1、Section Grammar单元语法项目(一)名词性从句语法图解探究发现It was predicted as early as the 1700s that English would one day be the global language.Experts say that just 15 minutes of extra-curricular study a day can really accelerate foreign language learning.What this means is that they make sure there is an adequate a
2、mount of input in English.the chances that we will all have the opportunity to live in an English-speaking country are small.我的发现(1)在主从复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句依据其句法作用，分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句如句 ，宾语从句如句 ，表语从句如句 ，同位语从句如句 。(2)名词性从句用语序。陈述一、基本概念1在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同
3、位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。2引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：(1)从属连词：that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分)(2)连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which(3)连接副词：when,where,how,why二、基本用法(一)主语从句在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。连接主语从句的引导词有连接词(that,whether,if)、连接代词和连接副词。1that 引导的主语从句(1)that 置于句首的主语从句that 在主语从句中不作任何成分，也
4、没有含义，只起连接从句的作用。That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.长久以来我听到的最好的消息就是你要来伦敦。(2)形式主语 it 替代主语从句常见的 it 替代主语从句的句式主要有如下几种：It系动词形容词that 从句常用于这种结构的形容词有：necessary 必要的 right 正确的likely 可能的unlikely 不可能的wrong 错误的important 重要的certain 明确的clear 清晰的obvious 明显的strange 奇怪的natural 自然
5、的Its certain that he will succeed.他肯定会成功的。名师点津 在 It is necessary/important/strange/naturalthat从句结构中，从句常用“should动词原形”形式，其中 should可省略。It is necessary and important that you(should)master a foreign language so as to meet the need of a job.为了工作的需要，你掌握一门外语是很有必要并且是很重要的。It is strange that you(should)trust
6、Jane.很奇怪你竟然相信简。It系动词名词(短语)that 从句常用于这种句型的名词(短语)有：a pity 遗憾a shame 遗憾，耻辱good news 好消息a fact 事实an honour 荣耀a wonder 奇迹no wonder 难怪It is a pity that you didnt attend the lecture yesterday.你昨天没参加讲座真是遗憾。It is our duty that we should help the people in need.帮助那些处在困境中的人是我们的责任。Itbe动词-ed 形式that 从句常见的动词-ed 形式
7、有：said 据说told 有人告诉heard 有人听说reported 据报道hoped 有人希望turned out 结果pointed out 有人指出decided 作出决定suggested 有人建议advised 有人建议ordered 根据命令remembered 有人记得thought 有人认为considered 据认为well known 很著名Its said that Tu Youyou has won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.据说屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。名师点津 在“Itbesuggested/ad
8、vised/ordered/requested/insisted/required/decidedthat 从句”的结构中，that 从句中的谓语动词应用“should动词原形”，should 也可省略。It was decided that they(should)start the project next month.他们下个月开始这项工程已经定下来了。It is suggested that you(should)spend more time in studying English.你应该花更多的时间学习英语。It特殊动词that 从句常见的此类动词有 seem,happen,mat
9、ter,occur 等。It really matters that you havent turned up.你没来，这的确很重要。2whether,if 引导的主语从句当主语从句放于句首时，只能用 whether，不用 if 引导主语从句；当 it 作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，用 whether 或 if 均可。Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否举行会议仍然是一个问题。It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.他是否来这里仍有疑问。3特殊疑问词引导的主语从句What
10、they need is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好的教科书。Whichever he likes will be given to him.无论他喜欢哪一个都可以给他。Whatever/What changes we make in our plans will be announced later.在我们的计划里不管有什么改变，以后都要公布。即时演练 1(1)用适当的连接词填空(2017北京高考改编)Every year,_ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(20
11、16江苏高考改编)It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2015江苏高考改编)Li Bai,a great Chinese poet,was born is known to the public,but some wont accept it.(2014陕西高考改编)the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.you dont like him is none of my business.you can s
12、ucceed or not depends on how hard you work at it.whoeverthatWhereWhenThatWhether(2)完成句子_ she will do very well in her exam.她的考试成绩一定会很好。is an important question.我们何时出发是个重要的问题。makes no difference.她来不来不重要。must be rewarded.无论谁做了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。It is certain thatWhen we will start offWhether she comes or not
13、Whoever did this job(二)宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为三类：动词(短语)的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。1动词(短语)的宾语从句大多数动词(如 hope,tell,say,know,think,consider,imagine,hear,expect,suppose,guess 等)后可以接宾语从句。We all expect that they will win,for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮。名师点津 动词 find,feel,think,
