1、 【考向解读】 高考短文改错主要考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性,着重考查考生的语言基本功,即:考查考生的词、句、篇和语法的综合水平。其设置的考点灵活多变,知识层次多,覆盖面广,涉及词汇、句法、语篇等方面的语言知识和语意逻辑的运用以及综合辨析能力,是一种在较高层次上考查考生对英语知识的掌握和语言综合运用能力的测试题型。它是针对考生平时学习英语过程中,尤其是写作中常犯的错误而设计的,所以在考生平时写作中常出现的错误是短文改错考查的重点。【命题热点突破一】词法错误 词法错误类设错在短文改错题中占很大的比例,考生需要特别注意。对于这类题,考生要仔细分析句子成分,细心观察,并在平时学习过程中多
2、积累语言知识。错误类型通常有以下几种:冠词使用不当,名词的单复数使用错误,形容词与副词的混用,代词的误用,介词的误用等。 1. 冠词使用不当 冠词错用在高考短文改错中极为常见。从高考英语短文改错题的命题角度来看,通常从以下几个方面设题:(1)不定冠词a和an的混用;(2)可数名词单数前遗漏不定冠词;(3)不可数名词或表示类别的复数名词前加不定冠词;(4)定冠词和不定冠词的混用;(5)某些习语或固定搭配中冠词的误用。 1.(2015高考全国卷) A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop. 答案:athe 【特别提醒】要识
3、别这类错误,考生应注意以下几点:(1)分清名词的可数与不可数;(2)分清名词的泛指与特指;(3)熟悉特殊类别的名词前定冠词的用法;(4)熟记固定结构中冠词的使用情况。 2.名词的单复数使用错误 近几年高考短文改错对名词的考查主要是名词的单复数。通常从以下几个方面设题:(1) 可数名词单复数的混淆;(2)不可数名词错用了复数形式的情况;(3) 单复数同形的名词的误用;(4)名词的所有格误用。 (2015高考全国卷) One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.his parents were missing. 解析:
4、考查名词复数。由后面句中的“his parents were missing.”可知托尼是和爸爸妈妈一起去购物的,因此应用复数形式。 答案:parentparents 【特别提醒】(1)注意名词前表示数量概念的修饰语和名词后的谓语等线索,判断名词的单复数形式。(2)一般来说,单数可数名词前必须有冠词,否则就应该是复数形式。(3)熟悉常见的表示数量概念的短语,牢记其修饰的是可数名词还是不可数名词。常见的修饰可数名词的单词或短语有:many,few,a number of,a few;常见的修饰不可数名词的单词或短语有:much,little,an amount of,a great/good d
5、eal of;常见的既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的短语有:a lot of/lots of,plenty of,a quantity/quantities of。 (4)熟悉名词两种名词所有格(s所有格和of所有格)的用法。(5)熟悉双重所有格的用法。当a(n),this,these,that,some,any,no .等与名词所有格修饰同一名词时,两者不能同时放在该名词前面,要用双重所有格表示,即a(this,that .)名词of名词所有格,如a daughter of Mrs.Browns。 3形容词与副词的混用 此类题的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面:(1)形容词和副词的混用,
6、是短文改错中常见的考点之一;(2)比较级和最高级的混用或误用;(3)比较级和最高级修饰语的误用。 (2015高考全国卷) Dad and I were terrible worried.” Tony promised her that this would never happen again. 答案:terribleterribly 【特别提醒】要识别这类错误,考生应注意以下几点:(1)搞清形容词或副词在句中充当的成分及其所修饰的词语,判断是否存在误用情况。形容词修饰名词,在句中充当定语、表语或补足语;副词修饰形容词、动词或整个句子,在句中充当状语。(2)熟悉某些特殊形式的比较级和最高级,比
7、如goodbetterbest,littlelessleast 等。(3)熟悉常见的比较结构,如as .as 同级比较、the比较级 .,the比较级 .等。 4代词的误用 此类题的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面:(1)代词指代的人或事物前后不一致的错误;(2) 代词的单复数误用等;(3)“it” 一词的不当使用(包括用于从句中作形式主语或形式宾语);(4)不定代词或反身代词的误用。 (2015高考浙江卷)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them. 答案:themit 【特别提醒】要识别这
8、类错误,考生应注意以下几点:(1)掌握各类代词的基本用法,包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词以及代词的各种格,如主格、宾格等。(2)明确代词在文中所指代的对象,不受各种插入语干扰。(3)记住一些特殊用法的代词,如it可作形式主语或形式宾语;one,that和those可以用来代替前面提到的名词等。 5介词的误用 介词在句中不能单独使用,而必须和另外的词放在一起构成短语后才可以充当独立的句子成分。此类改错题主要考查介词的意义、用法及固定搭配。介词的误用主要有以下几种情况:(1)介词与其他各类词的搭配错误;(2)涉及动词时,如果动词是及物动词,其后直接接宾语,不需要介词,如果其后有介词,那
9、这个介词就是多余的;(3)而不及物动词不可以直接接宾语,如果接宾语需借助于恰当的介词,如果缺少了这个介词,就会出现错误。 (2015高考浙江卷)My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass. 解析:此处表示的是“教室的三面是由玻璃制成的”,从制成品中可以看出原材料,应用be made of结构,所以应将from改为of。 答案:fromof 【特别提醒】要识别这类错误,考生应注意以下几点:(1)平时多积累、总结介词的用法;(2)注意动词与介词、名词与介词、形容
10、词与介词等习惯搭配中的介词;(3)注意介词短语、动词短语等固定短语中的介词;(4)不同的介词与动词搭配构成的动词短语含义不同;(5)不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语,若跟宾语,后面必须加上相应的介词。 【命题热点突破二】 句法错误高考英语短文改错常见的句法错误有动词的时态、语态错误,非谓语动词使用错误,主谓一致错误,名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等三大从句出现的错误以及句子成分的赘余等。还有语气的误用,主要体现在虚拟语气的误用、主从句语气不一致等。这些错误通常与句子成分的分析紧密相关,所以难度较大。 1动词的时态、语态错误 近几年短文改错题涉及时态的考查点通常为: (1)一般现在时和一般过去时的混
