1、第八讲 非谓语动词 一、非谓语动词作状语1动词不定式作状语To realize our dream,we must spare no effort to improve our environment.为了实现梦想，我们必须不遗余力地改善我们的环境。George returned after the war,only to be told that his wife had left him.(山东高考单选改编)乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了他。You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她
2、时，我是多么高兴。This machine is very easy to operate.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.这台机器很容易操作。在几分钟内任何人都能学会使用。规律总结1动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。2only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。3形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy,lucky,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delig
3、hted,clever,foolish,pleased,fortunate,right等。4在“主语系动词表语(形容词)to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等。2分词作状语After supper he had nothing to do,seated in the chair,looking at the stars.晚饭之后，他无事可做，坐在椅子上看着星星。Having
4、 spent nearly all our money,we couldnt afford to stay at a hotel.(江西高考单选改编)几乎把所有的钱都花完了，我们没有钱住宾馆了。Having been told by his doctor that he was overweight,hes eating all the fibre and fruit he can.被医生告知超重后，他一直拼命地吃高纤维食物和水果。Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants an
5、d animals not found in any other country in the world.由于和其他大陆分离了上百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上其他国家没有的动植物。规律总结1作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。2如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。3若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having doing)。4若与句中主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。5如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。3独
6、立成分作状语The idea“happiness，”to be sure,will not sit still for easy definition.(江苏高考单选改编)幸福的概念，可以肯定地说，并非一成不变，因此很难定义。Generally speaking,the persons they choose to cheat are usually the old.一般来说，他们选择欺骗的人通常是老人。Considering your health,youd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。规律总结有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响
7、，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说frankly speaking 坦白地说judging from/by 根据来判断considering./taking.into consideration考虑到to tell you the truth 说实话to be sure 可以肯定地说seeing 鉴于/由于supposing/assuming 假设，如果given 考虑到，鉴于provided(that).如果二、非谓语动词作宾语We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我们约好在此
8、地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。They could not afford to spoil those maps by careless colouring.若是上色的时候不小心弄坏了那些地图，他们可承担不起。What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。I still remember being taken to the Great Wall and wh
9、at I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过长城，并记得在那里所看到的一切。规律总结1下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。此外，afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。规律总结2下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建
10、议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象，设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape。规律总结3be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,g
11、o back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,thank.for,apologize for,be busy(in),have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。规律总结4下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：forgetto do sth.
