子众所周知，他是我们班上最好的学生。,he is the best student in our class.whichwhichwhich
11、As is known to all他历史没有考及格，这看来是很自然的。He failed in the history examination,汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。Tom has made great progress,李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。Li Ming is late,.戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。David,is a photographer.as/which seemed naturalwhich delighted usas is often the caseas you know4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)引导词不同：关系代词 that，
12、关系副词 why 均不可以引导非限制性定语从句。(2)非限制性定语从句与主句关系不很密切，中间用逗号隔开，译成汉语时，通常译成两句话；而限制性定语从句常与主句一起译成一句话。I have two foreign teachers,both of whom are from America.我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。The foreign teacher who comes from America teaches us literature.美国来的那位外教教我们文学。(3)非限制性定语从句的引导词无论在从句中作什么成分，均不可省略；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可省略。This
13、is the man(that/who/whom)we are talking about.这正是我们正谈论的那个人。This is the man,whom we talked about just now.这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过的。(4)在限制性定语从句中，指人时，作宾语的 whom 可以用 who 或 that 代替，但在非限制性定语从句中不可以代替。He is the very person(whom/who/that)we referred to.他正是我们提到的那个人。Do you know Tom,whom we just referred to?你认识汤姆吗？就是我们刚刚
14、提到过的。即时演练 3 31.单句改错Her dog,that was now very old,was killed by a car.Which is known to us all,smoking is harmful to our health.The girl,her father was disabled,studies very hard.I have two brothers,both of them are teachers.thatwhichWhichAsherwhosethemwhomAfter graduation,I decided to stay in Guangz
15、hou,there I spent all my childhood.I had told them the reason,why I didnt attend the meeting.I dont know where my glasses are,without that I cant read anything.Look out!Dont get too close to the house which roof is under repair.therewherewhyfor whichthatwhichwhichwhose32.完成句子就是在这个他就读的学校里他开始重要的实验。It
16、was in the school that he began the important experiment.天气很好，这出乎我们的意料。The weather turned out to be very good,where he had studiedwhich was more than we expected他非常喜爱的狗昨天死了。His dog,died yesterday.奶奶给我剪的纸牛是我最珍贵的生日礼物。The paper ox is my most valued birthday gift.这封信是我妹妹写来的，她在北京工作。The letter is from my
17、younger sister,.that/which my grandmother cut for me which he liked very muchworking in Beijingwho is二、定语从句的缩略定语从句通过省略或简化，可以更好地帮助我们理解。1作宾语的关系代词可以省略The man(that/who/whom)I met on the street is my old friend.我在街上遇见的那个人是我的老朋友。2有时为了行文需要，定语从句中的关系代词和部分谓语动词可以省略。The house(which was)damaged in the fire will
18、be rebuilt soon.大火中损坏的房子不久就要被翻修。3有些定语从句还可以缩略为分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语或不定式短语等。They are problems(which have been)left over by history.这些是历史遗留下来的问题。He saw a magazine on the table(that/which was)next to him.在他旁边的桌子上，他看到了一本杂志。We finally reached Rio,(which was)the end of our journey.我们最后抵达里约我们旅行的目的地。Then the
19、man(who was)in the shop understood what the Frenchman meant.然后商店里的人明白了那个外国人的意思。There are still many problems to solve(that must be solved)有许多问题需要解决。即时演练 4 41.把下面的复合句改为简单句The building which was built last year is our teaching building.The man who is speaking to our teacher is a doctor.The building bu
20、ilt last year is our teaching building.The man speaking to our teacher is a doctor.The boys helped the people who were hurt in the accident.The man who is absent today is our manager.Where is the black cup that was on the shelf?The boys helped the people hurt in the accident.The man absent today is
21、our manager.Where is the black cup on the shelf?42.完成句子正在讨论的这个计划是班长提出来的。(现在分词短语作定语)The plan is put forward by our monitor.昨天讨论的问题很重要。(过去分词短语作定语)The question is very important.他们是最后两个到达机场的。(不定式短语作定语)being discusseddiscussed yesterday装满书的箱子是我的。(形容词短语作定语)The box is mine.他住在动物园附近的小房子里。(介词短语作定语)He lives
22、in a small house full of books near the zoo链接高考用适当的关系词填空1(2019全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,she opened with her late husband Les.解析：考查定语从句。先行词是 the pet shop，非限制性定语从句中缺宾语，故填 which。which2(2018北京高考)She and her family bicycle to work,helps them keep
23、fit.解析：考查定语从句。句意：她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。分析句子结构可知，此处为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前面整个主句的内容(她和她的家人骑自行车上班这件事)，which 在从句中作主语。which3(2017全国卷)But Sarah,has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.解析：分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 Sarah，且空格处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。w
24、ho4(2017浙江 6 月高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden,it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.解析：分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词 where 引导。where5(2016全国卷
25、)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.解析：分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是表示时间的“the mid-1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词 when。when6(2015江苏高考)The number
26、 of smokers,is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.解析：句意：据报道，吸烟者人数仅(过去)一年就减少了17%。as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个主句。as7(2015北京高考)Opposite is St.Pauls Church,you can hear some lovely music.解析：句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。这是一个定语从句。先行词是 St.Pauls Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断
27、出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。故填 where。where8(2015福建高考)China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.解析：根据句式结构看，出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句且从句中缺少实义动词的主语，故答案为 which。which演练提能.用适当的关系词填空1There are plenty of good pubs and clubs in this are
28、a,most of are friendly and safe.2She didnt sleep well during the first few days,she shared the room with another girl.3There are 108 staff members in the College,86 of are fulltime teachers.whichwhen whom4I am most grateful to my parents,are always there to encourage me and care for me.5Bats are the
29、 most active at night,they go in search of food.6I suggest you keep a diary every day,I think is a good way to release the feelings and emotions.7Much of his youth was spent in Beijing,he developed an interest in Beijing Opera.whichwhowhenwhere8is known to all,it takes more than good looks to succee
30、d as an actor.9Peter,you met in London,is now back in Paris.10Above the trees are the mountains,peak is in the clouds.句型转换1This is the best thing that we can do in memory of our beloved teacher.This is the best thing in memory of our beloved teacher.Aswhomwhosetodo2The house that faces south is Mr.W
31、angs.The house is Mr.Wangs.3He is the man who was elected at yesterdays meeting.He is the man at yesterdays meeting.4There are many students who are playing basketball on the playground.There are many students basketball on the playground.5The boy who is in blue is my brother.The boy is my brother.f
32、acingsouthelected playinginblue.短文改错One day,Dad and I was taking a walk by the lake when a boy rode by with a very high speed.Suddenly,we heard the loud scream.We turned around and saw the boy struggling in the lake,crying out help.Dad and I ran towards him quickly and had pulled him out of the wate
33、r.However,the boy rode away immediate without saying“Thank you”.I felt disappointing at his behavior.To my surprises,the boy came back with hot drinks and dry towels several minute later.Seeing this,I knew I had misunderstood her and felt ashamed of myself.答案：第一句：waswere;withat第二句：thea第三句：help 前加 for第四句：去掉 had第五句：immediateimmediately第六句：disappointingdisappointed第七句：surprisessurprise;minuteminutes第八句：herhim