1、专题四 数词、介词与连词数词一、hundred,score,dozen的用法1hundred,score,dozen的单复数问题：(1)与数词连用时，其不用复数。如：four dozen eggs。(2)表示“许多”(约数而不是确定的数，后接of)时，要用复数形式。即hundreds of,scores of,dozens of。2后接of与不接of的情况：hundred,dozen,score后的名词前有定冠词、指示代词、物主代词等限定词时，须用of；其后的名词前如果没有定冠词、指示代词、物主代词等限定词时，不用of。Four hundred of the students of their
2、 school took partin the physics competition.four score doctors of the hospitalthree score of the nurses in our hospital链接分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母用序数词的复数形式。如：onefifth,threesevenths1/2,1/4,3/4分别表达为：a/one half,a quarter,threequarters百分数表达法：由基数词percent或百分比符号%构成，如：80%或eighty percent。二、倍数表达法两倍用twice
3、，三倍或三倍以上用.times。倍数表达有三种形式：1.timesas形容词或副词的原级as.2.times形容词或副词的比较级than.3.timesthe名词of.Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.Our classroom is four times larger than theirs.Our classroom is four times the size of theirs.链接其他的表示“倍数”的几个句型。倍数that of.；倍数what引导的名词性从句；比较级than.by倍数。典例(2011南昌调研，30)Acc
4、ording to statistics,aman is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer_ a woman.Athan Bsuch Cso Das解析：D。考查倍数表达法。句意：根据数据，男性死于皮肤癌的可能性是女性的两倍还要多。twice as.as表示“是的两倍”。介词介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独充当句子成分，必须与名词或代词(或相当于名词的其它词类、短语或从句)构成介词短语。介词形式有四种：简单介词above,at,below,beside,for,in,on,over,since,to,under,with等。合成
5、介词inside,into,out of,without等短语介词because of,in front of,instead of,in spite of等双重介词from behind,until after等 一、介词短语的作用1作定语The key to the door is missing.这扇门的钥匙不见了。The students of Senior Three have gone to the SummerPalace.高三年级的学生已经去颐和园了。2作状语Catherine stayed in Paris for some time and then wentto Swed
6、en.凯瑟琳在巴黎逗留了一段时间，然后去了瑞典。Mr.Nice hurried to the hotel when he arrived at theHethrow Airport.尼斯先生一到希思罗机场，就匆匆忙忙去了旅店。3作表语Japan is to the east of China.日本位于中国东面。The football team is from Spain.这只足球队来自西班牙。4作宾语补足语Make yourself at home.别拘谨。二、常用介词辨析1表示地点的in和at一般小地方用at；大地方用in。He arrived in Beijing at noon.他于中
7、午时分到达北京。He arrived at a small village before dark.天黑之前他到了一个小村子。2表示时间的in和afterin一般用于将来时；after一般用于过去时。另外after后可接时间点。Hell be back in a week.他一周后才回来。He returned after a week.他一周后回来了。3表示时间的in和onin表示一段时间；on表示具体的某一天或某一天的早上、中午、晚上。He usually goes to work in the afternoon.他通常下午上班。After many days of anxious wa
8、iting,the Olympicmascots were finally chosen at 8：00 pm.on November11.经过多天急切的等待，奥运会吉祥物终于在11月11日晚上8点揭晓。at night(在夜间)，at noon(在中午)，by day(在白天)属习惯用法，应记忆。4besides和exceptbesides意为“除了，还有”；而except意为“除了外”，表示将一个或几个人或物从同一种类中除外。besides在句中位置较活，而except多放在句尾。Besides Mr.Bush,we also went to see the film.除了布什先生，我们也
9、去看电影了。(布什先生也去了)We all went to see the film except Mr.Wang.除了王先生之外，我们都去看电影了。(王先生没去)Except for this，everything is in order.除了这个之外，一切准备妥当。Everything is in order except this.注意beside与besides不同，beside的意思是“在旁边”；besides是“除了，还有”。Come and sit beside me.过来，坐在我的旁边。还应注意的是except for的用法，它的意思是“除了因为(with the except
10、ion of)”，表示“整体不错，只是存在局部问题”。The composition is very good except for a few spellingmistakes.作文写得很好，只有几个拼写错误而已。The village is quiet except for some birds singing in thewoods.除了树林里的鸟鸣之外，村子里很安静。5in、to和on在表示方位时的区别in表示在某范围之内；to表示在某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻”、“接壤”。Leeds lies in the north of UK.利兹位于英国北部。Fujian lies to