12、忘记要做某事doing sth.忘记已经做过某事regretto do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾未做 doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔已做tryto do sth.尽力去做某事doing sth.试着做某事go onto do sth.继续做另一件事doing sth.继续做原来做的事rememberto do sth.记着去做某事未做doing sth.记着做了某事已做meanto do sth.打算做某事doing sth.意味着做某事规律总结三、非谓语动词作宾补Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。To lear
13、n English well,we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。Upon arriving home,I was surprised to find the paper I had had prepared was missing.我一到家就惊奇地发现我事先让人准备的文
14、件不见了。1感官动词(词组)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：规律总结2使役动词make,let,have,get后加复合宾语的情况：规律总结点津 have 还可用于have sth.to do/to be done结构，该结构中have作“有”讲，不定式作定语。I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.这个学期结束前，我有很多阅读要完成。四、非谓语动词作定语Laura was away in Par
15、is for over a week.When she got home,there was a pile of mail waiting for her.(辽宁高考单选改编)劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候，有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。As is reported,a rebuilding project,announcedcancelled two years ago,restarted after carefully being studied.据报道，一个两年前被取消的重建计划，在经过认真研究之后，重新启动了。His first book to be published n
16、ext month is based on a true story.他下月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。1现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。2过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动和完成。3不定式作定语表示未做的事情。规律总结点津 表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)感到的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词。五、非谓语动词作主语和表语Hearing how others react
17、to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.(浙江高考单选改编)聆听别人对你刚才所读的书的反应会增加额外的乐趣。It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)Its a great pleasure to talk with you.和你交谈是一种很大的乐趣。My dream is to enter Beijing University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。My job is teaching you English.我的工作是教你们英语。1不定式、
18、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。2下列句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/wasno use/goodnot any use/goodof little use/gooddoing.3动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征；不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。规律总结六、with复合结构With so many children waiting for me I had to go to school in a rush.有那么多孩子等着我，我必须快速赶往学校。With the
19、problem solved,the quality has been improved.问题解决了，质量也提高了。With machinery to do all the work,they will soon have got in the crops.由于所有的工作都是由机器来完成，他们将很快收完庄稼。with复合结构常用形式：withsb./sth.doing表主动且进行，或表特征sth.done表被动且完成，或表状态sth.to do表示将来规律总结七、独立主格结构Many trees to be planted,our newly-built school will look ev
20、en more beautiful.种上许多的树后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。Weather permitting,we shall play the match tomorrow.如果天气好，我们明天就进行比赛。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture,all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。He came out of the library,(with)a large book under his arm.他夹着一大本书，走出了图书馆。规律总结独立主格结构的构成形式
21、：名词或代词不定式表示动作未发生现在分词形式表示主动、进行过去分词表示被动、完成形容词/副词/介词短语点津 独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；2独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末。常考点一：非谓语动词作状语1(2018江苏高考)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period,_ the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.Ahaving exceeded Bto
22、exceedCexceededDexceeding解析：句意：在这段时期大约创造了13 500个新工作，超过了市场分析家认为的12 000 的预期数字。分析句子结构可知，were created是谓语，空处应用非谓语动词形式。再结合语境可知，此处应用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。故选D。答案：D 2(2017北京高考)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _ their valuable time.AsaveBsavingCto saveDsaved解析：句意：现在很多航空
