1、第二讲非谓语动词语法规则再现非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。一、不定式1不定式的形式主动式一般式to do进行式to be doing完成式to have done被动式一般式to be done完成式to have been done2.不定式的句法功能功能用法作主语常用形式主语it代替，而将不定式置于句尾。To learn a foreign language well is not easy.(It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.)学好一门外语不
2、容易。作宾语可作动词的宾语；“疑问词不定式”也可以作介词的宾语。He has determined to settle down in the countryside.他决定到乡村去安家落户。作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的等，有将来意义。His dream is to be a lawyer.他的梦想是成为一名律师。作定语置于被修饰词的后面，有将来意义。中心词是序数词、最高级，the only，the last或被该类词修饰时，或中心词是名词chance，plan等时多用不定式作定语。Zhang Jian is the first Chinese to swim across the Boha
3、i Strait.张健是第一个横渡渤海海峡的中国人。I was the only person to hear the news.我是唯一一个听到这消息的人。作状语原因状语一般位于作表语、表示心理活动或情绪的形容词后面，表示产生这种情绪的原因。Im sorry to hear the news of your fathers death.听到你父亲去世的消息我很难过。目的状语可置于句首或句尾，突出强调时可在不定式前加in order或so as。To explain more clearly，I will show you some pictures.为了解释得更清楚，我给你们看一些图片。结果
4、状语表示出乎意料的结果，可在不定式前加only以加强语气。He woke up to find everybody gone.他醒过来，结果发现大家都走了。作补足语有些动词后需用带to的不定式作宾语补足语，常用的有ask，advise，allow，cause，encourage，persuade，tell，want等。I asked her to get in touch with Henry as soon as possible.我要求她尽快与亨利联系。有些动词后需用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，常用的主要是表示“看”、“听”的动词see，hear，notice，watch等和使役动词ha
5、ve，let，make等。He noticed a young man enter the office.他注意到一个年轻男子进入了办公室。二、动名词1动名词的形式主动式一般式doing完成式having done 被动式一般式being done完成式having been done2.动名词的句法功能功能说明作主语表示一种概念、习惯或经验。有时可用it作形式主语，而将动名词后置。Taking a cold shower every morning does him a lot of good.每天早晨洗个冷水澡对他很有好处。Its no good leaving todays work f
6、or tomorrow.今天的工作留到明天做不好。作宾语可作动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。I enjoy listening to classical music.我喜欢听古典音乐。作表语多表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，一般说明主语的内容。My hobby is collecting stamps.我的爱好是集邮。作定语修饰名词，作前置定语，表示被修饰词的用途。There is a big swimming pool behind our house.我们房子后面有个大的游泳池。三、现在分词功能说明作定语单个分词作定语一般前置，分词短语作定语一般后置。The sleeping baby is my
7、 sisters son.那个正在睡觉的婴儿是我姐姐的儿子。表示主动、进行意义或与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。The men working here are all from the rural areas.在这里工作的那些男人都来自农村地区。作表语具有形容词性质，说明主语所具有的性质和特征。The argument is very convincing.这个论点很令人信服。作补足语说明宾语的性质、特征或宾语正在做的动作。I noticed a group of children playing football on the playground.我注意到一群孩子正在操场上踢足球。作状语一
8、般式表示与谓语动词表示的动作同时或相继发生，完成式表示先于谓语动词表示的动作发生。Having finished his homework，the boy wasallowed to watch TV.做完作业后，这个小男孩得到允许去看电视。句子主语与分词表示的动作是逻辑上的主动关系。Living in the country，we had few amusements.因为住在农村，我们几乎没有什么娱乐活动。可作时间、原因、结果、伴随等状语。The children ran out of the room，laughing and talking merrily.那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑
9、着、说着。四、过去分词功能说明作表语表示主语的心理状态或感受。Her father was satisfied with her answer.她父亲对她的回答很满意。作定语及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动或完成。This famous work written by Mr.Smith is worth reading.史密斯先生写的这部著名的作品值得一读。不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成。There are some faded flowers on the table.桌子上有一些凋谢了的花。作宾语补足语一般在感官动词、使役动词或介词后作宾语补足语，表示动作的被动或完成。He felt
10、 himself cheated.他感到自己被骗了。五、不定式和动名词作宾语的区别情况例词、例句有些动词只跟不定式作宾语afford，agree，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，hope，manage，offer，plan，pretend，promise，refuse，want，wishI decided to write an email rather than telephone.我决定写电子邮件而不是打电话。有些动词只跟动名词作宾语advise，admit，avoid，delay，enjoy，finish，imagine，mind，consider，ap
11、preciate，miss，risk，practise，suggestShe couldnt imagine living in a place like that.她无法想象在那样的一种地方生活。有些动词跟动名词、不定式皆可且意义相差不大like，hate，begin，start，prefer，continue I liked playing/to play table tennis when I was a middle school student.我上中学时喜欢打乒乓球。有些动词跟动名词、不定式均可但意义不同Do remember to post the letter for me.一
