1、第3讲 代词和数词深化认知一、人称代词的四点注意1人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中通常作主语，宾格在句中作宾语、表语和同位语等成分。主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格me youhimheritusyouthemTom is a student.He works very hard.Tom 是一名学生，他学习非常努力。He has a dog to keep him company.他有一条狗陪伴他。2人称代词指代的数前后要一致。The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to t
2、hem.(them 指代the students)必须使学生明白每门功课对他们来说多么重要。3句中没有谓语动词或在句中与动词不定式连用，人称代词常用宾格。Id like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.Me too.这个周末我想去爬山。我也想去。What!Me(to)play chess with him?No!什么！让我和他下国际象棋？不要！4在比较级的句子中，than,as 后用主格、宾格皆可。To tell the truth,Lucy is more qualified for the job than she/her.说实话，露西比她
3、适合这份工作。Not having heard of it before,Tom is as surprised as he/him.以前没听说过这件事，汤姆和他一样吃惊。二、物主代词的四大常识1物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，形容词性物主代词在句中通常作定语，名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。形容词性物主代词myourhisheritstheiryour名词性物主代词mineours his hers itstheirsyoursThe students are doing their homework.学生们在做作业。Your room is big while
4、 mine is small.你的房间大，而我的房间小。2形容词性物主代词不与 a,an,this,that,these,some,any,several,no,each,such,another等词同时修饰一个名词，但在双重所有格中可同时修饰一个名词。a friend of mine 我的一个朋友each sister of his他的每一个姐姐3介词the身体部位，此处不能用形容词性物主代词代替 the。The policewoman took the thief by the arm.那个女警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。4当物主代词与 all 和 both 连用时，必须放在all 和 both
5、之后。With all their homework finished,the children went home happily.做完所有的作业后，孩子们高高兴兴地回家了。三、反身代词的三种句法功能反身代词包括 oneself,himself,herself,itself,themselves,yourself,yourselves,myself,ourselves，在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语等成分。1作宾语(1)常用在 to,by,for,of,in,between,among 等介词后。You shouldnt keep the story to yourself.你不应该独享这个故
6、事。(to oneself“独自享用”)You shouldnt leave the child by himself at home.你不应把孩子独自留在家里。(by oneself“独自”)One should not live only for oneself.人不应该单为自己而活。(for oneself“为自己”)We dont need to call him;he will wake up of himself.我们没必要叫他，他自己会醒的。(of oneself“自动地”)(2)用来构成固定搭配devote oneself to 致力于dress oneself 自己穿衣enj
7、oy oneself 过得愉快boast oneself 自夸help oneself to 随便吃，随便用hide oneself 把自己藏起来make yourself at home 不拘束say to oneself 心里想seat oneself 坐下teach oneself 自学come to oneself 苏醒behave oneself 表现得体，有礼貌apply oneself 致力于2作表语、同位语 用于 be,feel,seem,look 等后作表语，表示身体或精神处于正常状态；用作同位语时，主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，可紧跟在被修饰名词后或句末。I am not f
8、eeling myself today,not serious,though.我今天不太舒服，但不严重。(2013全国卷写作)I made them myself with red silk threads,cloth and other materials.它们是我自己用红丝线、布条和其他材料制成的。四、几组常见代词的辨析1both,all,either,any,neither,none都任何都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone(2013山东高考单选)Ive lived in New York and Chicago,but dont like eit
9、her of them very much.我在纽约和芝加哥住过，但它们中的任何一个我都不喜欢。Because Henry and Mark had to work,neither of them came yesterday.因为亨利和马克要工作，所以昨天两人都没来。My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.我哥哥想买一块好表，但是在那家店里没有一块合适的。2it,that,one,thoseit特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物that可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名
