1、五、词义猜测类 1.词义猜测类题型特点这类问题主要测试考生以下两种能力：根据上下文推测和判断生词或短语在阅读材料中的含义；根据上下文判断代词 it，this，he 和 they 等的指代关系。此类问题通常有以下几种类型：(1)The underlined word/phrase“.”in Paragraph 2 most probably means.(2)By“.”(Paragraph 2)，the author means.(3)The word“.”in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to.(4)“They”in Paragraph 1 most p
2、robably refers to.(5)The word“that”in Line 3 stands for.(6)In Line 8 the word“.”could best be replaced by.2.词义猜测类阅读理解的备考策略这种类型的问题重点考察的不是学生词汇量的多少，而是考查学生是否具有利用语境线索推测和判断单词词义的能力。下面介绍几种方法：(1)注意 that is，this is，in other words，namely，that means 等过渡词直接引出的同义解释；(2)注意 and，not only.but also，besides，similarly，li
3、kewise，in the same way 等过渡词引出的相同或类似的意思；(3)注意生词前后的 but，however，while，on the contrary 等过渡词引出的对立关系；(4)注意 for example，such as，a case in point is 等过渡词引出具体例子来说明或阐述；(5)注意生词前后标点符号所暗示的语义关系。例如：冒号引出具体说明或例子，分号引出类似或对立的观点，破折号引出同位语等；(6)注意修饰生词的同义词、反义词、定语从句、同位语或独立句；(7)利用相关的构词法知识(前缀、词根和后缀)。实例透析1.(2011湖北卷B)Howling，int
4、erestingly，is a contagious behaviour.When one wolf starts to howl，very likely others will follow.This is often seen to occur in the morning，as if wolves were doing some sort of“roll call”where wolves all howl together to report their presence.58.“Howling.is a contagious behaviour”(in the last paragr
5、aph)means.A.howling is a signal for huntingB.howling is a way of communicationC.howling often occurs in the morningD.howling spreads from one to another解析 由第二句话可知当一只狼嚎叫时，其他的狼也会跟随，与 D 选项意思相符。答案 D2.(2011四川卷C)The multi-million pound new Library of Birmingham(LoB)will be the most visible sign of the way
6、 the city is accepting the digitalization(数字化)of everyday life.Set to open in 2013，the 188m LoB is already beginning to take shape next to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre，with which it will share some equipment.As digital media(媒介)is important to its idea，the project is already providing chances fo
7、r some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.Brian Gambles，the LoB project director，says it is about giving people the right tools for learning：“The aim is to mix the physical with the digital，providing 24-hour services which can be used through many different ways.It
8、 is important to enable us to reach more people，more effectively.”49.The underlined part“its idea”in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of.A.the equipment B.the projectC.the digital media D.the physical library 解析 词义猜测题。根据 its idea 所在的语境可推断出。因为对于这个工程(its idea)来说媒介很重要，所以现在这个工程(project)正提供给一些小公司一些机会从事一些新技
9、术的研发工作。答案 B考题印证A(2011浙江卷D)It was Saturday.As always，it was a busy one，for“Six days shall you labor and do all your work”was taken seriously back then.Outside，Father and Mr.Patrick next door were busy chopping firewood.Inside their own houses，Mother and Mrs.Patrick were engaged in spring cleaning.Som
10、ehow the boys had slipped away to the back lot with their kites.Now，even at the risk of having Brother caught to beat carpets，they had sent him to the kitchen for more string(线).It seemed there was no limit to the heights to which kites would fly today.My mother looked at the sitting room，its furnit
11、uredisordered for a thorough sweeping.Again she cast a look toward the window.“Come on，girls!Lets take string to the boys and watch them fly the kites a minute.”On the way we met Mrs.Patrick，laughing guiltily as if she were doing something wrong，together with her girls.There never was such a day for
12、 flying kites!We played all our fresh string into the boys kites and they went up higher and higher.We could hardly distinguish the orange-colored spots of the kites.Now and then we slowly pulled one kite back，watching it dancing up and down in the wind，and finally bringing it down to earth，just for
13、 the joy of sending it up again.Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us.Our mothers took their turn，laughing like schoolgirls.I think we were all beside ourselves.Parents forgot their duty and their dignity；children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies.“Perhaps its like this
14、 in the kingdom of heaven，”I thought confusedly.It was growing dark before we all walked sleepily back to the houses.I suppose we had some sort of supper.I suppose there must have been a surface tidying-up，for the house on Sunday looked clean and orderly enough.The strange thing was，we didnt mention
15、 that day afterward.I felt a little embarrassed.Surely none of the others had been as excited as I.I locked the memory up in that deepest part of me where we keep“the things that cannot be and yet they are.”The years went on，then one day I was hurrying about my kitchen in a city apartment，trying to
16、get some work out of the way while my three-year-old insistently cried her desire to“go park，see duck.”“I cant go！”I said.“I have this and this to do，and when Im through Ill be too tired to walk that far.”My mother，who was visiting us，looked up from the peas she was shelling.“Its a wonderful day，”sh
