1、语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(apposit
2、ive)八种,它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚,各司其职,共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界”。一、主语习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。例1(2017浙江11月高考语法填空).and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement, _ mean
3、s youll just keep getting better and better.分析which空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词which。练1(2018浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析: who/that分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,
4、且在从句中作主语, 所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。二、谓语坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。Her father works in Nanjing.2复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。They must have finished their tasks.例2(2017全国卷语法填空)Later, engineers _ (manage) to construct railways in a syste
5、m of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.分析managed空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词,根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时,且engineers与manage之间为主动关系,故填managed。练2(2018浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine _ (be) in your first Coke.解析:was本空在句中充当谓语动词,为主系表结构;主语是“Caffeine”,为
6、不可数名词,再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时,所以应填was。三、宾语一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。1双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)2复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)Doctors often advise
7、 us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语;“to pay more attention . regular examinations”为宾语补足语)例3(2017全国卷语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants _(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.分析to prove根据句子结构可知,此
8、处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。练3(2018浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause _ (they) to stay awake almost all night.解析:them分析句子结构可知,空格处在从句中作cause的宾语,故用其宾格形式them。四、表语最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分
9、词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。例4(2017全国卷语法填空)However, be_ (care) not to go to extremes.分析careful句意:小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。练4(2018浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be _ (afford) but doing this most days adds up. 解析:affordable每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起,但经常在外面吃钱
10、就会增加,空处作表语,故填affordable。五、定语鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。例5(2017浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a _(shine) object.分析shiny/shining分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object,故应用形容词形式
11、。shiny“发光的”,shining“发光的,发亮的”。练5(2016四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something _ (eat)! 解析:to eat此处表示找吃的东西,动作尚未进行,故填to eat。六、状语行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定
12、”。常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般放在时间状语之前;一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法,所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。例6(2017浙江6月高考语法填空)You need to _ (real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic.分析really此处修饰动词read,用副词re
13、ally作状语。练6(2018浙江11月高考语法填空) _ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析:Recently此处作状语,修饰整个句子,应用副词,故应用recent的副词形式recently。七、补语始终寄人篱下,永远成不了“主人”补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语,所以说它寄人篱下,成不了“主人”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。例7(2017全国卷改编)When summer c
14、omes, they will invite their students _ (pick) the fresh vegetables!分析to pick本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句,主句谓语动词为invite, “their students”是宾语,“pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语,根据invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知,此处应填to pick。练7(2015浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _(perform) liv
15、e is quite another.解析:being performed句意:在家听音乐是一回事,去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为hear的宾语补足语,宾语it与perform之间为被动关系,且动作正在进行,故填being performed。八、同位语总是玩失踪,特殊场合还是显露原形一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用,这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可谓“显露原形”。例8(2017全国卷改编)Mr. and Mrs. Zha
16、ng _ work in our school.分析both空处在句中充当主语Mr.and Mrs. Zhang的同位语,因为主语是两个人,故同位语应用both。练8(2019山东济宁一模)Mr. Johnson cares for us _ (student) very much.解析:students名词student在句中作us的同位语成分,故根据us的意义可知,student需要用复数形式。专题过关训练 .单句语法填空(从句子成分角度分析)1(2017浙江11月高考语法填空)Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and
17、_ (they) use unconsciously .答案their分析这里的use为名词,应该用形容词性物主代词来修饰,作定语。2(2016全国卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow _ (steady)答案steadily分析grow在此句中为实义动词,故应用副词形式修饰。3(2016全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is _ (honest)答案honesty分析从句中的主语是“the_key”,与表语构成同位关系,所以此处应用名词作表语。4(2016全国卷)We
18、can choose between staying at home and _ (take) a trip.答案taking分析between_._and是固定结构,and前后连接的是并列成分,因此and后需用动名词作宾语,和staying并列。5(2015浙江高考改编)The position of the classroom with its view made me _ (feel) like I was dreaming.答案feel分析make后常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。.运用句子成分知识,将下列句子补充完整1(2018浙江11月高考写作) 6月23号我乘坐从北京至伦敦的F
19、L753班机时,我还随身携带着钱包。I had my wallet with me when_I_boarded_FL753 from Beijing to London on June 23.2(2018浙江11月高考概要写作)上网浏览学院的招生展会也会帮助你作出正确的决定。Visiting_the_online_college_fairs can also help you make_the_right_decision.3(2017浙江6月高考写作)所有这些活动都会帮助你放松自己。All_these_activities_will_help you relax yourself.4(20
20、17浙江6月高考写作)我很荣幸能与你前去那里,一起享受这美好的日子。I will_be_honored to have you there with us, enjoying_the_colorful_days.5(2017浙江11月高考写作)很可能我们家全体成员都会在场,包括我祖父母、父母、叔叔、婶婶以及他们的孩子。Chances are that_all_the_family_members_will_be_there,_including my grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts with their kids.6(2017浙江11月高考写作)
21、然后,我祖父母会给我们讲述一些民间故事,这些故事可以追溯到古时的中国。Then my grandparents will tell us some folk tales, dating_back_to_ancient_China.7(2017浙江11月高考写作)听说今年春节你不回去了,我很荣幸能邀请你和我的家人一起过春节。Hearing_that_you_wont_go_back_this_Spring_Festival,_Im more than honored to invite you to spend it with my family.8(2017浙江11月高考写作)首先,我们会上一些中国的饭菜,像水饺和面条。First, well have some_Chinese_cuisine,_like dumplings and noodles.