1、Unit 4 单元主题语篇训练APeople are less willing to rely on their knowledge and say they know something when they have access (接近) to the Internet, suggesting that our connection to the web is affecting how we think.Professor Evan Risko, of the Department of Psychology at the University of Waterloo, led a re
2、cent study where the team asked about 100 participants (参与者) a series of generalknowledge questions, such as naming the capital of France.For half of the study, participants had access to the Internet.They had to look up the answer when they responded that they did not know the answer.In the other h
3、alf of the study, participants did not have access to the Internet.The team found that the people who had access to the web were about 5 percent more likely to say that they did not know the answer to the question.Furthermore, in some cases, the people with access to the Internet reported feeling as
4、 though they knew less compared to the people without access.“With the popularity of the Internet, we are almost frequently connected to large amounts of information.And when that data is within reach, people seem less likely to rely on their own knowledge，” said Professor Risko.Studying the results
5、, the researchers thought that access to the Internet might make it less acceptable to say you know something but are incorrect.It is also possible that participants were more likely to say they didnt know an answer when they had access to the web because online searching offers an opportunity to co
6、nfirm their answer, and the process of finding out the answer is rewarding.“Our results suggest that access to the Internet affects the decisions we make about what we know and dont know，” said Risko.“We hope this research helps us understand how easy access to large amounts of information can influ
7、ence our thinking and behaviour.”语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们现在更多地是依靠互联网获取知识，而不是依赖自身掌握的知识。这说明了互联网在影响着人们的思想，人们也越来越依靠互联网。1The study by Professor Risko shows that _.Awe are easily cheated by the webBthe web is making our life harderCwe are becoming dependent on the webDthe web helps us make correct decision
8、s解析：选C推理判断题。根据倒数第三段可知，Risko教授的研究表明人们越来越依靠互联网。2What do we know about the questions asked in the study?AThey were funny.BThey were simple.CThey were personal. DThey were difficult.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“generalknowledge questions”可知，这些问题非常简单。3In the study, the participants with access to the web _.Amad
9、e more progressBshowed less confidenceCgave wrong answersDshowed more optimism解析：选B推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，能使用互联网的人不如那些不能使用互联网的人对自己有信心。4What does the word “data” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AGoal. BDream.CDistance. DInformation.解析：选D词义猜测题。画线部分的上句提到，随着互联网的普及人们能够频繁地接触到大量的信息，由此可推知，data指的是上一句提到的information。BW
10、hen you hear about someone getting hacked (非法入侵), theres a good chance it started with an email.The trick is called phishing (网络钓鱼) and it relies on an unsuspecting someone clicking on a link in his or her mail, inviting the hackers inside.If you use email, youve already met phishing in its simple f
11、orms.Today, however, phishing comes in many more tricky forms.It relies on hackers sending you a message that looks it is from someone you know or trust for instance, your bank or a friend or your email provider.This form of phishing is so effective because people will let their guard down if they t
12、hink an email is from a known company or their boss.As a result, they are much more likely to click on a link that gives hackers a way into their mailbox.This is what happened to John Podesta, the head of the Democratic National Committee, who clicked on a link he thought was from Google, and let ou
13、t sensitive political emails.In the same way, hackers obtained private photos of celebrities (名人) like Kate Upton and Jennifer Lawrence by sending them password reset requests that appeared to be from Apple.And its not just famous people.More and more, hackers are targeting company employees with em
14、ails that appear to be from their boss.Or they will get into one persons email and send messages to everyone in the contact list with a doubtful link.Once again, because the email is from a known sender, people are more likely to fall for it.So how can you avoid being caught in a phishing trap? As f
15、or individuals, there are often ways to tell that an email is a phishing attempt.For instance, misspelling or wrong grammar is a big giveaway (泄露)And the document or that the hackers want you to click will usually show something strange such as extra letters.If you see any of these red flags (危险信号),
16、 delete the email or find another way to check if the sender is real.But the biggest defense to phishing is common sense.Ask yourself, for instance, why youre getting an email to reset your password suddenly.Or be doubtful about an email that appears to be from a friend or family member asking you t
