1、How Sociologists Define CultureCulture is one of the most important concepts within sociology because sociologists recognize that it plays a crucial role in our social lives. It is important for shaping social relationships, maintaining and challenging social order, determining how we make sense of
2、the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and experiences in society. 36 In brief, sociologists define the non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language, communication and practices that are shared in common by a group of people. Expanding on these cate
3、gories, culture is made up of our knowledge, common sense, assumptions and expectations. It is also the rules, norms, laws and morals that govern society; the words we use as well as how we speak and write them; and the symbols we use to express meaning, ideas and concepts. 37 It informs and is enca
4、psulated in how we walk, sit, carry our bodies and interact with others; how we behave depending on the place, time and audience; and how we express identities of race, class and gender, among others. Culture includes the collective practices we participate in as well, such as religious ceremonies,
5、the celebration of secular holidays and attending sporting events. 38 This aspect of culture includes a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets and clothing, to film, music, literature and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to as cultural
6、products.Sociologists see the two sides of culture the material and non-material as closely connected. Material culture emerges from and is shaped by the non-material aspects of culture. 39 But it is not a one-way relationship between material and non-material culture. Material culture can also infl
7、uence the non-material aspects of culture. For example, a powerful documentary film might change peoples attitudes and beliefs. 40 What has come before in terms of music, film, television and art, for example, influences the values, beliefs and expectations of those who interact with them, which the
8、n, in turn, influence the creation of additional cultural products.A. This is why culture products tend to follow patterns.B. It is composed of both non-material and material things.C. Without culture, we would not have relationships or society.D. Culture is also what we do and how we behave and per
9、form.E. Material culture is composed of the things that humans make and use.F. Culture is distinct from social structure and economic aspects of society.G. In other words, what we value, believe and know influences the things that we make.Autumn Equinox(秋分), the 16th solar term of the year, lies at
10、the midpoint of autumn, (divide) autumn into two equal parts. After that day, the location of direct sunlight (move) to the south, making days shorter and nights longer in the northern hemiphere. Since the Autumn Equinox, most of the areas in China have entered the cool autumn. the cold air southwar
11、d meets the declining warm and wet air, precipitation(降水) is the result.As (say) in the ancient book, The Detailed Records of the Spring and Autumn Period(770 476 BC), It is on the Autumn Equinox day that the Yin and Yang are in a balance of power. Thus the day and night are of equal length, and are
12、 the cold and hot weather. In South China, there is a custom (popular) known as having Qiucai(autumn vegetable) on the Autumn Equinox day. Every Autumn Equinox day, all the villagers go to pick Qiucai in the wild, which is taken back and made into soup with fish, (name) Qiutang(autumn soup). On Autu
13、mn Equinox day, there are thousands of people in the world trying to make eggs stand end. According to (expert), on the Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox, the earths axis(轴), on its 66.5 degree tilt, is in a relative balance of power with the earths orbit around the sun. Thus it is an (easy) time fo
14、r people to practice the game.BDEGAHow Sociologists Define CultureCulture is one of the most important concepts within sociology because sociologists recognize that it plays a crucial role in our social lives. It is important for shaping social relationships, maintaining and challenging social order
15、, determining how we make sense of the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and experiences in society. 36B In brief（简而言之）, sociologists define the non-material（非物质） aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language, communication and practices that are shared in commo
