1、解题攻略5 篇章结构题篇章结构题主要是针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置的问题。即高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方式理解文章的结构；二是按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。因此这类题的解题思路也分为两种，如图所示：【使用说明】1文章的段落组织通常采用总分；分总；总分总的框架；2.内容的展开则常用以下手法：时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展情况；空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序进行描写或说明；例证关系：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等；对比或类比关系：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。1按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构示例(
2、2015陕西阅读理解 C 节选)1The production of coffee beans is a huge,profitable business,but,unfortunately,full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of cert
3、ain animals and birds,and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance.2On a local level,the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the areas birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种)that depend on the trees flowers and fruits.Fu
4、ll-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result,many species are quickly dying out.3On a more global level,the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life,and the destruction of
5、 such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition,new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally,and eventually the worlds groundwater.4Both locally and globally,the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations(种植园)could mean the destructio
6、n of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate,and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover,the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的)soil conditions.5It is
7、obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life,from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible,although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more tha
8、n an inexpensive cup of coffee.57Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?方法运用：适用方法一：(1)通读全文，把握段落大意文章第一段提出咖啡豆种植方式转变，产生危害；接下来三段都是分别阐述了具体的危害；最后一段回扣话题，呼吁人们重视环境。(2)确定文章组织框架文章结构为“总分总”式，所以选择A项。2按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构示例(2015重庆阅读理解D节选)1There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物)in Africa,b
9、ut riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys.2Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure,providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses,profe
10、ssional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.3The morning ride,when the guides take you to beautiful,shallow lakes full of water lilies,tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing
11、 water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face,it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals,too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants,giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels
12、 rise suddenly though,as does your heart rate,as you move closer to them.4In the evening,rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace,with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are,rides at this time of day are still v
13、ery impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses,the romance of Africa comes to life.5Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day,you will find ithard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever
14、 come to answering the call of the wild.51The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by _.A.following space orderB.following time orderC.making classificationsD.giving examples方法运用：适用方法二：详读全文，可以看出文章是根据The morning ride,In the evening,Back at the camp的时间顺序来介绍骑马观赏野生动物的。故选B
15、项。随堂训练ADo you ever pull your phone out of your pocket,thinking it is vibrating(振动),only to find that it isnt?This phenomenon,which scientists call“phantom(幻觉的)phone vibration”，is very common.Around 80%of people surveyed say they have imagined their phones vibrating when they were actually still.So,w
16、hat leads to this universal behavior?According to the BBC,the explanation lies in your brains ability to discover signals from the outside world.When your phone is in your pocket,there are two possible states:it is either vibrating or not.Meanwhile,you also have two possible states of mind:the judgm
17、ent that the phone is vibrating,or that it isnt.Ideally,you match the four states correctly.However,sometimes your brain decides that the consequences of missing a call are more serious than a“false alarm”.Therefore,you become more sensitive to vibrations so that you dont miss anything.This is just
18、like the fire alarm in your homeit can be annoying when it goes off in response to just a tiny bit of smoke.But thats a small price to pay compared to a fire really breaking out because the alarm fails to alert you.Now,you might still ask:why cant our brains just make every judgment correctly withou
19、t being too sensitive to false signals?The answer is that your brain bears a heavy burden every day.“You get a large amount of sensory information thats coming fromyour eyes,ears and skin,and you cant deal with all that information all the time，”Michael Rothberg,a researcher at Baystate Medical Cent