23、公司允许乘客在网上打印登机牌以节约他们的宝贵时间。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空格处用动词不定式作目的状语。答案：C 3(2017天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment,_ more patients to be treated.Abeing allowedBallowingChaving allowedDallowed解析：句意：这家医院最近得到新的医疗设备，这使更多的病人能够得到治疗。本空应用非谓语动词；动词allow与其逻辑主语(前面的整个句子)之间是逻辑上的主动关系，因此用现在分词作结果状语。答案：B
24、4(2016北京高考)_ over a week ago,the books are expected to arrive any time now.AOrderingBTo orderCHaving orderedDOrdered解析：句意：这些书一周之前就订好了，所以随时都有可能会到。因为“the books”与“order”之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语，表示时间。答案：D 5(2016天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows,_ air conditioning unnecessary.AmakingBto m
25、akeCmadeDbeing made解析：句意：冷风从我们卧室的窗户吹进来，没有必要开空调了。前面的事情造成后面的结果，用现在分词作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。不定式也可以作结果状语，但表示意料之外的结果。故选A。答案：A 6(2016浙江高考)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _ with students.AworkingBworkCto workDworked解析：句意：我在海上航行和现在跟学生一起学习一样快乐。as I do working with students引导的是方式状语从句，其中do是代动词，相当于had f
26、un。working with students 与sailing the seas是并列关系，同属于分词短语作状语。答案：A 常考点二：非谓语动词作定语7(2017江苏高考)Many Chinese brands,_ their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.Ahaving developedBbeing developedCdevelopedDdeveloping解析：句意：很多享有几百年盛誉的中国品牌，现在正面临着来自现代市场的新挑战。此处是现在分词的完成时作后置定语
27、，修饰Many Chinese brands。因为Many Chinese brands和develop之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，并且develop这一动作发生在谓语are facing之前，所以用现在分词的完成形式。答案：A 8(2017北京高考)Jim has retired,but he still remembers the happy time _ with his students.Ato spendBspendCspendingDspent解析：句意：吉姆已经退休了，但他仍然记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，the happy time与spend之间是被
28、动关系，且此处表示一个已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作定语。答案：D 9(2017天津高考)I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train _.AcatchingBcaughtCto catchDto be caught解析：句意：开会期间我一直在看表，因为我要赶火车。本空所在部分用了have sth.to do结构表示“有某事要做”，因此这里用动词不定式作定语修饰“a train”。答案：C 10(2017北京高考)The national park has a large collection of wi
29、ldlife,_ from butterflies to elephants.ArangingBrangeCto rangeDranged解析：句意：国家公园里有大量的小至蝴蝶，大到大象的野生动物。range意为“包括(各种不同的事物)”和wildlife是主谓关系，应该使用现在分词形式作定语，相当于定语从句that/which ranges from butterflies to elephants。答案：A 11(2016江苏高考)In art criticism,you must assume the artist has a secret message _ within the wo
30、rk.Ato hideBhiddenChidingDbeing hidden解析：句意：评论艺术的时候，你必须假定艺术作品里面隐含了某一个的信息。a secret message与hide之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语在句中作定语。特别提醒：选项D虽然也表示被动，但却含有“正在发生”的含义，所以不符合语境。答案：B 12(2016浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution,Id like you to look at a study _ in Australia in 2012.Ahaving conductedBto be condu
31、ctedCconductingDconducted解析：句意：回到水污染的问题上来，我想要你看一下2012年在澳大利亚做的一个研究。a study与conduct之间是被动关系，而且发生在过去，所以用过去分词作定语。答案：D 常考点三：非谓语动词作宾语13(陕西高考)Its quite hot today.Do you feel like _ for a swim?Ato goBgoingCgoDhaving gone解析：句意：今天很热。你愿意去游泳吗？feel like意思是“想要，意欲”，其后要用动词的-ing形式作宾语。故答案为B。答案：B 14(安徽高考)I remembered _
32、 the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.AlockingBto lockChaving lockedDto have locked解析：句意：我离开办公室之前记得锁门却忘记关灯了。remember to do sth.表示“记得要做某事”，与后半句中的“forgot to.”相对应。答案：B 15I didnt mean _ anything,but these apples looked so good that I couldnt resist _ one.Ato eat;tryingBto
