1、第十二讲 定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句1who,whom,whose引导的定语从句His wife,who is a famous actress,will visit America.他妻子，一位著名演员，将要访问美国。I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。The house,whose roof was damaged,has now been repaired.那栋屋顶损坏了的房子现在已经修好了。(1)who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语
2、，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。规律总结2that,which引导定语从句All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。Until now,we have raised 50,000 p
3、ounds for the poor children,which is quite unexpected.(四川高考单选改编)到现在为止，我们已经为贫穷的孩子募捐到了五万英镑，这一点是完全没有预料到的。Among the many dangers which sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.(江西高考单选改编)在海员面对的很多危险中，也许最大的危险是雾吧！The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are well-known now
4、.你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。(1)that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可以省略。指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。(2)which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略。另外，which可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。规律总结规律总结(3)下列情况只用that不用which：先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词；先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰；先
5、行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；先行词被the only,the very(正是，恰是)，the last修饰；先行词中既有人也有物；在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。二、关系副词引导的定语从句The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work where a good impression is a must.(江苏高考单选改编)在日常交流中这本书对我帮助很大，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作之中。I didnt become a serious climber
6、until the fifth grade,when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.(浙江高考单选改编)直到五年级我才成为一个热衷攀爬的人，在那时我登高去拿下一个卡在树枝上的风筝。Do you know the reason why he is absent?你知道他缺席的原因吗？Is this the reason(that)he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？Well see a case wher
7、e the music could cure the patients.我们将看一个音乐能治愈病人的例子。规律总结1关系副词when,where,why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用“介词which”结构替换。2当先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，即使是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。3当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point,situation,case,stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。三、“介词关系词”引导的定语从句He
8、 has ten cousins,the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。I wish to thank Professor Smith,without whose help I would never have got this far.(天津高考单选改编)我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs.我们正在寻找这本书的主人。Recently I bought an ancient vase,the pri
9、ce of which(whose price)was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。There is a big window in my room,from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。规律总结1若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。2“介词关系词”结构中介词的选用(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词或形容词与先
10、行词的固定搭配；句子的意思。规律总结(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。the比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。(3)有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。四、as,which引导的定语从句She married again,which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料不及的。She married again,as
11、we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science.(山东高考单选改编)没有简单的答案，这在科学方面是常有的事。Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us wo
12、rked it out.(结果状语从句)上学期数学老师考试出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。规律总结1as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。2as常用在下列习惯用语中：as(it)often happens,as I remember,as is
13、often the case,as is expected,as is known to us,as is shown等。3which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容则只能位于句末。规律总结4“such/so.that.”表示“如此以致”的意思，用来引导结果状语从句；而“such/so.as.”表“像这样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。5“the same.that.”表同一个人或物，而“the same.as.”表同种类的东西。五、way和time后接定语从句的情况The way(that/in which)he finished the task succes
14、sfully was difficult to understand.(作状语)他成功完成这项任务的方法很难理解。The way(that/which)he explained to me was difficult to understand.(作宾语)他向我解释的方式很难理解。Its not the first time(that)youve found yourself in this situation.你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour,one day a week
15、,testing pupils in every subject.曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。规律总结1在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which,that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。2先行词 time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/duringwhich”引导定语从句。常考点一：关系代词引导的定语从句1(2017江苏高考)In 1963 th
16、e UN set up the World Food Programme,one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.Awhich BitsCwhoseDwhom解析：句意：1963年，联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，它的其中一个目的就是减少世界范围内的饥饿问题。关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语，修饰purposes，whose purposesthe World Food Programmes purposes。答案：C 2(2017天津高考)My eldest son,_ work takes him all over the
17、world,is in New York at the moment.AthatBwhoseChisDwho解析：句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作带他去世界各地。本句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是my eldest son，在定语从句中作名词work的定语，故要用whose。答案：B 3(2017北京高考)The little problems_ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.AthatBasCwhereDwhen解析：句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就会激励我们做出大发明。根
18、据句子结构可知，先行词problems在定语从句we meet in our daily lives中作谓语动词meet的宾语，指代事物，故用that。答案：A 4(2016浙江高考)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of _ has been proved.AwhomBwhichCwhatDthat解析：句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，但没有一个被证实的。none of which has been proved是定语从句，对先行词many t