14、consider,make,believe 等后有宾语补足语时，则需要 it 作形式宾语而将 that 宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。2介词的宾语从句(1)一般情况下介词后只能用 wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否应该让学生加入我们的俱乐部。We could see the temple quite clearly f
15、rom where we lived.我们能从我们住的地方清楚地看到那座寺庙。(2)that 引导的从句作介词宾语是很少有的，只有在 except,in,but 等介词后偶尔可能用到。Your composition is quite good except that the organization is a bit loose.除了结构有点松散以外，你的作文相当不错。He differed from his colleagues in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同事们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在阅读上。3形容词的宾语从句类
16、似于 sure,certain,glad,sorry,amazed,surprised,proud,pleased,shocked,disappointed 等表心理状态的形容词后，可以跟 that 从句或 wh-从句作宾语。Im sure/certain that hell succeed.我确信他会成功。She was not aware how dangerous it was.她没意识到当时有多危险。4注意事项(1)宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句一律要用陈述语序。若主句是祈使句或主句用的是一般现在时/一般将来时，从句可根据需要选用合适的时态；若主句用的是过去的某种时态，从句一般用过去的
17、某种时态；若从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等，从句通常用一般现在时。The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.老师告诉我们汤姆离开我们去美国了。The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.老师说太阳东升西落。(2)否定转移：当 think,believe,suppose,imagine 等动词的主语是第一人称，谓语为没有副词修饰的一般现在时，它们的否定实际上是对宾语从句的否定。变反意疑问句时简略问句的主语和谓语应与宾语从句的主语和谓
18、语分别保持一致。I dont think he can remember the 100 words within two hours,can he?我想他不能在两小时内记住这 100 个单词，是吗？(3)引导词 that 不能省略的情况：当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，引导词 that通常不省略。当一个动词带有两个或两个以上 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可以省略，第二个及第二个以后的 that 不可以省略。I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will improve.我相信你已经尽力了，而且
19、一切都会好起来的。(4)用 whether 而不用 if 引导宾语从句的情况：与 or not 连用时I want to know whether its good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。从句位于介词之后时I worry about whether he can survive the crisis of his illness.他生病了，我担心他能否度过危险期。即时演练 2(1)用适当的连接词填空(2017江苏高考改编)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to$20,half
20、of _ it used to charge.(2017天津高考改编)She asked me _ I had returnedthe books to the library,and I admitted that I hadnt.(2017北京高考改编)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street,not knowing _ she was heading.(2015重庆高考改编)We must find out _ Karl is coming,so we can book a room for him.(2015陕西高考改编)Readi
21、ng her biography,I was lost in admiration for _ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.whatwhether/ifwherewhenwhat(2)单句改错They want to make it clear to the public which they do an important job._It depends on if its going to rain._(福建高考改编)Pick yourself up.Courage is doing how youre afraid to do._I
22、insisted that we went on a picnic this weekend._He ordered that the injured were taken good care of._whichthatifwhetherhowwhatwentgowerebe(三)表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。能引导宾语从句的连接词(if除外)皆可引导表语从句。1引导表语从句的连接词主要有以下几类(1)连接词 that/whetherthat 和 whether 在表语从句中不作任何成分，that 无实义，但whether 仍保留“是否”的意义。Our plan is that we
23、ll go there once a week.我们的计划是我们一周去一次那里。The question is whether they will support the plan.问题是他们是否会支持这个计划。(2)连接代词引导表语从句的连接代词主要有：who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever 等。The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替代她。Tom is no longer what he used to be.汤姆不再是以前的汤姆了。(3)连接副词引导表
24、语从句的连接副词主要有：when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等。That was where we camped last time.那就是我们上次野营的地方。This is why Sara was late for class.这就是 Sara 上课迟到的原因。(4)其他连接词另外，because,as if,as though,as,like 等连接词也可引导表语从句。He didnt have breakfast.That is because he got up late.他没吃早饭，因为他起晚了。2注意事项(1)reason 作
25、主语时的表语从句主语为名词 reason 时，表语从句中的连接词要用 that，而不用because。The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drank too much.这么严重的一起事故完全是司机太粗心、喝酒太多造成的。(2)如果主句的主语是 idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement 等名词时，表语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“(should)动词原形”的形式。His suggestion is that we(sh
26、ould)stay calm.他的建议是我们应保持冷静。(3)其他系动词表语从句除 be 以外，可用于表语从句的系动词有：seem,look,appear,sound,taste,feel,remain 等。It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来要下雨了。It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.听起来你好像来自美国南部。即时演练 3(1)用适当的连接词填空(2016北京高考改编)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one