17、o click on a random link.In a word, we cant defeat phishing altogether because it relies on human_nature and our natural curiosity.Thats what makes it so effective and so dangerous.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种网络诈骗手段：网络钓鱼，并提供了防御之法。5. How do hackers steal peoples information through phishing? AThey mainly se
18、nd emails in the name of the boss.BThey ask people to leave their information in the email.CThey let people click on a link that looks like from a reliable source.DThey send messages with spelling mistakes to draw peoples attention.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“they are much more likely to click on a link that
19、 gives hackers a way into their mailbox”可知，黑客是通过让人们点击看起来来自可靠来源的链接来偷取他人信息的。6The author takes the celebrities as an example to indicate that _.Aits the easiest to cheat celebritiesBphishing is very hard to be seen through Ccelebrities are the main targets of hackersDeveryone can fall in a trap in term
20、s of phishing解析：选D推理判断题。根据第三段的内容及第四段的前两句可推知，作者以名人为例是想暗示每个人都可能落入网络钓鱼的圈套。7Which is the best way to free yourself from a phishing trap?ADont believe what your friends say.BDelete any link labeled with red flags.CNever click on any link youre asked to.DNever do what youre asked to but is groundless.解析：选
21、D细节理解题。根据第六段的内容可推知，避免落入网络钓鱼圈套的最好方法是不要去做一些被要求做的可疑的事情。8What does the underlined part “human nature” refer to?APeople trust others readily.BHumans are greedy for interests.CHumans much value personal feelings.DPeople have a curiosity about the unknown.解析：选A指代关系题。结合文中提到的黑客会以朋友、上司、知名公司、银行或电邮服务商的名义发邮件，以博取
22、人们的信任，从而使人们上当可推知，这里所说的人性是指人们爱轻信他人。CFiveyearold Prisilla Perez, a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis, was unhappy with her recent haircut, which resulted from a severe disease. When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in sch
23、ool.Her teacher, Shannon Grimm, sympathized with her unhappiness. Grimm and Prisillas mom were concerned, but their ideas didnt work. “We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair, and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，” Grimm said. “How
24、ever, it wasnt sinking in.”Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break, and one morning, she had an idea: Cut off her hair a scary thought for Grimm, who wore her hair long and took pride in it. “Ive never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，”
25、she said. On Jan. 4, Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home. “I told him to keep going, even if I cried，” she said.The class loved their teachers new do, especially Prisilla, who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling, “Mom, Ms Grimm cut her hair！” The teacher also bought ma
26、tching bows for herself and the girl, so they could style their hair together.In February, the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school districts Student of the Month Award, but during the Monday ceremony, she received a surprise “hero medal” from the girl. “Now we have matching awards，” says Gri
27、mm.Prisillas mother, Maria, said that Grimms thoughtfulness brought her to tears. “I was shocked. I was crying. I couldnt believe it she did something I wouldnt have the bravery to do. I will never forget that.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，Grimm老师为了安慰她也剪短了自己的头发，这让Prisilla和她的母亲很感动。9Why w
28、as Prisilla unhappy at school?AShe wasnt satisfied with her teacher.BShe couldnt concentrate in class.CShe was laughed at by her classmates.DShe couldnt get on well with others.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy . losing focus in school.”可知，Prisilla在学校不开心是因
29、为她被同学嘲笑。10What made Grimm have her own hair cut?APraise from her students.BDevotion to her students.CRequest of Prisillas mother.DSuggestion from the hairstylist.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla . she had an idea: Cut off her hair”可推知，Grimm老师出于对学生的关爱剪短了头发。11What can we know about
30、 Grimm?AShe had her hair cut together with Prisilla.BShe expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils.CShe hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.DShe won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision”可知，Grimm老师剪短头发之前很
31、犹豫。12What is the text mainly about?AHow Grimm helped her student out.BWhat problem Prisilla had at school.CWhy Prisilla won the Month Award.DWhen Grimm got her new hairstyle.解析：选A主旨大意题。阅读全文可知，文章主要讲了Grimm老师为了帮助受短头发困扰的学生走出困境也剪短了自己的头发的故事，故A项正确。tips “两关注”“一防范”破解间接信息题间接细节理解题相对于直接细节理解题要难些，因为此类题目的正确选项都经过了命
32、题人对原文信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。解答间接细节理解题时要仔细阅读题干，通过题干和选项中的关键词及其所提供的信息从原文中找到相应的信息(即定位)，然后把选项中的信息与原文中的信息进行比较和分析，准确理解，作出选择。在做间接细节理解题时，要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和句型结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的归纳和概括。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的迷惑性，错误选项常使用诸如张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、断章取义、颠倒是非、正误参半等方式来造成句意的改变。例如上文第9题中选项C中的was laughed at，是对文章信息When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy的同义替换，同时要防范错选曲解文意的D项。