1、外研版英语八（下）Module 5 Cartoon stories模块语法详解一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别（一）一般现在时态的用法经常、反复或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。常见的时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year), once a week, on Sundays, now and then等。如：We have three meals every day. 我们每天吃三餐饭。表述客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象、名言、警句或者谚语等。如：Pride goes befor
2、e a fall. 骄者必败。/ The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。如：She likes watching TV. 她喜欢看电视。/ We can speak Chinese. 我们会说汉语。/ He is at table. 他在吃饭。在由when, before, after, as soon as, until等连接的时间状语从句、由if等引导的条件状语从句和让步状语从句中，一般现在时被用来表示将要发生的动作。如：If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。
3、I will call you as soon as I arrive there. 我一到达那儿就打电话给你。（二）一般现在时态谓语部分的构成1、be型：即句子中的动词是am，is，或are。如：肯定式：am/is/are +表语。如：He is a teacher. 他是一位教师。否定式：am/is/are + not +表语。如：He is not a teacher. 他不是一位教师。疑问式：将be的具体形式提前至句首。如：Is he a teacher? 他是位教师吗？回答：Yes, 主语+be. / No, 主语+be not.（be not用缩写形式）- Is he a teac
4、her? - Yes, he is.(No, he isnt.)2、情态动词型：肯定式：情态动词+动词原形。如：Tom can speak Chinese. 汤姆会说汉语。否定式：情态动词+not +动词原形。如：Tom cant speak Chinese. 汤姆不会说汉语。疑问式：将情态动词提前到句首。如：Can Tom speak Chinese? 汤姆会说汉语吗？回答：Yes, 主语+can. No, 主语+cant. 如：- Can Tom speak Chinese? - Yes, he can.(No, he cant.)3、do型：即句子中的动词是行为动词。肯定式：动词原形（主
5、语为非单数第三人称）或动词的第三人称单数形式（主语为单数第三人称）。如：We write with our hands. 我们用手写字。/ He plays tennis every afternoon. 他每天下午打网球。否定式：dont/doesnt + 动词原形。如：The dog doesnt know him. 这条狗不认识他。/ They dont like to watch movies. 他们不喜欢看电影。疑问式：在句首加Do或Does, 注意后面的行为动词必须用原形。如：I go to school by bike. Do you go to school by bike?
6、He eats an egg at breakfast. Does he eat an egg at breakfast?回答：Yes, 主语+do/does. / No, 主语+dont/doesnt. 如：Do you go to school by bike? Yes, I do. (No, I dont.)Does he eat an egg at breakfast? Yes, he does.(No, he doesnt)（三）动词的第三人称单数形式构成规律动词的第三人称单数形式是指在一般现在时态中，主语为单数第三人称时谓语动词的具体形式。动词现单三形式的变化规则如下：一般在词尾加
7、-s。如：likelikes; playplays; runruns等。以-s, -x, -ch, -sh, -o结尾的单词加-es。如：teachteaches; passpasses; fixfixes; washwashes; gogoes等。以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，先将y改为i，再加-es。如：studystudies; carrycarries等。【注意】以元音字母加y结尾的单词，y不变。如：buybuys等。不规则变化：beis; havehas等。二、一般过去时（一）一般过去时的用法 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般带有确定的过去时间状语，如yesterday, the d
8、ay before yesterday, last week (month, year), two days (weeks, months, years) ago, in 2008, just now, at that moment, once upon a time等，但是当上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。如：She was ill yesterday. 昨天，她生病了。/ It snowed last week. 上周下过雪。表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。如：She usually got up very early at that time. 那时，她通常起得很早。 They went t
9、o a movie once a week last term. 他们上学期每周去看一场电影。表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，也可用“used to+动词原形”的结构。如：My mother used to go to school on foot.有些情况发生的时间不是很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用一般过去时。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street. 我在街上偶然遇到罗斯。（二）一般过去时的谓语部分构成一般过去时的谓语动词由动词的过去式构成，除 be 动词外，其余动词没有人称和数的变化。1、be型：肯定式：was/were +表语。如：It
