1、专题三 代词一、one,it,that的用法区别1one替代单数名词，指代上文提到过的同类事物中的一个，但不是上文提到的那一个事物，相当于“a单数可数名词”；it替代前面提到的事物，请比较：I have lost my dictionary;Im looking for it.(句中it就是指前面的my dictionary)I have lost my dictionary;I think I must buy one.(one在该句中表示泛指，因为my dictionary已经丢了，不可能再买它了)2thatthe名词，替代特指的可数与不可数名词。The umbrella you boug
2、ht is cheaper than that Ibought.(that指代the umbrella)The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot.(that指代the water)典例(2011潍坊抽测，30)I just choose a simplerlifestyle,_ where I can ride my bike all over and donot have to make a great living to survive.Athat BitConeDanother解析：C。考查代词。句意：我只是选择了一种更简单的
3、生活方式，一种可以骑自行车，不必为生活而奔忙的生活方式。one是a simpler lifestyle的同位语。链接ones主要用于替代复数名词，表泛指；若是特指，则用those(相当于the ones)。If you havent got a big plate,two small ones will do.Todays libraries differ greatly from those of the past.Do you know the ones who have moved here recently?警示替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my o
4、ne(s),your one(s)等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。但是，如果one(s)前面有形容词，one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。My cheap radio seems to be just as good as Katesexpensive one.二、other,the other,others,the others,another的用法区别1other作定语，后接复数名词或不可数名词。There are other ways of doing this exercise.2the other(1)特指“两者之中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成“one.the
5、other.”。Miss Gao has a book in one hand,and a pen in theother.I have two books.One is an English book;theother(one/book)is a Chinese book.(2)修饰复数名词，表示“其余全部的”(特指某一范围中其他的人或事物)。Two boys will go to the zoo,and the other boys willstay at home.3others用作代词，泛指别的人或事物，常构成“some.others.”结构。Some people enjoy exe
6、rcise,others dont.She always thinks of other people/others and neverthinks of herself.4the others用作代词，特指其余的人或事物。theothers意思是“其他东西，其余的人”，相当于“theother复数名词”。特指某一范围内的“其他的人或物”。We five did cleaning yesterday.Lucy and I swept thefloors;the others cleaned the windows.5another(1)可作代词，也可作形容词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的另
7、一个，代替或修饰单数可数名词。I dont like this one.Show me another.Please give me another umbrella.This one is too old.(2)表示“又，再”(an additional person orthing)，在原来基础上的附加。常用于“another单数名词”或“another数词复数可数名词”。Have another drink and another of these cakes.Ill be here for another few weeks.Where shall we be in another t
8、en years?(3)另一，不同的人或事物We can do it another time.我们可以下次再做。(不是现在做)链接other,the other,others,the others,another的用法区别要把握好以下三点(关键词)：成分：哪些只可以作定语。数量：是指两者，还是指三者或三者以上。范围：有无特定的范围。点拨要结合句子结构判断：是否需要作定语的词。结合语境来判断：是否存在特定的范围。利用关键词来判断：是两者还是三者(以上)。典例1(2011苏北四市二调，31)We had a picnic lastterm and it was a lot of fun,so l
9、ets have _ one thismonth.Athe other BsomeCanotherDother解析：C。语意表示“我们这个月再去野餐一次吧”，表示“又一，另一”用another。典例2(2011衡阳八中第五次月考，24)I have donemuch of the work.Could you please finish _ in twodays?Athe restBthe otherCanotherDthe others解析：A。work是不可数名词，不能用the others代替；the rest既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。故答案为A。辨析some与any的区别s
10、ome一般用于肯定句；any一般用于否定句和疑问句。Have you got any oranges?I have some oranges.(No,I havent got any oranges.)在表示邀请、建议、反问、请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some而不用any。Would you like some coffee?链接表示“又，再”还可用“数词more复数可数名词”。We need another ten chairs.We need ten more chairs.我们还/另外需要十把椅子。三、none,no one,nothing的用法区别1none既可指人，也