33、eat;to tryingCeating;to tryDeating;to trying解析：句意：我不打算吃东西，但是这些苹果看起来不错，我忍不住吃了一个。第一空mean to do sth.“打算/想要做某事”；第二空couldnt resist doing sth.couldnt help doing sth.“忍不住要做某事”。答案：A 常考点四：非谓语动词作主语、表语16(福建高考)For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _.
34、AconnectedBconnectingCto connectDto be connected解析：句意：对那些与家人离得比较远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。句中stay(保持)是一个连系动词，后接形容词作表语。connected是形容词化的过去分词，意为“有联系的，有来往的”，符合句意。答案：A 17_ to alcohol,whether for an adult or for a teenager,is definitely harmful from all aspects.AExposedBBeing exposedCExposingDTo expose解析：句意：无
35、论是成人还是青少年，接触酒精从各方面来说都是有害的。此处用动名词短语在句中作主语，expose to与后面的an adult or for a teenager是动宾关系，所以用被动形式。答案：B 常考点五：非谓语动词作宾补18(2015陕西高考)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother _ good care of at home.AtakingBtakenCtakeDbe taken解析：句意：李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照
36、顾得很好他很高兴。分析句子结构可知，此处是“see宾语宾语补足语”结构，宾语补足语可以是do，doing或者done。此处his mother与take good care of之间是被动关系，故选B项。答案：B 19(四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products _ after great effort.Ahaving developedBto developCdevelopedDdevelop解析：句意：辛苦努力后，很多新产品被研发出来，经理很满意。句子结构表明空格处用非谓语动词作宾语补足语。动词see的宾语“many ne
37、w products”与develop之间是动宾关系且表示一个完成的动作，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。答案：C 20(四川高考)I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.Ato windBwindCwindingDwound解析：句意：我抬头看，注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。宾语snake与wind之间为主谓关系，且此动作正在进行，故选C。答案：C 解题技法指导第一步：利用“有无连词”原则确定是谓语还是非谓语分析句子结构，判断出句子的主干主语和谓语。如果题线处作谓语，则要
38、用谓语动词，如果题线处不作谓语，则要用非谓语动词。典例 _ yourself with positive people who know the importance of confidence and you will keep focused on what you can do instead of what you cant.ASurroundingBSurroundedCSurroundDHaving surrounded分析 句意：让你自己身边围绕着懂得自信的重要性的乐观的人，你就会一直关注于你能做的事而不是你不能做的。句中“and”是并列连词，连接两个并列句，所以前面必须是一个祈
39、使句。本题为“祈使句and/or陈述句”，故本题应用动词原形。答案 C 第二步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分根据句意和题线处在句子中的位置和作用，确定其所充当的句子成分，从而确定空格内所需填入的非谓语动词的形式。典例(2016北京高考)_ it easier to get in touch with us,youd better keep this card at hand.AMadeBMakeCMakingDTo make分析 句意：为了更方便联系我们，你最好随身带着这张卡片。根据句意可知，空格处所需内容是“随身带着这张卡片”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语。答案 D 第三步：根据与逻辑主语
40、的关系确定语态如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用v.-ing形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系则用v.-ing 形式的被动式、不定式的被动式或过去分词。典例(2016北京高考)Newly-built wooden cottages line the street,_ the old town into a dreamland.AturnBturningCto turnDturned分析 句意：新建的木屋林立在街道两旁，使得这个古镇成为一个梦幻家园。turn的逻辑主语是cottages，两者之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词作结果状语。答案 B 第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确
41、定时态非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的完成式；如果同时进行用v.-ing形式或不定式的进行式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后用不定式的一般式。典例 _ in the adult ceremony,the senior students feel they are shouldering heavier responsibilities now.ASwearBSwornCHaving swornDTo have sworn分析 句意：这些高中生在成人礼上宣誓以后，感觉肩负着的责任更沉重了。swear与逻辑主语the se
42、nior students 之间是主谓关系，且swear的动作发生在谓语动词feel的动作之前，所以用现在分词的完成式，在句中作状语。答案 C 单项填空1(2019江苏押题卷一)It is reported that hours of heavy rain overnight caused rivers to burst their banks,_ large quantities of farmland.Aflooded Bto floodCfloodingDhaving flooded解析：句意：据说夜间几小时的大雨导致河流决堤，淹没了大量农田。根据句子结构可知，空处应填非谓语动词，因动词
43、flood与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系，且根据语境可知，此处应用flooding在句中作结果状语。答案：C 2(2019南京高三质检)A customer took a perfectly serviceable washing machine in for repair,only _ it needed replacing.AtoldBtellingCto be toldDbeing told解析：句意：一位顾客带着一台性能尚好的洗衣机来修，不料竟被告知该换洗衣机了。此处表示意料之外的结果，应用动词不定式作结果状语，又因tell与主语a customer之间为被动关系，故应用动词不定式的被动语