17、e offered，“really warm，yet theres a fine breeze.Do you remember that day we flew kites？”I stopped in my dash between stove and sink.The locked door flew open and with it a rush of memories.“Come on，”I told my little girl.“Youre right，its too good a day to miss.”Another decade passed.We were in the a
18、ftermath(余波)of a great war.All evening we had been asking our returned soldier，the youngest Patrick Boy，about his experiences as a prisoner of war.He had talked freely，but now for a long time he had been silent.What was he thinking ofwhat dark and horrible things?“Say！”A smile slipped out from his l
19、ips.“Do you rememberno，of course you wouldnt.It probably didnt make the impression on you as it did on me.”I hardly dared speak.“Remember what？”“I used to think of that day a lot in POW camp(战俘营)，when things werent too good.Do you remember the day we flew the kites？”1.Mrs.Patrick was laughing guilti
20、ly because she thought.A.she was too old to fly kites B.her husband would make fun of herC.she should have been doing her housework thenD.her girls werent supposed to play the boys game解析 推理判断题。由 Mrs.Patrick 笑得那么有负罪感，以及文中的描述可知，她认为在自己玩的那段时间里本来是应该做家务的，所以 C 项正确。答案 C2.By“we were all beside ourselves”，th
21、e writer means that they all.A.felt confused B.went wild with joyC.looked on D.forgot their fights解析 词义猜测题。根据后面的“Parents forgot their duty and their dignity；children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies.”可知，作者在这里是指大家都忘却了自己原来的身份而全身心地玩，说明所有人都玩得非常高兴，所以 B 项正确。答案 B3.What did the writer thin
22、k after the kite-flying?A.The boys must have had more fun than the girls.B.They should have finished their work before playing.C.Her parents should spend more time with them.D.All the others must have forgotten that day.解析 细节理解题。根据第七段的描述可知，在放完风筝后没有人再提起这件事，所以作者认为大家都忘记了这件事，故 D 项正确。答案 D4.Why did the wr
23、iter finally agree to take her little girl for an outing?A.She suddenly remembered her duty as a mother.B.She was reminded of the day they flew kites.C.She had finished her work in the kitchen.D.She thought it was a great day to play outside.解析 细节理解题。作者的母亲在作者拒绝了女儿的要求后提醒她以前他们在一起放风筝的事情，这使得作者同意了女儿的请求，所
24、以 B 项正确。答案 B5.The youngest Patrick Boy is mentioned to show that.A.the writer was not alone in treasuring her fond memoriesB.his experience in POW camp threw a shadow over his lifeC.childhood friendship means so much to the writerD.people like him really changed a lot after the war解析 推理判断题。作者在文章最后又叙
25、述了 the youngest Patrick Boy 的事情，其目的在于说明别人也和她一样珍藏着自己的记忆，所以 A 项正确。答案 A211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)engage v.吸引be engaged_ 忙于be engaged _ sb.与某人订亲你们订婚多久了？_(2)get sth.out of the way 完成某事_想尽办法做某事have a long way to go 取得巨大进展_大规模地in the way of 就而言，关于intoHow long have you been engaged?go out of ones way to
26、 do.in a big way1.What do you think made Patrick Boy spend the time in prison?_1.Whats the main idea of the text?_The experience of flying kites.An event about flying kites when a child and itseffects on me and the others.B(2011大纲全国卷E)“I didnt hear them call my name，”explained Shelley Hennig to Acti
27、ve Teens(AT)as she talked about that exciting moment on national television when she won the honor of Miss Teen USA 2004.“Are you ready？”is what she heard.Then she said，“I shook my head no，and then they said yesand it was announced again.”It was four days after that life changing moment for the seve
28、nteen-year-old high school student from Destrehan，Louisianashe was still on cloud nine.“I was so shocked!I never believed that it could actually really happen.”Present in the audience(观众)that day were：her mother and father，older brother，her friends，and her dance teacher.Understanding why members of
29、her family and her friends would be there，AT asked why her dance teacher had traveled so far to see her compete(比赛).“Shes always been my role model.Ive danced with her since I was six.Shes been through so many difficulties and came through them all.Ive learned to get over bad lifes experiences and l
30、earned how to move on because of her.”One of those bad lifes experiences for Shelley happened three years ago when her brother Brad was killed in a drunk driving accident.He was 18.She found writing helped her get through the rough days.She said，“I write a lot about my brother.I write a lot，a lot，a
31、lot.”As Miss Louisiana Teen，she traveled around the state speaking to teens(青少年)about the dangers of drinking and driving.In her role as Miss Teen USA，Shelley will continue to speak to youth about safe driving，in addition to many other things to help the youth.When AT asked Miss Teen USA if she had