11、用; (2)短文中时态的使用前后不一致; (3)在特定语境条件下时态的误用(含有状语从句的复合句,主句用将来时态,而从句中则用一般现在时态); (4)有时也涉及对其他时态的考查。 语态错误主要包括: (1)主动语态与被动语态的误用; (2) 被动语态中be动词的遗漏; (3)不及物动词用了被动语态。 一般来说,在高考短文改错中必有一个时态错误。 (2015高考四川卷) As I tell you last time,I made three new friends here. 答案:telltold 【特别提醒】要识别这类错误,应注意以下几点:(1)通读全文,搞清文中动词的主体时态。然后根据上
12、下文所用时态判断句子时态是否正确;(2)找到谓语动词的主语,弄清楚它们之间是主动还是被动关系;(3)看谓语动词后面是否有宾语,如果有宾语,则多半应为主动语态。 2非谓语动词使用错误 非谓语动词使用错误在短文改错中较为常见。该类错误主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)动词不定式的符号to 赘余或残缺;(2)过去分词和现在分词的混用等;(3) 非谓语动词不同的时态和语态相混淆;(4)非谓语动词同谓语动词相混淆。 (2015高考浙江卷) I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view. 解析:enjoy后接动词时,应用其动名词形式,构成
13、固定短语enjoy doing sth.,表示“喜欢做某事”,所以此处应用sit的动名词形式sitting。 答案:sitsitting【特别提醒】要识别这类错误,考生要注意以下几点:(1)识别动词作谓语还是非谓语,如果简单句中已经有谓语动词,则要考虑是否应用非谓语动词;(2)掌握三种非谓语动词的基本用法;(3)注意三种非谓语动词用法的差别;(4)注意非谓语动词的时态和语态。 3主谓一致错误 主谓一致错误是指谓语动词的形式跟主语不一致。其错误类型表现为:(1)主谓在人称或单复数上不一致;(2)在含有定语从句或强调结构中的主谓不一致方面的错误;(3)非谓语动词短语作主语或主语从句作主语时主谓不一
14、致方面的错误。主谓一致错误也是考生在书面表达中常犯的错误,考生也通常忽略这方面的问题。 (2014高考陕西卷)Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the skythey looked like rain! 答案:waswere 【特别提醒】要识别这类错误,考生要注意以下几点:(1)做题时要有全局观念,前后联系;(2)搞清句子结构,分析句子成分;(3)全面掌握有关主谓一致方面的规则。 4主从句连接词误用 三大从句在短文改错中经常考查,它们的出题点常有以下几个方面:(1)三大从句之间引导词的误用;(2)定语从句引导词的误用;(3)名词性从句
15、引导词的误用;(4)状语从句引导词的误用。 (2015高考陕西卷) My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up. 解析:用when/while引导时间状语从句,表示“当我打包时掉在了地上一些”,而不是在“我”打包后掉在了地上。 答案:afterwhen/while 【特别提醒】在解题时要注意以下几点:(1)熟悉各种从句常用引导词的特点及用法。(2)了解不同从句的特点:定语从句是形容词性从句,相当于形容词的用法,其功能是修饰先行词,对其性质、特征进行描述;状语从句是副词性从句,相
16、当于副词的用法,其功能是在复合句中作状语;名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,一般在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。(3)注意容易混淆的引导词的区别。 【命题热点突破三】 行文逻辑错误在高考短文改错中,有时考生会碰到词法方面和句法方面均没有错误的句子,此时就必须从行文逻辑上来判断句子的合理性。行文逻辑错误主要指根据语境判断上下文的衔接错误 (如however、so、therefore等之间的误用),以及before与after,here与there 等的使用错误。在并列句中,要注意根据语境判断句子之间是转折、并列、选择、递进还是让步关系,从而选择正确的连词。这类错误很难被发现,而此类错误基本上
17、都会有所涉及,所以针对这类题考生必须通过阅读全文来综合考虑。 (2014高考新课标全国卷)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year,but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. 答案:去掉but或butyet 【特别提醒】在解题时要注意以下几点:(1)依据短文中的逻辑关系,准确把握词与词,句与句或段与段之间的关系;(2)分析句子结构,确定句子的类型(简单句,并列句,复合句);(3)排除汉语影响,识别although
18、.but或because.so 等错误。 【高考真题解读】Passage 1(2015新课标全国) 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。When I was a child,I hoped to live in the city.I think I
19、would be happy there.Now I am living in a city,but I miss my home in countryside.There the air is clean or the mountains are green.Unfortunately,on the development of industrialization,the environment has been polluted.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very ser
20、iously problem.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.Much rare animals are dying out.We must found ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so,well live to regret it.答案When I was a child,I hoped to live in the city.I I would be happy there.Now I am living in a city,but I mis
21、s my home in countryside.There the air is clean the mountains are green.Unfortunately, the development of industrialization,the environment has been polluted.Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very problem.The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. rare animal