10、词，指代单数可数名词相当于 the one。其复数形式为 those，相当于 the onesone指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为 onesthose 指“the名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)”I like this house with a beautiful garden in front,but I dont have enough money to buy it.我喜欢这座前面有花园的房子，但是我没有足够的钱来买它。(2013 辽 宁 高 考 单 选)To her joy,Della earned first the trust of her students an
11、d then thatof her colleagues.令黛拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了她的学生的信任，然后又赢得了同事的信任。We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose one based on your own interests.我们为你们的假期准备了各种各样的夏令营，你们可以根据自己的兴趣选择一个。Studying Wendys menu,I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当
12、劳的相似。3.other,the other,another,others,the othersother 不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义the other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；常与 one 连用，构成one.the other.“一个另一个”，也可修饰名词表示“另外的”another可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三 者或三 者以上 的人或 物中 的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外 another 后可接“基数词/few复数名词”形式，表示“另外的(多少)”others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与 some一起出现the other
13、s 意为“剩余的一些”Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them.除非我们能够消除他们之间的矛盾，否则他们双方都不打算与对方讲话。(2014浙江高考阅读 D)I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball.我坐在街道旁，羡慕地看着其他男孩在街上打棒球。Never will they give up the cour
14、age to have another try.他们从来没有放弃再次尝试的勇气。Being annoyed with others easily will be harmful to your health,so keep a goodtempered character all the time.易发脾气对健康有害，所以要一直保持好脾气。4none,nothing,no one/nobodynone既指人也指物，后面可接 of 短语，一般用来回答 how many,how much 和 which 的提问nothing只指事物，后面不能接 of 短语，用来回答 what 的提问no one/
15、nobody 只指人不指物，其后不接 of 短语，一般回答 who 的提问Some people would rather ride bikes as bike riding has none of the troubles of taking buses.有些人宁愿骑自行车，因为骑自行车没有乘坐公共汽车的麻烦。Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast food restaurants.世界上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡包更令我高兴的了。With no one to turn to in suc
16、h a frightening situation,she felt very helpless.由于在这么恐怖的环境中无人可以求助，她感到非常无助。五、it 的用法1指天气、时间、距离、环境等。It often rains here in summer.(表示天气)这里夏天经常下雨。It is twenty miles from here to the village.(表示距离)从这里到那个村庄有 20 英里路。2代替前面提过的事物。Whats in the picture?It is a cat.图画里是什么？是一只猫。3当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用 it 来表示。
17、Someone is knocking at the door.Who can it be?有人在敲门。有可能是谁呢？4用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。常用于下列句型：(1)it 作形式主语的常用句型：Itbeadj./n.(for/of sb.)不定式It is important for us to know our limitations.对于我们来说知道我们的局限性是很重要的。It is no good/no use/useless doing sth.It is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。Its(well)wort
18、h doing.Itbe名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder/.)/adj.that 从句It is a pity that you failed to pass the driving test.真遗憾你没通过驾照考试。It 特 殊 动 词(seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb./.)that 从句(2014 陕 西 高 考 任 务 型 阅 读)Suddenly itoccurred to Majorcans that the island no longer belonged to them.马略卡岛上的人们忽然意识到这个岛屿不