11、the south of Jiangsu Province.福建省位于江苏省的南面。North Korea is/lies on the northeast of China.北朝鲜在中国的东北面。6above,over和on这三个词都有“在上”的意思，其区别如下：above“在之上”“高于”(表示相对高度，不一定在正上方)，其反义词是below；over“在之上”(表示垂直之上)，反义词是under；on“在之上”(表示与表面接触)。A bird is flying above the wood.一只鸟在树林上空盘旋。He keeps his head above water.他把头露出水面
12、。There is a lamp over our heads.我们的头顶上有一盏灯。(指我们的头顶上方)He put a cellphone on the desk.他把一部手机放在桌子上。7after,sinceafter表示从过去或将来时间算起的一段时间后，或某件事后，不可与完成时连用；since表示从过去某时间点一直到现在，与完成时连用。I woke up at midnight and after some time I heardsome strange noise.我半夜醒来，一会儿后，我听见一些奇怪的声音。I have been watching TV since supper
13、 time.自晚饭以来我一直在看电视。连词连词主要分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。一、并列连词连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫并列连词。根据其意义，并列连词又分为表示关联、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。(一)表示关联的连词表示两者之间关联的并列连词有and,both.and.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.,as well as等。其用法如下：1and(和)(1)and用于肯定的并列关系。I am a student and he is a teacher.我是学生，他是老师。She started to shout and cry.她开始大哭大叫。(
14、2)and多用在动词come,go,run,stay,stop等不及物动词之后代替to，后接另一个动词。此时第二个动词表示目的。Go and buy a pack of salt for me.去给我买一袋盐。Go and fetch some water for your younger brother.去给你弟弟拿点水来。(3)用于“祈使句and句子”结构中，祈使句表示条件，后面的句子表示结果。Study hard and youll pass the exam.只要努力学习你就会通过这次考试。Use your head and youll find a way.动动脑子你就会有办法。(4
15、)and用于一些固定词组。day and night日夜father and mother父母rich and poor贫富hat and coat衣帽thunder and lightning电闪雷鸣2both.and.(既又)both.and.与and的作用基本相同，但不能并列连接两个句子，其语气也比and强。The film is both interesting and instructive.这部电影寓教于乐。He has both courage and perseverance.他既有勇气又有毅力。3neither.nor.(既不也不)neither.nor.为both.and.
16、的否定形式，其用法也大致相同。Neither I nor he has seen the film.我和他都没看过那部电影。I neither smoke nor drink.我既不吸烟也不喝酒。4not only.but also.(不但而且)not only.but also.和as well as的用法与and相似，只是各自侧重点不同，not only.but also.短语的侧重点放在but also后面的部分，而as well as则将重点放在短语的前面部分。试比较：She has not only knowledge but also experience.她既有知识，又有经验。S
17、he has knowledge as well as experience.她既有经验，又有知识。(二)表示选择的连词表 示 选 择 关 系 的 并 列 连 词 有 or,either.or.,whether.or.,rather.than.,or else,otherwise等。1or(或)(1)在陈述句中，连接两个通常在内容上相互排斥的部分。The book will cost$8 or$9.这本书的价钱不是8美元就是9美元。Tom or I am to blame.不是汤姆就是我该受责备。(2)在否定句或否定结构中，表示并列的两个部分都是否定。He cant speak French
18、or Russian.他不会说法语，也不会说俄语。He studied for one whole day,without any food or rest.他学了整整一天，既不吃饭也不休息。(3)or还有“否则”的意思。Take this bus,or you wont get there in time.搭这辆公共汽车吧，否则你无法及时到达那里。2either.or.(或或)either.or.和or一样可表选择意义，但选择的意义较or强。You can either stay at home or go fishing.你可以呆在家里，也可以去钓鱼。I want to visit eit
19、her Paris or London.我不是去巴黎参观就是去伦敦看看。3whether.or.(不管是还是)Whether by accident or by design,they met.不管是巧遇还是事先安排的，他们见了面。Whether he drives or takes the bus,hell be here ontime.不管是开车还是坐公交车，他都会准时到达这里。4rather than(而不，也不)He went out by himself rather than stay as anunwelcome guest.他独自一人走了，而不愿做个不受欢迎的人留下来。Miss
20、 Sunny took an art course rather than take apolitics course.珊妮小姐宁可去上艺术课程也不愿去上政治学课程。5or else(否则)，otherwise(要不然)or else,otherwise通常接在祈使句的后面。Hurry up,or else/otherwise youll be late.快一点，否则你会迟到的。Seize the chance,or else/otherwise you will regret it.抓住这次机会，不然你会后悔的。(三)表示转折的连词表示转折关系的并列连词有：but,while,still,y