11、可指物，后可接of短语，也可回答由how many,how much,which等引起的问句。(即涉及数量用none)Did any of your friends come to see you?你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗？None.一个也没来。How many English books have you read?你读过多少本英文书？None.一本也没读过。How much money did you give her?你给了她多少钱？None.一分也没给。2no one/nobody只能指人，其后不可接of短语，用来回答由who引起的问句。Who went to see the fil
12、m?谁去看电影了？No one/Nobody.谁也没去。3nothing只指物，后不可接of短语，可回答由what引起的问句。Whats in the box?盒子里有什么？Nothing.什么也没有。点拨解题时，要善于抓住题干中的关键词汇：表示数量的词(有时候借助语法手段来表示，如题干中用的最高级，表明数量是大于或等于三)；能够显示肯定或否定意义的词。四、all,none,both,either,neither的用法区别1all表示三者或三者以上的人或事物或表示抽象意义的“一切”。All of the boys went swimming yesterday.All goes well.2n
13、one表示三者或三者以上都不，none既可指人也可指物，其后通常接of短语；用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指可数名词，则谓语可用单数也可用复数。None of the money is mine.None of the food was left.None of the books is/are interesting.3both表示(两者)都；either表示两者之中任何一个；neither表示两者之中任何一个都不。On both sides of the road,therere a lot of trees.On either side of the road,there
14、re a lot of trees.(road只有“两边”)I asked Tom and Bob for help,but neither of themwould help me.点拨all,none,both,either,neither的用法区别关键点：一看数量：三者或三者以上用all/none；两者用either/neither/both。二看肯定还是否定：all/both表肯定；none表否定；not.eitherneither。典例(2011西城期末，21)We have two seats freehere.Which one would you like?_！My mothe
15、r is coming to see the film withme.ANoneBNeitherCAllDBoth解析：D 考查代词。根据题干中的two seats可排除A、C(这两项都用于指三者或三者以上)；neither指“两者都不”；both指“两者都”。根据答语中的第二句话可知D项符合语意，即两个座位都要。辨析each与every的区别each强调个别，而every则用来概括全体，与all相当。所以与almost,nearly连用时，可用every，不能用each。Almost every student in our class passed the Englishexam yest
16、erday.each指两者或者两者以上的“每一”，而every则指三者或三者以上的“每一”。There are lots of trees on each side of the road.every可用来表示“每隔”，而each不可。(1)“every基数词复数名词”；(2)“every序数词单数名词”；(3)“every other单数名词”表示“每隔一”；(4)“every few复数名词”表示“每隔几”。He visited his uncle every few days.Please write on every other line.every可以与not连用构成部分否定，意思是
17、“并不是/非所有人”，而each则不可以与not连用。Not everyone likes the film.五、it与this/that的区别下列情况下，只能使用it，不能用this/that。1作形式主语/宾语时。it可用作形式主语/宾语，而将真正的主语/宾语放在后面，真正的主语/宾语往往是不定式、动名词或从句。It is no use going there so early.(形式主语)He thought it no use going over the subject again.(形式宾语)He found it hard to get along with him.(形式宾语)
18、It is known to everybody that the moon travels aroundthe earth once every month.(形式主语)2强调句型中。It is Mary that has won the first place.It was they that(who)cleaned the classroom yesterday.It was in the street that I met her father.It was Mary that our teacher praised at the meetingyesterday.3某些动词(短语)后
19、不能直接跟宾语从句，需要用it作形式宾语，然后接宾语从句。这类动词(短语)有：hate,dislike,like,appreciate,depend on,see to等。Id appreciate it if you would like to teach me how touse the computer.You can depend on it that he will come to help you.链接指时间、距离、天气、温度等。Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.What time is it now?Its half pas
20、t nine.It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here.It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing.用于指性别不详、身份不明的人等。The child smiled when it saw its mother.指代前面整个句子的内容。Well,you mustnt play on the road.Its dangerous.it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。Its awfulIve got so much work;I dont know whereto start.典例(2011福建四地六校第三
21、次联考，22)_is known to us all is that the Chinese government hasspared no efforts to protect people from fake food.AAs BIt CThat DWhat解析：D。考查主语从句。what在这里引导主语从句，选D项。此题要注意分析句子结构，如果题目改为：_ is known to us all,the Chinese government hasspared no efforts to protect people from fake food.该句空处应用As,as引导非限制性定语从句；_ is knownto us all that the Chinese government has spared no effortsto protect people from fake food.该句空处则应用It,it作形式主语。