19、再属于他们。Itbe过去分词that 从句It is reported that a terrible earthquake happened in this area.据报道，该地区发生了一次可怕的地震。Ittakes/took(sb.)some time/some money to do sth.It took the baby an hour or so to calm down.小宝宝闹了大约一小时才平静下来。(2)it 作形式宾语的常用句型：主语think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.itadj./n.(for/of sb.)to
20、do/that 从句(2015江苏高考写作)Whats worse,some drivers,cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey traffic rules.更糟的是，一些司机、骑自行车者和行人不认为遵守交通规则重要。主语think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.it useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time(money/energy.)doing.I feel it a waste of time d
21、iscussing the thing with him.我觉得和他讨论这件事是在浪费时间。主语think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.itimportant/necessary/natural/essentialthat.(should)do.I believe it necessary that you (should)go over your homework before you hand it in.我认为你有必要在交作业之前先检查一遍。5用于 like,enjoy,hate,love,appreciate 等表示喜欢、情感的动词以
22、及 depend on/upon,see to 等动词短语后，再接 when,if,that 等引导的从句。Id appreciate it if you would give me the opportunity.Im looking forward to your early reply.如果你给我机会我会感激不尽，盼望你早日答复。You may depend on it that they will be there in time.你不用怀疑，他们会及时到达那里。典题在线.单句语法填空1(2015全国卷语法填空)A few hours before,Id been at home in
23、 Hong Kong,with(it)choking smog.2(2015天津高考单选)The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools.3 (2015 福 建 高 考 单 选)The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but contained any useful suggestions.itsthatneither4(2015陕西高考单选)To warm himself,the sailor
24、sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the5(2015四川高考单选)Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge.6(2015重庆高考单选)The meeting will be held in September,but knows the date for sure.othernonenobody7(2014大纲卷单选)Whos that at the door?is the milkman.8(2014辽宁高考语法填空)Raise your l
25、eg and let stay in the air for seconds.9(2014山东高考单选)Susan madeclear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.Ititit10(2014陕西高考单选)Id appreciate if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.11(2014福建高考单选)In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in,knives and f
26、orks.12(2014安徽高考单选)You can ask anyone for help.here is willing to lend you a hand.itothersEveryone13(2012广东高考语法填空)“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons？”The teacher asked.Then he took off,gave a big smile and said,“Thats cool.”14(上海高考单选)If our parents do everything for us children,we wont l
27、earn to depend onthemourselves.单句改错1(2015全国卷短文改错)We must find ways to protect your environment.2(2015陕西高考短文改错)My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.3 (2014 陕 西 高 考 短 文 改 错)My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.Ne
28、ither of the arrows hit the target.yourouranythingsomethingNeitherNone4We can stay there for a few days and visit some relatives of me.5There is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.6Some of us carried the apples to the truck,and other put the baskets onto the truck.mem