21、et,however,whereas,nevertheless等。转折连词可表示对两者或两种事物看法委婉的转折，也可表示情况相反，以形成鲜明对照。但是转折连词的用法，强弱对比应视具体情况而定。He made good promises but always swallow them.他说得很好听，却总不兑现。Jenny dances well,while Anna doesnt.珍妮的舞跳得很棒，而安娜不行。He felt sick,still he kept on schooling.尽管身体不适，但他还是坚持上学。They did their best,yet they were defe
22、ated.虽然他们尽了力，却还是失败了。He apologized,however,I wont forgive him.尽管他道了歉，但我还是不会原谅他。(四)表示因果的连词表示因果关系的连词有for,so,therefore,thus等。1for(因为)for作并列连词，表示原因时，只能放在表示结果的句子之后，且用逗号隔开，旨在对前面句子进行解释说明或提供证据。He will surely succeed,for he works hard.他一定会成功，因为他工作很努力。It is morning,for the birds are singing.清晨到，鸟儿唱。2so(所以)ther
23、efore(因此)，thus(因而)等副词性连词，通常放在表示结果的句子之前，表示结果。It was dark,so we went home.天黑了，所以我们回家了。He was busy,therefore he could not come.他很忙，所以不能来。His car broke down,thus he was late for work.由于他的车坏了，所以他上班迟到了。二、从属连词从属连词通常引导附属分句(即从句)，从属于主句。从属连词主要分为两类：一种是引导各种状语从句的连词，在句中主要说明时间、原因、条件、目的等；另一种是引导各种名词性从句连词，在句中充当主语、宾语、表
24、语或同位语等。(一)引导状语从句的连词引导状语从句的从属连词，根据其在句中的意义和作用分为下列几种情形：1引导时间状语从句的连词引导时间状语从句的常用连词有after,before,as,when,while,whenever,since,till,as soon as等。(1)as,when和while在意义上和用法上的区别。as意为at the same time;when意为at the time that，它们可以指一点时间，也可以指一段时间；while意为duringthe time that，只能用于指一段时间。when引导的从句中的谓语动词表示的动作或状态可以和主句中谓语动词表示
25、的动作或状态同时发生，也可以先后发生；而while和as引导的从句，从句和主句的动作往往同时发生。My brother fell downstairs when/as/while I had dinner.我吃晚饭的时候我弟弟从楼梯上摔了下来。The flight had just taken off when we arrived at theairport.我们到达机场时，飞机刚好起飞。The lark sings merrily as it flies high.百灵鸟翱翔在天空时，欢快地歌唱。(2)when和while有时起并列连词的作用。when表示“突然”、“这时”的意思，由它引起
26、的句子通常位于主句之后。She was just about to leave the room when thetelephone rang.她正要离开房间，这时电话铃响了。They were about to board when it poured cats anddogs.他们正准备登机，这时候下起了倾盆大雨。(3)while连接两个在意义上相对比的句子，表示“而”、“却”的意思。Jane was dressed in brown,while Mary was dressed inblue.简穿的是褐色衣服，而玛丽的是蓝色的。Mr.Green always reads newspape
27、r in the study aftersupper while Mrs.Green knits in the living room.格林先生晚饭之后总是在书房里读报，而格林太太坐在起居室里织毛衣。2引导原因状语从句的连词引导原因状语从句的最常见连词是because,since和as。(1)because引导的原因状语从句，表示说话人认为听话人不知道的原因或理由，从句往往是整个主从复合句的重心。He was annoyed because he missed the bus.他很生气，因为他没坐上公交车。The manager of IT department didnt attend th
28、emorning meeting because he fell ill all of a sudden thatmorning.信息部经理没能出席晨会是因为那天早上他突然感到身体不适。(2)since和as表示原因时，往往表示人们显然已知的理由或原因，因此，侧重点是主句的内容，原因只作附带说明。对这些连词在句中的语气而言，because最强，since次之(在意义上相当于汉语中的“既然”讲)，as最弱。Since his method doesnt work,lets try yours.既然他的方法不灵，那么就试一试你的方法。Since everybody is here,lets sta
29、rt.既然大伙儿都到了，那么就开始吧。As you object,Ill reconsider the plan.因为你反对，我要重新考虑这个计划。As she knows the fact of the accident,well try our bestto satisfy her.既然她知道了事故的真相，我们将尽量满足她的要求。(3)其他可以表示原因的复合连词有in that,now that,seeing that,considering that等。3引导条件状语从句的连词(1)引导条件状语从句的连词，主要是if和unless，由if引导的条件从句可以是真实条件句，也可以是非真实条件
30、句。真实条件句所表示的条件指的是事实或有可能实现的事，非真实条件句指的是与事实相悖或不大可能实现的事。If it rains,the match will be cancelled.倘若天下雨，比赛就会取消。If I were you,I should give him a good lesson.假如我是你的话，我就要好好地教训他一顿。If I had tried hard last term,I would have succeeded.要是上学期我用功的话，我肯定过关了。unless在意义上相当于if.not。You will fail again unless you work har
31、der.你要是再不努力些，你还会失败的。Do not come unless I call you.我叫你，你再来。(2)能引导条件从句，与if意义相近的复合连词还有incase,providing(that),provided(that),aslongas,oncondition that等。4引导目的状语从句的连词引导目的状语从句的连词，主要有so that,in orderthat,that,so,lest(for fear that怕，免得)和in case等。(1)so that用得较多，in order that用法较为正式。They arrived there early so