19、heories加以进一步的解释说明。先行词指物，在从句中作of的宾语，所以用which引导。答案：B 常考点二：关系副词引导的定语从句5(2018江苏高考)and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.AthatBwhereCwhichDwhen解析：句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词area，并在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。答案：B 6(2016天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the park until n
20、ext week,_ the weather may be better.AthatBwhereCwhichDwhen解析：句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。when the weather may be better是定语从句修饰next week，先行词指时间，在从句中作状语，所以用when引导。答案：D 常考点三：“介词关系词”引导的定语从句7(2020届高三南京、盐城模拟)Frankly speaking,I always regard you as my best friend,_ I place entire trust.AwhoBthatCon whom
21、Din whom解析：句意：坦率地说，我一直把你当作我最好的朋友，我完全信任你。in whom“介词关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是my best friend。place trust in sb.“信任/依赖某人”，固定搭配。答案：D8(2020届高三南通模拟)There has been positive reaction to the proposal of helping the disabled,the impact _ will be lasting especially for younger ones.Aon whichBon whomCof whichDof whom
22、解析：句意：关于帮助残疾人的提议得到了积极的响应，特别是对于年轻人来说，它的影响是持久的。逗号后为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which作介词of的宾语，也可以用of which the impact.的形式。答案：C 常考点四：as,which 引导的定语从句9(2015江苏高考)The number of smokers,_ is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.AitBwhichCwhatDas解析：句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年内下降了17%。as引导定语从句，表示“正如”。which引导非限制性定语从
23、句时，不放在句中。答案：D 10(北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,_ my classmates recommended to me.AwhoBwhichCwhenDwhere解析：句意：上周我从图书馆借了夏洛克福尔摩斯这本书，这本书是我的同学推荐给我的。分析句子结构可知，_ my classmates recommended to me是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the book，关系词在定语从句中作recommended的宾语，应用关系代词which，故选B项。答案：B 11You mu
24、st learn to read people,_ will be necessary if you work in a team.AwhoBthatCwhichDwhat解析：句意：你必须学会如何看懂别人，如果你在一个团队工作的话，这一点会很有必要。which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代上文中所提到的整个句子。答案：C 解题技法指导技法一：定语从句的解题步骤第一步：找出主句；第二步：找出被修饰词即先行词；第三步：找出定语从句；第四步：将先行词代入定语从句；第五步：判断关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，如作主语、宾语、表语，需选择关系代词who,whom,that,which；如作定语，
25、需选择whose,of which或of whom；如作状语，需选择关系副词when,why,where。典例(2016北京高考)I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.Awhose BwhyCwhereDwhich分析 句意：我住在一对夫妇的隔壁，他们的孩子经常制造噪音。分析句子结构可知_ children often make a lot of noise是定语从句作定语，修饰couple；而先行词couple在从句中作定语，修饰children，所以用whose引导。答案 A 技法二：“介词关系词
26、”引导的定语从句解题方法“介词关系词”考查的重点在于“用不用介词”和“用什么介词”。因此在答题时考生必须注意解题思路。考生可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是：(1)把先行词放在从句中，根据句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。(2)注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。典例(2018苏州模拟)Just as Martin Luther King,Jr.said,peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek,but a means _ we arrive at that goal.Ain whichB
27、with whichCby whichDto which分析 句意：正如马丁路德金所说的那样，和平不仅仅是我们追逐的一个遥远的目标，而且还是一种达到目标的手段。by the means“通过这种手段”，固定短语。此处by which 引导定语从句，修饰means。答案 C 单项填空1(2019江苏押题卷五)Reading a variety of books can help develop peoples skills and abilities,_ researchers note should be encouraged among teenagers.Athat BwhenCwhere
28、Dwhich解析：句意：广泛阅读有助于开发人们的技能和能力，研究人员特别指出应该在青少年中鼓励广泛阅读。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语(researchers note在从句中作插入语)，修饰先行词Reading a variety of books，故应用which来引导该非限制性定语从句。答案：D2(2019江苏押题卷二)More and more shoppers are simply heading to a shopping centre,_ parking is free and easy.AwhereBwhichCwhenDthat解析：句意：
29、越来越多的购物者只会去一个停车免费且方便的购物中心。根据句子结构和句意可知，此处应用where在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词a shopping centre，且where在从句中作地点状语。答案：A 3(2019常州高三一模)Its the gap year before going to university _ students can make friends and work on meaningful projects _ may help them understand college life better.Awhen;thatBwhich;thatCwhen;whichDwh
30、ere;which解析：句意：正是在上大学前的空档年，学生们可以交朋友，做一些有意义的项目，这样可以帮助他们更好地了解大学生活。第一空：先行词为the gap year，指时间并在从句中作状语，应该用when引导；第二空：此处是强调句型，被强调部分指物，所以填that。答案：A 4(2019江苏调研三)The Belt and Road _ focuses are mainly on connectivity and cooperation between Eurasian countries is a significant development initiative.AthatBwhen
31、CwhichDwhose解析：句意：主要关注欧亚国家之间的联系和合作的“一带一路”是一个重要的发展倡议。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，指代先行词The Belt and Road，并在从句中充当focuses的定语，故应用whose来引导该定语从句。答案：D5(2019常州高三一模)Lots of people have stories about dangerous situations _ they stepped out into the street,_ to be nearly hit by a quick-moving e-bike.Athat;justBthat;yet
32、Cwhere;hardlyDwhere;only解析：句意：很多人都曾有过走到街上，却被一个快速移动的电动自行车几乎撞上的危险经历。第一空：先行词situations表示抽象的地点，在从句中充当状语，所以用where引导；第二空：only 与不定式连用，表示出乎预料的结果。答案：D 6(2019镇江高三一模)We see Jesus in the children of unemployed parents,_struggle to offer their children a secure and peaceful future.AwhoseBwhomCthatDwho解析：句意：我们在一些
33、失业的父母身上看到了他们为了孩子有一个安定平和的未来所做出的努力。先行词是parents，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用who 引导。答案：D 7(2019徐州高三一模)Then the spokesman turned to other issues concerning people _ are in respect of housing price and medical treatment over the next few years.Aof whomBof whichCwhichDwho解析：句意：随后发言人转而谈论了其他一些使人们忧虑的问题，这些问题和今后几年的房价和医疗有关。根据
34、句子结构和句意可知，空处在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词other issues，且在从句中作主语，故应用which来引导该定语从句。答案：C 8(2019盐城市高三期中考试)She produced another new record in 2018,_ she celebrated her 38th birthday.Aat whichBin thatCwith whichDabout that解析：句意：2018年她又出了一张新专辑，以此庆祝她的38岁生日。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是record，故用关系代词which；根据句意可知，用介词with，表示“用”。故选C项。答案：C 9(2019苏北四市高三期中考试)There has been positive reaction to the proposal of helping the disabled,the impact _ will be lasting especially for younger ones.Aon whichBon whomCof whichDof whom解析：句意：帮助残疾人的建议产生了积极的反响，其中的影响对于青少年来说将会持久。分析句子结构可知，本句为定语从句，先行词为the proposal，从句中主语impact缺少定语，结合句意可知of which符合题意。答案：C