10、was rainy yesterday. 昨天天气多雨。/ My families were at home last night. 我全家昨晚都在家。否定式：was/were + not +表语。如：It wasnt rainy yesterday. 昨天天气不是多雨。/ My families werent at home last night. 我全家昨晚都不在家。疑问式：将was或者were提前到句首。如：Was it rainy yesterday? 昨天天气多雨吗？/ Were your families at home last night？ 你全家昨晚都在家吗？回答：Yes,
11、主语+ was/were. No, 主语+ wasnt /werent. 如：- Were your families at home last night？- Yes, they were.(No they werent.)2、情态动词型：肯定句：情态动词的过去式+动词原形。如：He could swim at the age of six. 他六岁时就会游泳。否定式：情态动词的过去式+ not +动词原形。如：He couldnt swim at the age of six. 他六岁时不会游泳。疑问式：将情态动词的过去式提前到句首。如：Could he swim at the age o
12、f six? 他六岁时会游泳吗？回答：Yes, 主语+情态动词的过去式. No, 主语+情态动词的过去式+ not（用缩写形式）. 如：- Could he swim at the age of six? - Yes, he could.(No, he couldnt.)3、行为动词型：肯定式：行为动词的过去式。如：I watched TV yesterday evening. 昨晚我看电视了。否定式：didnt +行为动词原形。如：I didnt watch TV yesterday evening. 昨晚我没看电视。疑问式：在句首加Did，其后的行为动词用原形。如：Did you watc
13、h TV yesterday evening? 你昨晚看电视了吗？回答：Yes, 主语+ did. No, 主语+ didnt. 如：- Did you watch TV yesterday evening? - Yes, I did.(No, I didnt.)（三）动词过去式的变化1、规则变化：一般在词尾加-ed（即一般-ed）。如：playplayed, rainrained, visitvisited以e结尾只加-d（即e尾-d）。如：likeliked, namenamed, closeclosed以辅音字母+y结尾的单词，先将y改成i，再加-ed（即辅y先改i）。如；studyst
14、udied，carrycarried以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed（即重闭单辅先双写）。如：stopstopped，planplanned，dropdropped，preferpreferred【注意】travel和quarrel在英式英语中要双写，在美式英语中不双写。2、不规则变化：（见不规则动词表）三、现在完成时（一）现在完成时的用法 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作，对现在造成的影响或结果。常和already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently等副词连用。如：He has eaten up the c
15、akes. 他把蛋糕吃完了。（结果：蛋糕一片不剩）I have never travelled by plane before. 我以前从没有乘飞机旅行过。（结果：现在坐过飞机了）表示动作或状态从过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能还要继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。常和since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用。如：Hes been away for a long time.他已经走了很长一段时间了。/ I have lived here since I was born. 我出生以来一直住在这儿。表示从过去到现在曾经发生或经历过某事，表达一种经验或经历。如：Have you ever seen h
16、im before? 你以前曾经见过他吗？/ We have never been to Paris before. 我们以前从没去过巴黎。（二）现在完成时谓语部分的构成肯定式：助动词have (has) + 过去分词。如：Hes eaten breakfast. 他吃过早饭了。否定式：助动词have (has) + not + 过去分词。如：He hasnt eaten breakfast. 他没吃早饭。疑问式：将助动词have或has提前到句首。如：Has he eaten breakfast? 他吃过早饭了吗？回答：Yes, 主语+has/have. No, 主语+hasnt/haven
17、t. 如：- Has he eaten breakfast? - Yes, he has.(No, he hasnt.)（三）动词过去分词的规则变化一般在词尾加-ed（即一般-ed）。如：playplayed, rainrained, visitvisited以e结尾只加-d（即e尾-d）。如：likeliked, namenamed, closeclosed以辅音字母+y结尾的单词，先将y改成i，再加-ed（即辅y先改i）。如；studystudied, carrycarried以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed（即重闭单辅先双写）。如：stopsto
18、pped, planplanned, dropdropped, preferpreferred等。【注意】travel和quarrel在英式英语中要双写，在美式英语中不双写。不规则变化。（见不规则动词表）（四）延续性动词和非延续性动词的转换问题。英语中有些动词，如come, go, begin, start, die, buy, borrow, sell等，被称为非延续性动词。非延续性动词又叫瞬间动词、短暂性动词或终止性动词。在现在完成时中，谓语动词是非延续性动词时，句子一般不可以用表示一段时间的状语，但是如果这种完成时句子用了否定形式，则可以用表示一段时间的状语。如果现在完成时句子的谓语是非
19、延续性动词，句子又必须有表示一段时间的状语，则非延续性动词要变成与之相应的延续性动词。非延续性动词变成延续性动词，通常有以下几种方式：将非延续性动词转化为“be+形容词、副词或介词”。begin(start) be ongo there be therecome back be backcome here be hereopen be openclose be closeddie be deadmarry be marriedfinish be overgo to bed be in bedleave be awayreturn be backget out be out fall aslee