32、that/in order that theymight see the film star.他们早早赶到那儿，为的是能看到那位电影明星。We hurried so that/in order that we might not be latefor the lecture.我们匆忙地赶着，生怕听讲座迟到。(2)so常用于非正式文体。I put it here so he can see it when he comes.我把东西放在这儿，这样他来的时候就能看得到。He drove to the airport by himself so he could leave forCanada qu
33、ietly.他自己开车去机场为的是能悄悄地前往加拿大。(3)lest用法较为陈旧，只见于正式文体；in case常见于非正式文体。He locked up his money lest it should be stolen.他把钱锁好以防被盗。You must be quiet in case the fish are frightened.别出声，以免鱼儿受惊跑了。5引导结果状语从句的连词(1)引导结果状语从句的连词主要有so that,so.that,such.that等。He was often late for work,so that he was fired at last.他经
34、常上班迟到，所以他最终被解雇了。I went to the booking office early so that I could get aticket.我早早去了票房为的是能买到一张票。The record was so popular that it ran into threemillion copies in a year.那张唱片非常受欢迎，一年就卖出了三百万张。It was such a bad accident that several people gotkilled.那是一场严重交通事故，死了好几个人。The lecture was so instructive that
35、 the audience weredeeply moved.讲座非常有教育意义，听众都被深深感动了。(2)that也可引导结果状语从句。I must be getting pretty absentminded that I forgetto bring my ticket.我肯定又是心不在焉，连票都不记得带。6引导让步状语从句的连词(1)引导让步状语从句的连词主要有though,although,even if,even though等。though是一般用语；although较为正式，语气比though强。它们表示同一意义时常可互换使用。汉语“虽然但是”译为英语，如用though或alt
36、hough时，强调后半部分可用yet或still，但不能用but。Though/Although the factory is small,yet its productsare of very good quality.虽然工厂规模不大，但是它的产品质量是过硬的。Though Miss Allen has never been out of this island inher life,she knows more than any other people here.虽然艾伦小姐一辈子都没离开过这座岛，可她懂的却比岛上任何人都要多。(2)用让步状语从句陈述事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气，若
37、陈述把握不大或假设的事情时，谓语动词则用虚拟语气。I will not ask him to help even though he is willing to.即使他愿意帮忙，我也不会找他帮忙的。(3)在正式文体中，用as,though引导让步状语从句，常将从句的表语置于句首。Strange though/as it may sound,I was pleased it wasover.尽管听起来也许很奇怪，但我很高兴这都结束了。7引导方式状语从句的连词(1)英语中引导方式状语从句的连词常用的有as,as if,as though等。Please state the facts as the
38、y are.请实事求是地讲明这些真相。He speaks as if he is/were a drinker.他说起话来就像喝醉酒一样。(2)有时as if,as though后接非谓语动词形式作方式状语。He lifted his feet as if to go out.他抬了脚，似乎想出去。She stood there as if waiting for someone.她站在那儿好像在等什么人。The young man lay for several hours as thoughshocked.那个年轻人躺了好几个小时，好像休克了一样。(3)在非正式文体中，还可以用like作连
39、词引导方式状语。You try and do it like I do.你试着照我做的去做。8引导比较状语从句的连词引 导 比 较 状 语 从 句 的 连 词 有 as.as,not so.as,more.than,less.than，比较状语从句在不引起误解的情况下可省略重复部分，但有时则不能省略。He is as kind as his sister(is)他和他姐姐一样好心。(可省略)George dresses as neatly as John(does)乔治的穿着与约翰一样整齐。(可省略)The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.
40、(不能省略)那个女孩既聪明又漂亮。The windows are much wider than they are high.(不能省略)这些窗户的宽度大过其高度。(二)引导名词性从句的连词引导名词性从句的连词有三类：第一类是连接代词who,whose,whom,whoever,whatever,what,which等，它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语；第二类是连接副词when,where,how,why，它们在句中作状语；第三类是从属连词that,whether,if等它们在句中不作成分。Who wrote the novel is unknown.谁写了这部小说还不清楚。Whenever you act like that is against the law.无论什么时候你那么做都是违法的。It seems that he will not agree with us.他似乎不同意我们的意见。Whether he will go there is not known.还不知道他是否去那。I didnt know why he didnt come.我不知道他为什么没来。