27、 can be entirely free from dust.(2015安徽高考改编)A ship in harbor is safe,but thats not _ ships are built for.(2014浙江高考改编)“Every time you eat a sweet,drink green tea.”This is my mother used to tell me.thatwhatwhat(2014江苏高考改编)What a mess!You are always so lazy!Im not to blame,mum.I am you have made me.(20
28、14四川高考改编)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said,“Thats I was born.”(2014北京高考改编)The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal.whatwherewhen(2)单句改错If he attends the club is unknown to us._My question is if you are in favour of us._The fact is youve lost a good chance._I got up
29、 late.Thats because I was late for school._The reason why he was sad was because he lost his new cellphone._His requirement was that we started making preparations right now._IfWhetherifwhetheris 后加 thatbecausewhybecausethatstartedstart(四)同位语从句用作同位语的从句，叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词(如 fact,idea,news,promise,infor
30、mation,message 等)的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。1同位语从句的连接词引导同位语从句的词有从属连词 that(没有词义，不作成分，不能省略)，连接副词 how,when,where 等。We must remember the fact that goats usually live in mountainous country.我们得记住山羊通常生活在山区这一事实。They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常要为如何演奏音乐而写出精确的说明。2注意事项(1)分隔式同位语从句：
31、被与所解释说明的名词分隔开的同位语从句叫分隔式同位语从句。A saying goes that practice makes perfect.常言道，熟能生巧。(2)表示建议、命令、要求等的名词(如 suggestion,order,demand,command,request,advice 等)后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should)do”。Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should)use the computer.老师给了我们一些使用电脑的建议。(3)名词 doubt(怀疑)用于肯定句时，其后的同位语从句用whether
32、 引导；用于否定句时则用 that 引导。We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们有些怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.毫无疑问，张卫会信守承诺的。(4)同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句起解释说明作用，而定语从句起修饰限制作用。在限制性定语从句中关系代词 that 充当主语或宾语，有实际意义，作宾语时，可省略。同位语从句中 that 是连词，不充当句子成分，没有任何实际意义，一般不可省略。The new
33、s that our football team won the match was encouraging.我们足球队获胜的消息是鼓舞人心的。(同位语从句)The news (that)we heard on the radio was not true.我们在收音机上听到的新闻不是真的。(定语从句)即时演练 4 单句改错The news he has adjusted himself to the life there makes his parents glad._I have no idea if he will come or not._My suggestion is that w
34、e must inform his parents of this._Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah,but I have no idea that he did it;thats one of his favorite universities._I have some doubt that he is suitable for the job._news 后加 thatifwhethermustshould 或去掉 must答句第一个 thatwhythatwhether三、
35、注意的问题1what 和 that 在名词性从句中的区别(1)what 在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语和表语，意义上相当于 the thing(s)that，引导主语从句时，其谓语动词的单复数依句意而定；(2)that 不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义，引导主语从句时，常用 it 作形式主语，谓语动词用单数，引导宾语从句时，有时可省略。2whether 和 if 在名词性从句中的区别下列情况只用 whether 不用 if：(1)引导主语从句且置于句首时；(2)引导表语从句时；(3)引导同位语从句时；(4)引导宾语从句且前置时；(5)作动词 discuss 和介词的宾语时；(6)其
36、后紧跟 or not时；(7)后接动词不定式时；(8)用 if 引导会引起歧义时。My problem right now is whether I should have someone else take the place of me.我现在的问题是我是否应该让某个人来代替我的位置。即时演练 5 用适当的连接词填空(2019江苏高考改编)Scientists have obtained more evidence _ plastic is finding its way into the human body.(2016天津高考改编)The manager put forward a s
37、uggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2015北京高考改编)I truly believe _ beauty comes from within.(2014湖南高考改编)As John Lennon once said,life is _happens to you while you are busy making other plans.Whether the sports meet will be held next week depends on _ the weather will
38、be fine.thatthatthatthatwhether.用适当的连接词填空1The decision was made more medical teams would be sent to help people in the flood.2I dont know _ or not he will agree to the plan.3Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers.4Journal writers write about their travels in _ is called a travel jour
39、nal.5We didnt have money;it was _ we wanted to wait until our mother came back.thatwhetherhowwhatwhy6 is known to us all is the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.7When the news came _ the ship was missing,she almost broke down,for her husband was on board.8Gen
40、erally speaking,being hard-working is just _ it takes to be successful in your career.9As many as five courses are provided,and you are free to choose _ suits you best.10No matter how far you may go,never forget _ you come from.Whatthatthatwhatwhicheverwhere.完成句子1_(据说)they have succeeded in carrying