44、态。答案：C 3(2019江苏调研三)_ in the south of the citys central district,the Confucian Temple of Nanjing has now developed into a famous scenic spot.ABuiltBBeing builtCBuildingDHaving built解析：句意：南京夫子庙建在市中心区的南侧，现已发展成为一个著名的景点。分析句子结构可知，空处应填非谓语动词，且build与其逻辑主语the Confucian Temple of Nanjing之间为动宾关系，故应用其过去分词形式在句中作状
45、语。答案：A 4(2019常州高三一模)When the Americans objected to this,what did the British do?They did not compromise,but increased control,_ away many of their rights,and _ soldiers there.Ataking;stationingBtaking;to stationCtook;stationingDtook;to station解析：句意：“当美洲人反对这一点时，英国人做了什么？”“他们没有妥协，但增加了控制，剥夺了他们的许多权利并派驻士兵
46、。”句子主语they与take away 和 station(驻扎)之间构成主动关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语。答案：A 5(2019扬州高三一模)Once winter became less of a threat to human beings in literature,literary works _ it became more positive.AfeaturingBbeing featuredChaving featuredDfeatured解析：句意：一旦冬天在文学中对人类的威胁减少，以冬天为特征的文学作品就变得更加积极。“以冬季为特点的”作定语，修饰literary wor
47、ks，“feature it”与“literary works”之间存在主动关系，所以用现在分词作定语。答案：A 6(2019无锡高三一模)Following the ceremonies was a reception event _ at Macao Tower Convention and Entertainment Center which was decorated by ribbons of red and yellow,the colors of Chinas national flag.Abeing heldBto be heldCholdingDheld解析：句意：在仪式之后
48、，紧接着在澳门塔会议和娱乐中心举行了一个招待会，会场被属于中国国旗的红黄两色的彩带装饰着。由was可知招待会已经被举行，所以用过去分词作后置定语。答案：D 7(2019南京三模)The banker finds it difficult _just as an ordinary human being at home.Ato treatBto be treatedCto have treatedDto have been treated解析：句意：这位银行家发现在家里很难被当成普通人来对待。find 后面的 it是形式宾语，动词不定式作真正的宾语。因为“银行家”与“对待”之间表示被动关系，所以
49、用不定式的被动语态。答案：B 8(2019通、泰、扬、徐、淮、宿二模)We dont hope to see children _ nothing in their families,for children can be easily spoiled.AdenyingBdeniedCto denyDbeing denied解析：句意：我们不希望看到孩子在家里不会遭到任何拒绝，因为这样孩子很容易被宠坏。此处用分词短语作宾语补足语。因为“孩子”与“拒绝”之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词。答案：B 9(2019金陵中学、海安高级中学、南京外国语学校四模)_ at poverty,the measur
50、es like highlighting rural tourism have been taken to improve residents incomes,_ better jobs and new farm produce for many once-poor farmers.ATargeted;having broughtBTargeting;bringingCTargeted;bringingDTargeting;to bring解析：句意：针对贫困，(政府)采取了加强乡村旅游等的措施来改善居民收入，为许多曾经贫穷的农民带来更好的就业机会和新的农产品。第一空：“措施”与“针对贫困”之
51、间是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作状语；第二空：因为句中已经有谓语动词have been taken，所以此处只能用非谓语动词，the measures与bring better jobs.之间存在着主动关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语。答案：C 10(2019苏北四市一模)Big data is the driving force behind this zones development,a steady stream of new big data construction projects constantly _.Abeing introducedBintroducingChaving
52、 introducedDto be introduced解析：句意：大数据是地域发展的驱动力，一种大数据项目持续被引进的稳定的趋势。constantly表明一直在被引进着，being introduced是现在分词的被动式在句中作后置定语。答案：A 11(2019苏、锡、常、镇三模)About 10 bike-sharing companies have gone broken since last September,_ failing to return deposits to users and their deserted bicycles crowding sidewalks.Aso
53、me of whichBsome of themCof which someDwhich of them解析：句意：自从去年9月以来，大约有10家共享单车公司破产了，有些公司不能归还用户的押金，他们被遗弃的自行车占满了人行道。首先排除C和D，又因为逗号后面的句子缺少谓语，不构成从句，故用them。答案：B 12(2019苏、锡、常、镇三模)An app that rewards students for time _ away from their phones is being released in the UK.AspendingBspentCto spendDspend解析：句意：一个奖励学生不把时间花费在手机上的应用程序正在英国发布。“时间”与“花费”之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。答案：B