32、any advice for our readers，she said，“Dont let anyone change you.Hang out with people that make you feel good about yourself.That way，it is easy to be yourself.”1.What do the words“on cloud nine”in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A.frightened B.troubled C.very happy D.very angry答案 C解析 词义猜测题。由第一段中“.as she t
33、alked about that exciting moment.”可知 C 项正确。2.Shelley takes her dance teacher as a role model mainly because she is.A.determined B.friendlyC.strict D.experienced解析 细节理解题。由第四段“Shes been through so many difficulties and came through them all.”可知答案为 A 项。答案 A3.How many children did the Hennigs have accor
34、ding to the text?A.1.B.2.C.3.D.4.解析 细节理解题。第三段中提到“older brother”，第五段中提到“her brother Brad”以及 Shelly Hennig，由此可知 the Hennigs 共有三个孩子。答案 C4.What did Shelley often do after she became Miss Louisiana Teen?A.She visited drunken drivers.B.She gave dance performances.C.She made speeches on safe driving.D.She
35、helped other teens with their studies.解 析 细 节 理 解 题。由 倒 数 第 二 段 中“As Miss Louisiana Teer，she traveled around the state speaking to teens(青 少 年)about the dangers of drinking and driving.”可知正确答案为 C。答案 C5.What suggestion does Shelley give to the teens?A.Be yourself with the support of friends.B.Meet fr
36、iends whenever possible.C.Go easy on yourself and others.D.Have a good role model.解析 细节理解题。由最后一段 Shelley 所说的话可知她对青少年的建议是 A 项。答案 A211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)call ones name 叫某人的名字call sb.names 辱骂某人by name 以名字_名叫_以的名义_用某某的名字；以的名义name after_(2)hang out 探出；逗留；闲荡_(因羞愧、窘迫而)垂下头hang _闲呆着by the name ofin t
37、he name ofunder the name of以的名字命名，给取名hang ones headaround/roundhang _退缩hang on 紧紧抓住；耐心等待_挂断电话1.改写下面的句子Present in the audience(观众)that day were：her mother and father，older brother，her friends，and her dance teacher._1.Whats the main idea of the passage?_backhang upHer mother and father，older brother，h
38、er friends，and her dance teacher were present in the audiencethat day.Face up to the hardship bravely and be yourself.C(2011四川卷E)In business，theres a speed difference：Its the difference between how important a firms leaders say speed is to their competitive(竞争的)strategy(策略)and how fast the company a
39、ctually moves.The difference is important regardless of industry and company size.Companies fearful of losing their competitive advantage spend much time and money looking for ways to pick up the speed.In our study of 343 businesses，the companies that chose to go，go，go to try to gain an edge ended w
40、ith lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track.Whats more，the firms that“slowed down to speed up”improved their top and bottom lines，averaging 40%higher sales and 52%higher operating incomes over a three-year period.How did they
41、disobey the laws of business physics，taking more time than competitors yet performing better?They thought differently about what“slower”and“faster”mean.Firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operational speed(moving quickly)and strategic speed(reducing the time it takes to deliver
42、 value).Simply increasing the speed of production，for example，may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference.But that often leads to reduced value over time，in the form of lower-quality products and services.In our study，higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when
43、 necessary.They became more open to ideas and discussion.They encouraged new ways of thinking.And they allowed time to look back and learn.By contrast，performance suffered at firms that moved fast all the time，paid too much attention to improving efficiency，stuck to tested methods，didnt develop team
44、 spirit among their employees，and had little time thinking about changes.Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership.Teams that regularly take time to get things right，rather than plough ahead full bore，are more successful in meeting their business goals.That kind of strategy must come from the t
45、op.1.What does the underlined part“gain an edge”in Paragraph 2 mean?A.Increase the speed.B.Get an advantage.C.Reach the limit.D.Set a goal.解析 词义猜测题。根据该短语所在的语境，结合下文可以看出，第二段对两类公司的做法进行了对比，即一味追求速度最终导致低销售、低收入的公司和“慢下来是为了加速”(slowed down to speed up)的公司。而一味追求速度的公司之所以这样做，目的是为了在竞争中取得优势。结合语境反推可知 gain an edge 的
46、含义。答案 B2.The underlined part“the laws of business physics”in Paragraph 3 means.A.spending more time and performing worseB.spending more time and performing betterC.spending less time and performing worse D.spending less time and performing better解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“How did they.taking more time than c
47、ompetitors yet performing better？”可知，有的公司违背规律，花了比竞争对手多的时间却表现良好。反之，正常规律是花的时间少而表现良好。据此可推断出答案。答案 D3.What can we learn from the text?A.How fast a firm moves depends on how big it is.B.How competitive a firm is depends on what it produces.C.Firms guided by strategic speed take time to make necessary chan