41、 out the experiment.2_(无论谁犯法)shall be punished.3We are excited at the news _(我们要放三天假)at Qingming Festival.4Word came to him _(玛丽很有可能病了)It is said thatWhoever breaks the lawthat well have a three-day offthat Mary had probably fallen ill5_(他是否要来参加会议)is uncertain.6I havent settled the question of _(我是否
42、要回家)7I insist that _(她独立完成工作)8The trouble is _(我丢了他的地址)Whether he will attend the meetingwhether Ill go back homeshe(should)finish her work alonethat I have lost his address单元语法项目(二)have/get sth.done语法图解探究发现He is known to be the last surviving member of his sub-species.it is hoped that George will p
43、ass on his genes to a new generation.The number of Galapagos tortoises are said to have beguntheir decline.it was realized that they could supply excellent fresh meat for passing ships.they were known to be able to survive for six months without food and water.Nevertheless,it was the effect of the g
44、oats introduced to the Galapagos by the early settlers that are understood to have destroyed the ecological balance on the islands and the livelihood of Georges clan.it was feared that the islands many unique species would be damaged.but the archipelago is expected to make a full recovery.George was
45、 taken to the Charles Darwin Research Centre on Santa Cruz island and provided with a harem from related sub-species,but was said to have been uninterested.我的发现(1)转述人们的一般认识或说的话时，我们可以用“It is/was动词的过去分词that.”结构(如句_)；亦可以把有关的人或事放在句首用“人/事被动形式to do.”结构(如句_)。(2)如果转述的动作发生在转述的同一时间，可以用动词不定式的一般式(如句_)。(3)如果转述的动
46、作发生在转述之前，用动词不定式的完成式(如句_)。一、概述当转述人们的一般认识或说的话时，常用这样的结构：“Itbe过去分词that 从句”，其中 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句。常用于这一结构的动词有 predict,say,know,believe,claim,suppose,think,fear 等，这一结构称为非人称转述结构。二、用法1“It be过去分词that 从句”可以变为“People动词that 从句”和“Sb./Sth.be过去分词不定式”。It is said that George will pass on his genes to a new gene
47、ration.People say that George will pass on his genes to a new generation.George is said to pass on his genes to a new generation.人们说乔治会把他的基因传给新一代。2若主句谓语是 suggest,order 等，从句须用虚拟语气，谓语部分用“(should)do”形式。It has been suggested that measures(should)be taken at once.人们已经建议必须立即采取措施。名师点津(1)如果转述的动作此时正在发生，不定式用进
48、行时态。He is said to be studying abroad now.据说，他现在正在国外学习。(2)如果转述的动作发生在转述之前，不定式用完成时态。He is said to have gone abroad two years ago.据说他是两年前出的国。(3)如果转述的动作或状态发生于转述的同一时间或还未发生，不定式用一般时态。The mayors father is said to live a simple life in the countryside.据说市长的父亲在乡下过着简朴的生活。即时演练 句型转换It is said that he is going to
49、move to the South this winter.He is said _ to the South this winter._ he is going to move to the South this winter.It is known that the thief has been arrested.The thief is known _.It is said that he is studying English in Hong Kong now.He is said _ English in Hong Kong now.to movePeople say thatto
50、have been arrestedto be studying三、方法指导“三步法”破解非人称转述结构题第一步：分析句子结构第二步：明确动作发生前后第三步：根据句意选择合适的答案例如：单句语法填空(辽宁高考改编)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang,who was reported to _(break)the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.have broken第一步：分析句子结构：此句属于“主语(关系代词)动词的被动语态不定式结构”。第二步：明确动作发生的先后：转述的动作
51、 break 发生在转述之前。第三步：根据句意选择合适的答案：句意为“人们一看到刘翔都高兴得不得了，据报道他在 110 米跨栏比赛中打破了世界纪录”。在 who 引导的非限制性定语从句中，“break”这个动作发生在“report”这个动作之前，要用非谓语动词的完成式，be reported 后要接动词不定式。.用所给词的适当形式填空1Robert is said _(study)abroad,but I dont know which country he studied in.2Robert is said _(study)abroad,but I dont know what count
52、ry he is studying in.3It is required that such an insulator(绝缘体)_(make)of a heat resistant material.to have studiedto be studying(should)bemade4They are feared _(give)up when they meet challengessome day.5The local health organization is reported to _(set)up twenty-five years ago when Dr.Green becam
53、e its firstpresident.6It was ordered that all the soldiers _(send)to the front.to givehave been set(should)be sent.完成句子1He is said _(被抢劫)yesterday while shopping in the supermarket.2_(据预测)the storm will arrive at five tomorrow afternoon on Chinas northern region.3_(众所周知)the reserve area is forbidden to hunt.4_(正如所预料的那样),she came first in the final round.5It is suggested that _to have been robbedIt is predicted thatIt is well-known thatAs is expectedmedicine(should)be kept beyond thereach of children“单元质量检测”见“Unit 19 单元质量检测（一）”(单击进入电子文档)谢谢 观 看