12、定要记着帮我邮寄这封信。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗？六、不定式、现在分词和过去分词作补足语的区别非谓语动词用法不定式只说明宾语执行的一个动作，侧重整个过程或动作的经常性。They had seen her grow up from childhood.They knew her quite well.他们从小看着她长大，很了解她。现在分词说明宾语执行的动作正在进行。I heard someone calling my name.我听见有人在叫我的名字。过去分词表示宾语是动作的承受者或动作的完成。I want this
13、 matter settled immediately.我想让这件事立刻得到解决。典型例题分析1(2017年广东学业考真题)I always enjoy (talk) with her.talking动词enjoy用doing作宾语，enjoy doing sth.意为“享受做某事”。2(2017年广东学业考模拟题)The dark， (rain) evening，the wind，the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.rainingraining作定语，修饰名词evening，意为“下雨的”，表当时正在进行的动作。3(20
14、19年广东学业考模拟题)There are various kinds of theme parks.Some parks are famous for (have) the biggest or longest roller coasters.havingbe famous for意为“因而出名”。介词for后面加动名词，having作宾语。4(2018年广东学业考模拟题)Bears have less time (hunt)to hunthave time to do意为“有时间去做”，to do表将来。语法专项对练.单句语法填空1Do you like the monthly magaz
15、ine called (call) Wisdom?2I often hear the little girl practise (practise) playing the piano in the next room.Listen！Cant you hear her playing (play) the piano?3. To catch (catch) the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.4The park was full of people，enjoying (enjoy) themse
16、lves in the sunshine.5Annie Salmon，disabled，is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed (appoint) to guard her.6Having worked (work) for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.7Excuse me，would you please tell me where to buy (buy) a digital camera?8Film has a much sh
17、orter history，especially when compared (compare) to such art forms as music and painting.9Listening (listen) to music is a good way to relax.10There was something wrong with his car.He had his car repaired (repair)11You must not cross the street without waiting (wait) for the traffic lights to turn
18、green.12Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way using (use) the sun and the stars.13To learn (learn) more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.14In recent years an English word“infosphere” has appeared，combining (combine) the sense of “informa
19、tion”and“atmosphere”15Much time spent (spend) sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.16The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed(develop)after great effort.17Excuse me.Could you tell me how to get to Fun Times Park?To get (get) there，just go alo
20、ng this street and turn left at the third crossing.18Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only to find (find)it didnt fit.19Your hair is too long.Ha，I just want to have my hair cut (cut) this afternoon.20Henry cant attend the party being held (hold) at Toms house at presen
21、t because he is preparing the speech at the party to be held (hold)at Maries house tomorrow.语法填空在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。In the past，if I had to look away from my phone，I felt like I was going to die.When I had lunch with my family or dated with my friends，I couldnt resist 1.replying (reply)to a tex
22、t message or checking my Facebook，WeChat on 2.the mobile phone.Before long，it was easy for me 3.to get (get) tired.The more I texted during the day，the 4.poorer(poor) my sleep was.I couldnt even focus on my study.My friend told me that people 5.who/that cant help checking their phones all day are kn
23、own as phubbers (低头族)Phubbing trends not only involve the young people，but also 6.the elderly.Soon，I found a slogan on a website as follows：stop tweeting，stop posting photos.7Thankfully (thankful)，I realized there was actually an outside world.My 8.divided (divide) attention could keep me from what is truly important.Now，I can use the phone without 9.feeling (feel) like a drug addict.I have more time 10.to enjoy (enjoy) reallife activities.Use your cellphone and dont let it use you.