22、s are dying out.We must ways to protect environment.If we fail to do so,well live to regret it.答案第2句:thinkthought2.解析考查冠词的用法。in the countryside (在乡村)为固定短语。答案第3句:countryside前加the3.解析考查并列词的用法。那儿的空气洁净,群山葱绿。由句意可知两个分句之间显然为并列关系,而非选择关系。答案第4句:orand4.解析考查介词的用法。with the development of.为一固定短语,意思是“随着的发展”。答案第5句:
23、onwith5.解析考查被动语态的用法。众多研究表明,全球变暖已经成为一个十分严重的问题。由句意可知,studies和谓语show之间为主动关系,故要用主动语态。答案第6句:去掉been6.解析考查形容词的用法。修饰名词problem应当用形容词。答案第6句:seriouslyserious7.解析考查不可数名词的用法。air作“空气”讲时为不可数名词。答案第7句:airsair8.解析考查代词的用法。Animals为可数名词复数,故用many。答案第8句:MuchMany9.解析考查情态动词的用法。情态动词后面要接动词原形。答案第9句:foundfind10.解析考查语境中代词的用法。依据前
24、后句的语境及逻辑关系可知your与上下文相悖,结合句意应当改为our/the才能使句意通顺。答案第9句:yourourPassage 2(2015新课标全国) 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号()并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。One day,little Tony went to
25、a shopping center with his parent.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.After looks at the toy for some time,he turned around and found where his parents were missing.Tony was scared and begun to cry.A woman saw him crying a
26、nd telling him to wait outside a shop.Five minutes later,Tony saw parents.Mom said,“How nice to see you again!Dad and I were terrible worried.”Tony promised her that this would never happen again.答案One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his .It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy a shop wind
27、ow.He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop.After at the toy for some time,he turned around and found his parents were missing.Tony was scared and to cry.A woman saw him crying and him to wait outside shop.Five minutes later,Tony saw parents.Mom said,“How nice to see you again!Dad an
28、d I were worried.”Tony promised her that this would never happen again.1.解析考查名词复数。由第五句中的“his parents were missing.”可知此处应当用复数形式。答案第1句:parentparents2.解析考查介词的用法。玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的,故用介词in。答案第3句: onin3.解析考查固定句型的用法。由语境可知,托尼非常喜欢这个玩具,于是快速走进商店。so.that.为固定句型,意思是“如此以致于”,故去掉very。答案第4句: 去掉very4.解析考查省略的用法。After之后省去了主
29、语he,he与look at之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故应当用现在分词。答案第5句: lookslooking5.解析考查宾语从句连接词的用法。动词found之后为宾语从句,从句为系表结构,意思完整,故将where去掉或改为没有词义且不作成分的that。答案第5句: 去掉where或wherethat答案第6句:begunbegan7.解析考查并列谓语的用法。有一位妇女看到他哭泣就告诉他去商店外面等。由句意可知,tell这一动作是这个妇女发出的,应当与saw构成并列谓语。故改用told。答案第7句:tellingtold8.解析考查冠词的用法。表示谈话双方共知的名词前要用定冠词。答案第7句:at
30、he9.解析考查物主代词的用法。根据句意及英语表达习惯,应当在parents前加上与主语相一致的物主代词。答案第8句:saw后加his10.解析考查副词的用法。形容词worried之前要用副词来修饰。答案第10句:terribleterribly Passage 3(2015四川) 下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。增加:在缺词处加一个漏词符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每句不超过两个错误;2.每处错误及其修改均仅限一次;3.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起
31、)不计分。Hi, Janice,Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.As I tell you last time, I made three new friend here.We hang out together during lunch and after school.Weve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke ba
