1、专题十 主谓一致与倒装句主谓一致谓语动词要与主语的人称和数相一致。通常所说一个句子主谓语一致，主要指三个基本原则：语法形式上一致、意义上一致及就近原则。一、主谓一致的基本原则1语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。The number of errors in your paper was surprising.你论文中的错误数量之多令人吃惊。Jane and Mary look a bit like.简和玛丽看起来有点相像。2意义上一致(1)主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。The crowd were running for
2、 their lives.人们为生活而奔波。形单意复的单词有：people,police,cattle,militia(国民自卫队)等。(2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news was very exciting.消息令人振奋。形复意单的单词有：news,works(工厂)和一些以ics结尾的学科名称如physics,politics,economics等。3就近原则就近原则指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。Among the boys,one or two are able to jump 1.6meters.在这些男孩中，有一两个人能跳过1.6米
3、。Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.要么你，要么简将被派往新西兰。二、主谓一致的各种情形(一)并列结构作主语1由and连接的主语(1)当两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。Leech and Bella were here a moment ago.里奇和贝拉刚才还在这儿。My brother and I have both seen the film.我兄弟和我都看过这部电影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.水稻和小麦在中国这个地区均可种植
4、。(2)当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。The singer and composer is coming to our school.那位歌唱家兼作曲家将来我们学校。Bread and butter is often served for breakfast in ourrestaurant.我们饭店早点经常供应奶油面包。Pork and Chinese cabbage is one of my favouritedishes.猪肉炒大白菜是我最爱吃的菜之一。(3)两个并列名词由each,every,many a,no,
5、more thanone等词或短语修饰时，谓语一般用单数。Each doctor and each nurse was sent for.所有的医生和护士都被请来了。Many a boy and(many a)girl has made the samemistake.许多男孩和女孩都犯了同样的错误。No teacher and no student agrees to have classes onSunday.教师和同学都不同意星期天上课。2not.but,not only.but also,either.or,neither.nor,or以上并列连词连接主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应该和接
6、近它的主语一致。Neither Mary nor her parents were invited to the party.玛丽和她的父母都没有被邀请参加晚会。Not only his family but also he likes Bonds movies.他和他的家人都喜欢邦德的电影。Either your students or Mr.Wallace knows this.你的学生或华莱士先生知道这事。(二)集合名词作主语1谓语动词只能用复数的情况有些集体名词如people,cattle,police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。Traffic police ar
7、e always very busy,especially at busystreets.交通警察总是十分忙碌，特别是在繁忙的街道。2谓语动词的单复数视主语含义而定的情况集合名词group,class,family,army,enemy等作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调个体，谓语动词则用复数形式。My family is a large one.我的家是一个大家庭。The family are sitting at the breakfast table.(指家庭成员)全家人都坐在早餐桌旁。Our group are reading the newspapers.(指组内成员)
8、我们组的人都在看报纸。This group is having a meeting.这个组正在开会。The army is going to remain in this town.军队将继续驻扎在这个镇里。The army have rescued the travelers.(指部队中的官兵)官兵们救出了那些游客。(三)不定代词作主语1谓语动词只用单数的情况不 定 代 词 anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,noone,nobody,nothing,each,the
9、 other等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Is anybody going to tell him the news?会有人去告诉他这个消息吗？There is nobody in the house.这间屋子里没有人。Everything is ready.万事俱备。/一切准备妥当。Someone wants to see you.有人要见你。2谓语动词单、复数均可的情况neither of,either of后接复数名词时谓语动词用单复数均可，用复数较正式，若替代不可数名词时，只看作单数。neither作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。none作主语时，如果指人或可数的物，谓语动词单
10、复数均可，若指不可数名词，谓语用单数。None of them has/have arrived yet.他们一个人也没到。Neither of them knows/know the answer.他们俩都不知道答案。None of this money is mine.这钱不是我的。Neither statement was true.两个陈述都不真实。(四)主语后接说明的修饰语主语后接说明主语的修饰语，如用with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in ad
11、dition to与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。The old man,along with his grandson,has to speed uphis steps.和孙子一道走的那位老人不得不加快脚步。Anna,together with his parents,is going to New York.安娜将随她的父母去纽约。French,as well as English,is taught in our school.我们学校开英语课也开法语课。(五)表“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”、“重量”的复数名词作主语表“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”、“重量
12、”的复数名词用作主语时，表示单位数量通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数。Twenty dollars isnt enough to buy the book.买这本书20美元不够。Ten miles isnt long.十英里并不长。Five times five is twentyfive.5乘以5得25。One and a half apples is lying on the plate.盘子里有一个半苹果。注意如果强调数量，谓语动词可用复数。One hundred cents make a dollar.100美分就是一美元。More than fifty years have passed
13、 since they gotmarried.他们夫妻共同走过了50多年。(六)疑问代词作主语疑问代词who,what,which作主语时，要根据说话人所要表达的意思决定谓语动词的单、复数。Who lives next door?It is Edward John.谁住在隔壁？是约翰爱德华德。Who live next door?It is Tom and Jack.谁住在隔壁？汤姆和杰克。Which is(are)your book(s)?哪本(些)是你的书？What produce(s)heat?什么产生热量？(七)含有修饰语的名词作主语1谓语动词单复数依所修饰的中心词而定的情况“分数或百
14、分数名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,some,a heap of,heapsof,half of名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。Lots of damage was caused by fire.大量的危害是由火引起的。Three fifths of the workers here are women.在这儿3/5的工人是女性。A large quantity of people are needed h
15、ere.这儿需要大量的人。典例(2011湖南卷，26)Onethird of the country_ coveredwith trees and the majority of thecitizens _ black people.Ais;are Bis;isCare;areDare;is解析：A 本题考查主谓一致。句意：这个国家的森林覆盖面积占国土面积的三分之一并且大多数市民都是黑人。“分数词名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于名词的形式；“the majority of复数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词通常用复数形式。2谓语动词用复数的情况(large)quantities of修饰可数