16、n by a group of people. Expanding on these categories, culture is made up of our knowledge, common sense 常识, assumptions and expectations. It is also the rules, norms规范, laws and morals that govern society; the words we use as well as how we speak and write them; and the symbols we use to express me
17、aning, ideas and concepts. 37D（强调文化内涵） It（确定主语为culture） informs and is encapsulated in how we walk, sit, carry our bodies and interact with others; how we behave depending on the place, time and audience; and how we express identities of race, class and gender, among others. Culture includes the col
18、lective practices we participate in as well, such as religious ceremonies, the celebration of secular holidays and attending sporting events.（非物质的方面） 38E This aspect of culture(文化的这个方面) includes（包括） a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets and clothing, to film, music, literat
19、ure and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to as cultural products.（物质的方面）Sociologists see the two sides of culture the material and non-material as closely connected. Material culture emerges from and is shaped by（被塑造）【明确了非物质文化的主控地位】 the non-material aspects o
20、f culture. 39G But it is not a one-way（物质也可影响非物质） relationship between material and non-material culture. Material culture can also influence the non-material aspects of culture. For example, a powerful documentary（有影响力的） film might change peoples attitudes and beliefs. 40A What has come before in t
21、erms of music, film, television and art, for example, influences the values, beliefs and expectations of those who interact with them, which then, in turn, influence the creation of additional cultural products.A. This is why culture products（实在的产品） tend to follow patterns.B. It is composed of both
22、non-material and material things.(中间两段讲非物质和物质，明确总分总结构)C. Without culture, we would not have relationships or society.（虚拟语气）D. Culture is also what we do and how we behave and perform.E. Material culture is composed of（由组成） the things that humans make and use.F. Culture is distinct from（与不同） social s
23、tructure and economic aspects of society.G. In other words, what we value, believe and know influences the things that we make.（体现非物质等虚物影响物质等现物）Autumn Equinox(秋分), the 16th solar term of the year, lies at the midpoint of autumn, dividing (divide) autumn into two equal parts. After that day, the loca
24、tion of direct sunlight moves (move) to the south, making days shorter and nights longer in the northern hemiphere. Since the Autumn Equinox, most of the areas in China have entered the cool autumn. When/As the cold air southward meets the declining warm and wet air, precipitation(降水) is the result.
25、 As is said (say) in the ancient book, The Detailed Records of the Spring and Autumn Period(770 476 BC), It is on the Autumn Equinox day that the Yin and Yang are in a balance of power. Thus the day and night are of equal length, and so are the cold and hot weather. In South China, there is a custom
26、 popularly (popular) known as having Qiucai(autumn vegetable) on the Autumn Equinox day. Every Autumn Equinox day, all the villagers go to pick Qiucai in the wild, which is taken back and made into soup with fish, named (name) Qiutang(autumn soup). On Autumn Equinox day, there are thousands of peopl
27、e in the world trying to make eggs stand on end. According to experts (expert), on the Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox, the earths axis(轴), on its 66.5 degree tilt, is in a relative balance of power with the earths orbit around the sun. Thus it is an easier (easy) time for people to practice the g
28、ame.（1）dividing.考查现在分词。空格处是非谓语部分，主语Autumn Equinox 和divide之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词。故填dividing。（2）moves.考查时态。句意秋分之后，阳光直射位置继续南移，北半球昼短夜长。陈述的是自然界的客观规律，应该用一般现在时，主语是单数，谓语动词应该用三单形式。故填moves。（3）When/As.考查状语从句。句意当向南移动的冷空气遇到下降的暖湿空气时，就会下雨空格处应是引导从句的连词，表示当时，可以用when或as，句首单词首字母大写。故填When/As。（4）is said.考查被动语态。句意据古书春秋繁露（公元前770到
29、476年）记载秋分者，阴阳相伴也，故昼夜均而寒暑平。句中含有as引导的非限制性定语从句， as是关系代词， 代指后面的内容， 和say之间是被动关系， 所以用被动语态，陈述的是自然界的客观规律，应该用一般现在时，主语是单数，be动词用is。故填is said。（5）so.考查连词固定句式。句意-记载秋分者，阴阳相伴也，故昼夜均而寒暑平。根据句意，该处表示也一样，用固定句式so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语，故填so。（6）popularly.考查副词。句意中国南方，逢秋分有吃秋菜的习俗。分析句子结构可知，空格处修饰后面的分词known，所以用副词形式。故填popularly。（7）expe
30、rts.考查名词复数。experts意为“专家、行家”，根据语境可知专家没有特指某一人，应该用复数形式。故填experts。（8）named.考查过去分词。句意每到秋分这天，全村人都去野外采摘秋菜，秋菜采回家，与鱼片煮汤，名曰秋汤。空格处作后置定语，前面的名词soup with fish和name之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填named。（9）on.考查介词。句意秋分这天，世界各地成千上万的人在做竖蛋试验。stand on end 固搭，意为使.倒立（10）easier.考查形容词比较级。句意因此，人们更容易练习游戏。由于自然现象，呈66.5度倾斜的地轴与地球日公转的轨道平面处于一种力的相对平衡状态，因此，有助于鸡蛋竖立起来，鸡蛋倒立更容易，所以用比较级。故填easier。
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