20、p be asleeplose be lostfall ill be ill join be in/be a member ofreach/arrive/get to stay/be in如：这家商店开门六个小时了。The shop has opened for 6 hours. () The shop has been open for 6 hours. ()有的非延续性动词可以转化为意思相同的延续性动词。borrow keepput on wear/be onbecome beget to know knowbuy have/owncatch a cold have a coldrecei
21、ve havegot to sleep sleep如：那本书我借了一个月了。I have borrowed that book for one month. () I have kept that book for one month. ()模块语法即学即练一、单项选择。( ) 1. - Have you ever been to Canada? - Yes, I there last year with my parents. A. have been B. have gone C. went D. go( ) 2. Bill isnt rich enough, but he often m
22、oney to the poor.A. will give B. was giving C. gave D. gives( ) 3. - Hi, guys. Where are you going now? - Home. We all our money, so we have to walk home now.A. spend B. have spent C. spent D. are spending( ) 4. - What the noise, Bill? - Sorry, I broke my glass.A. is B. was C. has been D. will be( )
23、 5. - Have you ever been to Shanghai? - Yes. I there with my father last year.A. went B. have been C. have gone D. go( ) 6. Lucy a student last year, but now she a teacher.A. is; is B. was; is C. is; was D. was; will be( ) 7. - Have you ever been to Tokyo? - Yes, I there twice. Its a modern city.A.
24、have gone B. had gone C. have been D. went( ) 8. - Look! How clean the classroom is! - Yes. Im sure someone it up.A. cleans B. is cleaning C. will clean D. has cleaned( ) 9. My uncle the Communist Party five years ago.A. took part in B. has joined C. had been in D. joined( ) 10. Henry will give us a
25、 report as soon as he .A. arrives B. arrived C. is arriving D. will arrive( ) 11. Jackson school two years ago and he for two years.A. leaves; has gone B. leaves; has been away C. left; has been away D. left; has gone( ) 12. - May I speak to Mr. Black? - Sorry he Hong Kong. But he back in a few days
26、.A. has been to; will come B. has gone to; will come C. has been to; came D. has gone to; came二、用括号里的词的适当形式完成句子。1. Tom (begin) to learn Chinese last year.2. Our English teacher (stay) in China for three years.3. Jack (collect) more than three hundred stamps since last year.4. - Would you like some b
27、ananas? - No, thanks. I (eat) one already.5. - you (read) this book? - Yes. I (read) it two weeks ago.6. Hi! I (not know) you came back. How long you (be) here?三、按要求改写句子，每空一词。1. His father goes to work by car every day. (改为否定句)His father to work by car every day.2. Mike has stayed in Beijing for two
28、 years. (改为一般疑问句) Mike in Beijing for two years?3. My brother was late for school this morning. (改为否定句) My brother late for school this morning.4. Danny found a wallet on the way home. (就划线部分提问) Danny on the way home?5. I have already learned two hundred English songs. (改为否定句) I two hundred English songs .模块语法即学即练参考答案一、单项选择。15 CDBBA 610 BCDDA 1112 CB二、用括号里的词的适当形式完成句子。1. began 2. has stayed 3. has collected 4. have eaten 5. have; read; read 6. didnt know; have; been三、按要求改写句子，每空一词。1. doesnt go 2. Has; stayed 3. was not 4. What did; find 5. havent learned; yet5
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