32、rs.Its been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many.And I started to see this as a timewasting activity! In fact,I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.How do you think I should do? If you are me,would you talk to him?Please help with me and give me some advice.Gra
33、ce答案Hi, Janice,Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want to share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.As I you last time, I made three new here.We hang out together during lunch and after school.Weve been spending a lot of time in karaoke bars.Its been thr
34、ee Saturdays now and it really costs me .And I started to see this as a timewasting activity! In fact,I dont like to go anymore, Im afraid Ill lose their friendship. do you think I should do? If you me,would you talk to ?Please help me and give me some advice.Grace1.解析考查动词want的用法,want后用不定式作状语,故加上to。
35、答案want后加to2.解析考查时态。根据时间状语last time可知,此句需用一般过去时,故把tell改成told。句意:正如我上次告诉你的那样。答案telltold3.解析考查名词的复数。名词friend为可数名词,其前有three修饰,需要用复数形式,故把friend改成friends。句意:我在这儿交了三个新朋友。答案friendfriends4.解析考查动名词作宾语。本句考查句型spend.(in)doing sth结构,故把sing改成singing。答案singsinging答案manymuch6.解析考查连词。上一分句句意:我不想再去;下一分句句意:我怕失去他们的友谊,两个分
36、句之间有转折关系,故把so改成but。答案sobut7.解析考查疑问词的选择。本句中do之后缺少宾语,故用what。答案HowWhat8.解析考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知,此处为虚拟语气,与现在事实不符,故把are改成were。句意:如果你是我,。答案arewere9.解析考查代词。根据上文可知,作者交了三个朋友,故用them。句意:你会和他们说吗?答案himthem10.解析考查动词。动词help为及物动词,其后接宾语时无需加介词,故去掉with。句意:请帮帮我,给我一些建议。答案去掉withPassage 4(2015陕西) 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作
37、文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏词符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线( ),并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。My soccer coach retired in last week.I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.My mum makes the better biscuits in the
38、world,so I decide to ask her for help.Mum taught me some basic step of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.I thought the biscuits were really well.My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.At a party,my coach,with a biscuit in his mouth,asked s
39、urprisingly who made them and joked,“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!答案My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do special for him at his retirement party.M
40、y mum makes the biscuits in the world,so I to ask her for help.Mum taught me some basic of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.I thought the biscuits were really .My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor I was packing them up.At party,my coach,with a biscuit in his mouth
41、,asked surprisingly who made them and joked,“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me the biscuits with happy laughter!1.解析last week上个星期,前面无需加冠词。答案去掉in答案anythingsomething3.解析我的妈妈做了世界上最好吃的饼干,此处不是比较含义,应是最高级(best
42、)。答案betterbest4.解析全文的时态都是一般过去时,故把decide改为decided。答案decidedecided5.解析根据前面的some,step应该是复数形式。答案stepsteps6.解析作表语的是形容词good,well是副词,作状语。答案wellgood7.解析我唯一所犯的错误就是当我包装饼干的时候,掉在地上一些。when/while当的时候,after 在之后。答案afterwhen/while8.解析此处表特指,at the party 在晚会上。答案athe9.解析动词不定式表示目的,我也许得再退休一次,能吃到更多的饼干。答案just后加to10.解析and连接两个并列的(动)名词,enjoy是动词,所以改成enjoying。答案enjoyenjoying