48、ges.D.Firms guided by operational speed take time to develop necessary team spirit.解 析 推 理 判 断 题。根 据 文 章 第 四 段 第 一 句 话“.higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.”可知，注重战略速度的高绩效的公司在必要时会做出一些调整，故 C 项正确。答案 C4.Which could be the best title for the text?A.Improve
49、quality?Serve better.B.Deliver value?Plough ahead.C.Reduce time?Move faster.D.Need speed?Slow down.解析 主旨大意题。通过对文章的综合考虑可以看出，文章主要围绕战略速度展开论述，最终得出结论：战略速度决定了公司的成败。因此，必要时一定要慢下来做些适当调整。答案 D211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)regardless of(irregardless of)不管；不顾不管天气如何，我们将继续比赛。_(2)by contrast 对比之下in contrast _/by co
50、ntrast_和对比contrast.with.把和对比她的观点和其他的同事的形成了强烈的对照。Her views _ those of her colleagues.Well continue the race，regardless of the weather.towithstand in stark contrast to1.What characteristics does a firm that suffers have?_1.What is the result of the study?_moving fast all the time，paying too much atten
51、ti-on to improving efficiency，sticking to tested me-thods，not developing team spirit among their em-ployees，and having little time thinking about ch-angesThe firms that pause at key moments to make sure they are on the right track perform better and incr-ease sales and incomes.D(2011福建卷A)Driving a c
52、ar is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance.It requires you to predict what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected.When alcohol is consumed，it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant(抑制药)，damaging eyesight，judgement and co-ordination(协调)，
53、slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents.Even below the drink driving limit，driving will be affected.Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain.Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when
54、consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice.To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration i
55、s：50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of blood；or22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath；or67 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of urine(尿液).Drivers who cause traffic accidents，or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.Any driver found drinking b
56、eyond the limit will be charged.The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK$25,000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 driving-offence points；or temporarily banned from driving.The same punishment applies to failing to provide specimens(样本)for breath，blood or
57、urine tests without good excuse.Drink driving is a criminal offence.Be a responsible driver，think before you drink.For the safety of yourself and other road users，never drive after consuming alcohol.1.The first paragraph is mainly about.A.the introduction of driving skillsB.the damage of drinking to
58、 your bodyC.the effect of drinking on drivingD.the process of alcohol being absorbed解析 主旨大意题。由第一段的“.it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant(抑制药)，damaging eyesight，judgement and co-ordination(协调)，slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents.”可知，本段主要讲述酒后驾车的影响，故 C
59、项正确。答案 C2.The underlined word“it”in the second paragraph refers to“”.A.alcohol B.absorptionC.blood D.process解析 词义猜测题。由前半句“To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process.”可知，后半句表示“采取像淋浴或喝一杯茶或咖啡等的措施来加速这个过程是不可能的”，故 it 指代 process，D 项正确。答案 D3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the pa
60、ssage?A.Drinking below the drink driving limit has no effect on driving.B.Alcohol is taken in more quickly when drunk with fruit juice.C.Having a cup of tea helps to get rid of alcohol from the body.D.50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of breath is below the driving drink limit.解析 细节理解题。由第二段中的“Absor
61、ption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice.”可知 B 项正确。答案 B4.A driver suspected of drink driving.A.should provide specimens for testingB.will be forbidden to drive for 3 yearsC.will be punished for 10 driving-offence pointsD.should pay a m
62、aximum fine of HK$25,000解析 细节理解题。由文章倒数第四段“Drivers who cause traffic accidents，or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.”可知 A 项正确。答案 A211 工程(优秀生选做题)2.vocabulary：(1)suspect v.怀疑suspect sb.of.怀疑某人我怀疑汤姆故意遗忘了他的钱包。_(2)charge v.要价；控告；把记在账上；充电charge sb._.
63、accuse sb._.指控某人charge sb.sth.for.卖收某人多少钱_ charge 免费地in charge of 负责take charge of 负责；管理I suspected Tom of deliberately forgetting his purse.withoffree of1.Driving a car requires you to_，to judge speed and distance，to _and to_.1.The best title is：_.handle controlspredict what other road users will doget ready to react to something unexpectedFor the safety of yourself and otherpeople，dont drink and drive返回