16、或不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。a number of修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数。large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.这座桥花了很多钱。Quantities of food(nuts)were on the table.许多食物(坚果)在桌上。注意但是，“the number of名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：The number of the key is 805.这个钥匙的号码是805。A number of ques
17、tions were asked in the computercompany yesterday.昨天该计算机公司问了许多问题。3谓语动词用单数的情况a great deal of,a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。表示数量的one anda half后接名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A large amount of/A great deal of damage was done ina very short time.短时间内已产生了大量的危害。One and a half bananas is left o
18、n the table.在桌子上有一个半香蕉。(八)the形容词(过去分词)作主语如果主语为“the形容词(或过去分词)”结构，表示人时谓语通常用复数：the brave,the poor,the rich,theblind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf anddumb,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,theunemployed等，但也有少数过去分词与定冠词连用时，用以指个体，这时则用单数；表示物时，谓语用单数。The young are able to create their own f
19、uture.年轻人能够创造自己的未来。The new is sure to replace the old.新事物一定会替代旧事物的。The wounded are taken good care of in the hospital.伤员在医院里受到精心护理。The departed was a wellknown engineer.这名死者是位很知名的工程师。(九)非谓语动词、从句作主语1非谓语动词作主语单独的非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数，用连接词连接多个非谓语动词作主语表达不同概念时用复数，表达同一概念时用单数。Persuading him to join us seems re
20、ally hard.劝他加入我们似乎很难。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是个好习惯。To work and to live are two different things but theyare always together.工作和生活是两件不同的事，但它们永远相伴。2从句作主语由what引导的主语从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。What we need is more time.我们需要的是更多的时间。What we need are doctors.
21、我们需要的是医生。(十)There/Here be句型的主谓一致由there或here引导的句子，主语不止一个词时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。There is a lamp,two pens and three books on the desk.桌子上有一盏台灯、两支钢笔和三本书。Here are some envelopes and paper for you.这些是给你的信封和纸。There are fifteen kids and an adult playing in thestadium.体育馆内有十五个孩子和一个大人在玩。(十一)定语从句的主谓一致1关系代词作主语的一般
22、情况关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go to Quebec please sign yournames here.想去魁北克的人请到这儿来签名。Some of the energy that is used by man comes from thesun.人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。2句中有one of结构时(1)在“one of复数名词who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形
23、式。He is one of the boy students who are always ready tohelp others.他是乐于助人的男生之一。(2)但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。He is the only one of the students who comes from thesouth.他是唯一来自南方的学生。倒装句一、部分倒装与全部倒装要用好倒装句，必须清楚何时用部分倒装，何时用全部倒装。1下列情况中用全部倒装：全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。常见的结构有：(1
24、)在以副词here,there,up,down,out,away,in等开头的句子中。Here comes the bus.Out rushed Mr.Smith,with a stick in his hand.(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语且主语为名词时。In front of the classroom stands a tall tree.(3)代词such放在句首，句子的谓语动词是be时。Such were the facts.(4)分词/形容词放在句首，句子的谓语动词是be，主语是名词时。Seated on the ground are a group of old peop
25、le.Present at the meeting were some famous professors.2下列情况下用部分倒装：部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需要添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。常见的结构有：(1)“so形容词/副词”置于句首时要倒装。So moved was he that he couldnt say a word.(2)用在以so,nor,neither开头的句子，表示前面所述的情况也适用于另一个人或事物。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”；nor,neither用于否定句，表示“同
26、样也不”。句型是：So(Nor/Neither)be/助动词/情态动词主语。He didnt see the film yesterday.Neither/Nor did I.(3)在以never,little,hardly,nowhere,not,seldom等否定意义的副词开头的句子中，使用部分倒装。Little does he care about what others think.Never shall I forget it.典 例 (2011 福 建 卷，29)Its nice.Never before_ such a special drink!Im glad you like
27、 it.AI have hadBI hadChave I hadDhad I解析：C。本题考查倒装与动词时态。句意：太好喝了。我以前从未喝到这么特别的饮料！。你能喜欢我很高兴。否定词never置于句首，句子需用部分倒装，排除A，B两项，又由时间状语before可知，句子要用现在完成时，故C项正确。(4)当only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。Only by practicing more will you be able to improveyour spoken English.Only then did I realize that I was wrong.(5)not un
28、til.位于句首作状语时。Not until I had read your letter did I understand thetruth.(6)在否定结构not only.but also.,hardly.when.,nosooner.than.中，把not only.,hardly.,no sooner.置于句首时。Hardly had I got to school when the first bell rang.(7)某些含有no的词组，如in no way,by no means,atno time,on no condition等位于句首时。In no way can you
29、 leave freely.你决不能随便离开。警示若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词不倒装。Here it is.Out he rushed,with a book in his hand.not until.位于句首作状语时，主句使用部分倒装，until部分不倒装。牢记如果是肯定前面所说的情况，前后两句的主语是同一个人或事物时，主谓不倒装，其句型是：so主语be/助动词/情态动词。He is a good teacher.So he is.We all love him.如果only后的成分不是状语，则不倒装。Only Lin Tao knows this.Only the teachers are allowed to use the room.链接in no time(立刻)所在的句子不倒装。In no time he got home.