29、ineThereItotherothers7We asked John and Jerry,but both of them could offer a satisfactory explanation.8Some college teachers who teach three classes consider themselves less successful than that who teach only one or two,or none in all.9There is a No.2 trolley bus and a No.24 bus;any will take you t
30、here.10We had to do the washing,cleaning and shopping by us.bothneitherthatthoseanyeitherusourselves深化认知一、基数词的用法1表示在某人几十岁时，用“in ones逢十的基数词的复数形式”，如 in his twenties“在他二十几岁时”，in his thirties“在他三十几岁时”，in his forties“在他四十几岁时”，但“十几岁”不可表示为 tens，而要说成 teens，指 13 岁至 19 岁。He looked quite healthy though he was
31、in his seventies.虽然他七十多岁了，但他看上去很健康。2用表示年份的阿拉伯数字加-s/-s 或用逢十的基数词的复数表示年代，用 early,mid和 late 分别表示某一年代的初期、中期和晚期。in the early 1920s/1920s 在 20 世纪 20 年代初期in the early twenties 在 20 年代初期in the mideighties 在 80 年代中期in the late 1980s 在20世纪80年代晚期 名师指津 通常用逢整“十”的基数词的复数形式来表示某人的大约年岁或世纪中的年代，与物主代词或冠词连用，表示年龄时用物主代词 one
32、s，表示世纪和年代时用定冠词 the。3用在 another,all,such 之后，more,other等之前。He stayed in China for another ten years.他又在中国住了十年。Such a dictionary is enough.这样一本字典就足够了。二、序数词的构成和用法1序数词的构成：一般在基数词后加-th。注意以下特殊变化：(1)onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelvetwelfth，其中first,second,third 的缩写形式分别为 1st,
33、2nd,3rd。(2)以 y 结尾的基数词，将 y 改为 i，再加-eth，如：twentytwentieth,fiftyfiftieth,ninetyninetieth。2序数词表示编号、顺序时，放在名词前，同时要使用定冠词对其进行修饰。此处，“名词(首字母往往大写)基数词”也可表示编号。the first lessonLesson 1 第一课the second partPart 2 第二部分3注意下列情况序数词前冠词的使用。(1)表示“再，又”时，用不定冠词。He cast his net a second time.他又撒了一次网。名师指津 序数词前加冠词 a/an,the 的意义区别
34、：序数词前用 the 时，表特指，表次第；序数词前用 a/an时，表泛指，表示次第在原有基础上的增加。如 a third 含有“再一”的意思，the third 的意思是“第三个”。如：I want to eat a third egg.我想再吃一个鸡蛋。(含有“已经吃了两个”的意思)I want to eat the third egg.我想吃第三个鸡蛋。(有可能第一、第二个是别人吃的)(2)表示考试或比赛等的名次时，通常省略定冠词。She was(the)third in the exam.她考试得了第三名。(3)序数词用作副词时，其前不用冠词。First come,first serve
35、d.先来的先接待。(4)序数词前已有指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、every 等作定语时，不用定冠词。I got a beautiful skirt on my fifteenth birthday.在我 15 岁生日时，我得到了一条漂亮的裙子。(5)序数词用在由“序数词名词”构成的形容词中时，其前不用定冠词。There is a five-star hotel over there.那儿有一家五星级的宾馆。(6)在一些固定短语中序数词前不加冠词。at first(起初),at last(最后),first of all(首先，第一),from first to last(自始至终)
36、,at first sight(初次见面时),second to none(首屈一指的),on second thought(s)(又一想，转念一想)三、使用数词时应注意的问题 1表示“增加或减少了”时，用“by倍数/百分数”；而表示“增加或减少到”时，用“to基数词”。Last year the price of daily necessities went up by 15 percent.去年日用品的价格上涨了 15%。In their school the number of students who have poor eyesight increases to 400.在他们学校，
37、近视的学生的数量增加到了 400。2数词与名词构成的形容词作定语放在名词前时，名词与数词之间要加连字符。Its a five-minute walk from the library to the playground.从图书馆到操场步行要五分钟。3表示时间、距离时，可以用含数词的名词短语的所有格形式作定语。five days holiday 五天的假期two hours drive 两小时的车程4hundred,thousand,million,dozen,score 的用法(1)当这些词与具体数字连用时，不加复数词尾-s，后面也不接介词 of。但 score 这个词特殊，其后可加 of 也
38、可不加 of。I want three score(of)eggs.我要 60 个鸡蛋。(2)当这些词不与具体数字连用，表示不确定的数目时，其后要加复数词尾-s 及介词 of，才能接名词。若不接名词，则不加介词 of。Ive read it dozens of times.我读过它几十次。(3)当这些词与 a few,several,many 等表示不确定数的词连用时，带不带复数词尾-s 均可，但是要注意：若不带复数词尾-s，其后的介词 of 可以省略；若带复数词尾-s，则其后的介词 of 不能省略。There I saw several hundreds of foreign guests.