20、er in Springfield,US,told Live Science.For example,the rustling(沙沙声)of clothing or the growling(咕咕声)of your stomach may both lead your brain to believe that they come from the vibration of your phoneit is like trying to hear your name being called in a noisy room.So,perhaps you should just check you
21、r phone whenever you think its vibrating.Its not too much trouble to do that,is it?1.According to this passage,phantom phone vibration _.A.is common among people with mental problemsB.can measure peoples ability to collect informationC.happens when our brains react sensitively to false signalsD.help
22、s our brains to make quick and accurate decisions2.According to Michael Rothberg,which is mainly responsible for phantom phone vibration?A.A noisy background.B.A lack of much attention.C.A heavy burden every day.D.An overflow of sensory information.3.Why is the fire alarm used as an example in this
23、passage?A.To help us understand the cause of phantom phone vibration better.B.To show us the fire alarm is as sensitive as the phone vibration.C.To tell us the phone vibration usually happens when a fire breaks out.D.To convince us its important to check our phones like checking a fire alarm.4.What
24、does the author suggest we do about phantom phone vibration?A.We should always fully believe our own sense of listening.B.We should just check our phones whenever we think theyre vibrating.C.We should ignore the vibration bothering when our phones are actually still.D.We should think of the vibratio
25、n carefully before we make correct judgments.【语篇解读】本文首先指出手机振动幻觉是一种很常见的社会现象。之后结合相关调查研究，从心理和大脑的神经反应层面解释了发生这一现象的原因。1解析：细节理解题。BBC指出，手机振动幻觉这一常见行为可以用大脑对外界信号的探测能力来解释谈及大脑神经的感觉与手机的振动状态的匹配，由此不难推断手机振动幻觉是大脑神经与错误信息的匹配，因此答案选C。答案：C2解析：细节理解题。从中可知大脑需要处理来自不同感官的各种信息，敏感信息过多，所以才导致失误。答案：D3解析：推理判断题。文中列举火灾报警的例子是为了解释说明引起手机振
26、动幻觉原因，因此答案选A。答案：A4解析：细节理解题。作者给出的建议就是只要感觉手机在振动就检查一下，此题难度不大。答案：BBJanelle was running late for work,so she just had time for a quick look at herself in the mirror as she was going out.What she saw there made her stop dead in her tracks.Being a busy college student just one year removed from her teenage
27、 years,she wasnt exactly obsessive-compulsive(有强迫观念和行为的)about the neatness of her clothes.But her boss at the restaurant where she works saw things a little differently.He had recently lectured the entire staff on the importance of appearance,and had specifically mentioned the need for servers to we
28、ar clean,unwrinkled blouses.As an assistant manager,Janelle felt it was important to set an example for the other employees.But if she stopped to iron the blouse normally,she would be late and work without delay was an area of even greater concern to her boss.So she grabbed her iron and plugged it i
29、n and set it for low heat.Carefully holding her blouse away from her body,she continued to iron it while she was wearing it.It seemed like a logical answer to an urgent problem.And it seemed to be working until Janelle tried to iron the collar and accidentally ironed her neck by mistake.Then it sudd
30、enly seemed like a really stupid idea and a really painful one as well.It took moretime to treat her burn than it would have taken to iron her shirt properly.And she spent a miserable shift dealing with the pain of the burn.Weve all been there,havent we?For me it was cutting my own hair.For a former
31、 roommate it was trying to pull his own wisdom teeth.For another college acquaintance,it was trying to change the oil in his car while the motor was still running.“Theres a right way and a wrong way of doing things，”Dad used to tell me whenever Id spoil the look of our yard by trying out a faster,ea
32、sier and more creative way of pulling weeds or edging the lawn.“If a thing is worth doing，”he said,“its worth doing it right.”Theres a reason why certain things are done in certain ways.Those old,boring,predictable ways work.1.Janelle found in the mirror that _.A.there were stains on her blouseB.her
33、 blouse was wrinkledC.she wore heavy makeup D.she put on a wrong blouse2.Its learned from Paragraph 2 that _.A.Janelle had no sense of responsibility at workB.Janelle failed to set an example for employees in daily workC.Janelle didnt care about the neatness of her clothes at allD.Janelles boss put
34、doing something on time above appearance3.What can we infer from the fifth paragraph?A.We all have done loads of things like Janelle.B.We are careful enough in daily life.C.We all have done something creative.D.We all have tried to iron clothes while we are wearing them.4.What does the author mainly
35、 want to tell readers in the last paragraph?A.Be creative.B.A bad beginning makes a bad ending.C.Stick to old ways.D.Do things right.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述Janelle一天早上上班前发生的事情，结合作者父亲的话语，告诫读者如果一件事情值得做，那就应该把事情做好。1解析：细节理解题。她照镜子时发现衬衣有皱褶，由此不难确定答案为B。答案：B2解析：细节理解题。他的老板很注重外表，但更注重时间观念，归纳即可得出答案为D选项。答案：D3解析：推理判断题。文章第五段列举了作者及身边的人，诸如Janelle所做的事情，由此选项A正确。答案：A4解析：主旨大意题。抓住文章中父亲的话语意思可知：值得做的事情就值得做好，意即事情要么不做，做就应该做好。答案：D