39、There I saw several hundred foreign guests.在那儿我见到了数百位外宾。(4)当这些词后面的名词被 the,these,those 等表示特指的限定词修饰时，或其后接的是 us,them等人称代词时，其后必须加介词 of。two dozen of them 它们中的两打five hundred of the workers 这些工人中的五百人5“every数词名词”表示“每/每隔”的用法(1)“every基数词可数名词复数”意为“每(基数词所表示的数目)，每隔(基数词所表示的数目减 1)”。If I work in the garden,I have t
40、o sit down and rest every five minutes.如果我在园子里劳动，我每 5 分钟/每隔 4分钟就得坐下来休息。(2)“every序数词可数名词单数”意为“每(序数词对应的基数词)，每隔(序数词对应的基数词减 1)”。He sees Ann every third week.他每三周/每隔两周见安一次。(3)表示“每，每隔”时，还可以用以下表达形式：every few 可 数 名 词 复 数“每 隔几”(需注意：此处 few 不能用 a few)。every other 可数 名词单 数(every second可数名词单数every two可数名词复数)“每两，
41、每隔一”。典题在线.单句语法填空1There are(hundred)of people in the hall.2He became a professor in his(thirty)3(2016成都一模)It was in 1960s.4(2016太原五中模拟)second is what I really need.5Weve tried it three times.Must we try it fourth time?hundredsthirtiestheThea6In 1870s when Marx was already infifties，he found it import
42、ant to study the situation in Russia,so he began to learn Russian.thehis.单句改错1There were hundred of people on the beach.2There I saw several hundreds foreign guests.3 (2016 云 南 毕 业 班 统 考)Two hundreds students went there.4The bottle had been about three-quarter full then.hundredhundreds在 hundreds 后面加
43、 ofhundredshundredthreequarterthreequarters对点集训 即时巩固提升知能.单句语法填空1(2016黄山七校联考)Ive always wanted an iPhone 6 and Ive just saved enough money to buy2(2016济南高三模拟)Can I ask you a few straightforward questions about yourself?Sure.I like when people are open and direct.oneit3The cultural background of China
44、 is totally different from of the US.4There are two roads leading to the power station along the river.You can take of the roads.5 (2016 辽 宁 省 五 校 协 作 体 高 三 联考)Would you like to go shopping with me on Saturday or Sunday?Im sorry.will suit me.Ill be away on business during that period.thateitherNeith
45、er6If of you is against the plan,we will carry it out immediately.7(2016太原质检)Will you take these shoes?No,they dont fit me.Show me some8She provided all sorts of services,but none ofmet with Harrys requirements.noneothersthem9(million)of dollars have gone into the building of this factory.10Today is
46、 my grandfathers(sixty)birthday.Millionssixtieth.单句改错1(2016四川德阳诊断)I wonder if you can tell me something about myself,your family and daily school.2Please pay more attention to the related information of the contest and take an active part in them on time.myselfyourselfthemit3(2016海口高三调研)Do you want
47、to know why we moved last week？Dad lost his job,and as Mom explained,“He was lucky to find other one.”4Having been in the city for so a long time,we were so happy to go to the countryside.5However,there are problems with this method.Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some slow
48、 learners may even give up learning English.otheranother第一个 sosuchfind 后加 it6My first tour was terrible.The old bus was not air-conditioned,and it was in the middle of summer,so that was really uncomfortable to be inside the bus.7I sincerely hope you can give us a chance.Im looking forward to your e
49、arly reply.8 (2016 东 北 三 省 四 市 联 考)I apologized and controlled me at my best till the dinner started.9Three quarter of the students have passed the exam.thatitusmememyselfquarterquarters.语法填空(2016 石家 庄高三质 检)What on earth does happiness mean?I cant give you its exact definition,but Im sure if you lov
50、e and help 1.,youll get it.Ill never forget an old lady.She lives in 2.small house alone.Its said that her husband and her son died in a road accident years ago.Her life is bitter,but she often helps others with a smile.Whenever it snows,she is always the 3.(one)to clean the paths.othersafirstShe lo
51、oks after several children living nearby.I am one of them.I often remember the stories she told us and her kind smiles.Perhaps she is unlucky,but I think she is a happy person.Her life is full of laughter and love.But Im sad to see some people getting their happiness 4.bad ways.They talk 5.(noisy)in
52、 cinemas and meeting rooms;they destroy trees to enjoy 6.and they laugh at others shortcomings.Perhaps they feel happy at that time,7.they will never get true happiness because they 8.(lose)their personality already.innoisilythemselvesbuthave lostNow I know what happiness is.9.means kindness,love and unselfishness.Above all,I have come to understand that 10.(bring)happiness to others is making ourselves happy.Itbringing