1、第8讲Sharing 语法篇_1.掌握定语从句的结构与功能；2.能够熟练选用合适的关系代词和关系副词。一. 概述：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词(在从句中作主语，宾语): that, which, who, whom, as, whos
2、e(定语)常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。二. 几个关系代词的基本用法：that
3、: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?You can take anything (that) you like. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?Here is the man (who/whom/that) you want to see.Shes no longer the gi
4、rl (that) she used to be before.which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.The factory in which his father works is far from here.who, whom, whose:who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人whom: 宾格
5、，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard. All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Hes a man from whom we should learn. = Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.Id
6、like a room whose window faces south. =Id like a room of which the window faces south. =Id like a room the window of which faces south.关系代词作介词宾语：（介词+ whom / which）关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。）This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/wh
7、ich) you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week? This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与lo
8、ok构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)三. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:(A)that & which:在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。1. 宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.先行词为不定代词,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等, We should do all that is useful to the people.Theres not
9、hing that can be said about it.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。The only thing that we could do was to wait.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.比较 *This is one of the bes
10、t novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the best that c
11、an be done now.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.被
12、修饰词为数词时. 1. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive.如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。Which is the book t
13、hat you like best?Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that. Thats a good book that will help you a lot.My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to b
14、e.2. 定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:当关系代词的前面有介词时. A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非限制性定语从句中. Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming
15、 popular in our country. (which指代主句)在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which . Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行词本身是that, 宜用which . Whats th
16、at which she is looking at?先行词是those+复数名词. A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B) who & that:who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who，而不宜用that 先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时，如：The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.Anyone who
17、 (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人，如：There is a gentleman who wants to see you.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of a
18、ttributive clauses.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，如：I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.1. (2014江西高考)Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. whichB. whatC. whereD. when2. (2014全国大纲卷)September 30 is the day which you must pay
19、your bill.A. byB. forC. withD. in3. (2014陕西高考)Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what4. (2015陕西高考) As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent. A. whichB. whereC. who
20、mD. when5. (2015浙江高考)Creating an atmosphere _ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.A. asB. whoseC. in whichD. at which基础演练1.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as2.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what3.This is the hotel _last month.A.
21、which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when巩固提高6.The factory _well visit next week
22、is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing.A. which B. that C. whom D. who8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend
23、me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The eng
24、ineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose14.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who15.I want to use
25、the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as1.I lost a book, _I cant remember now.A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that2.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that
26、D. on which; when3.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly.A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked afterC. that I have looked after D. I have looked after4.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what5.He is wo
27、rking hard, _will make him pass the final exam.A. that B. which C. for which D. who6.I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which7. The hill _ is covered with trees is called Mang Hill.A. of which top B. whose the top C. whose top D. top
28、which8. Can you lend me the novel_ the other day?A. that you talked B. you talked about itC. which you talked about D. you talked about9. The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity, but it may be some time _ the situation improves.A. sinceB. when C. unless D. before1
29、0. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.A. that B. which C. it D. though 11. The reason _ at the meeting for being late was not reasonable. A. why he gave B. what he gave C. he gave D. on which he gave 12. Do you remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?A. where B. when C.
30、that D. what 13.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. which B. where C. what D. in which14.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke15.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. wha
31、t_一. 单项选择1. A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.A. whichB. whoseC. whoD. Why 2. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a good impression is a must.A. whichB. whenC. asD. where 3. The boss of the company is trying to cr
32、eate an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. Who4. Well reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. Who5.The English play _ my students acted at the new years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C
33、. in which D. on which6. I couldnt do my homework with all the noise _ .A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 7. Are all the titles of the articles _ in the contents? Yes, all _.A. listed, included B. listing, includesC. listed, including D. being listed, being included8. She _ the table and
34、 said the dinner was ready.A. lay B. laid C. lied D. lain9. Shut the window, _ itll get too cold in here.A. so B. yet C. but D. otherwise10. _ is no wonder that he could speak English well. A. There B. That C. This D. It二. 完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。How did you do
35、it, Dad? How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It took me almost 20 years to have the 1 to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first 2 drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a 3 that, in the past, would have started him
36、4 again. For a few years we were 5 to bring it up for fear that the drinking would begin again.“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day,” was Dads6 to my 18-year-old unasked question. “The words were a constant 7 to me that things were 8 so hard that I
37、could not deal with them,” Dad said. Then he9the poem with me. The poems 10, yet profound (深刻的) words immediately became 11 of my daily routine as well.About a month after this12 with my father, I received a gift in the mail from a friendof mine. It was a book of daily sayings of wisdom with one 13
38、for each day of the year.It has been my 14 that when you get something with days of the year on it, you naturally turn to the page that lists your own 15 . I 16 opened the book to November 10 to see 17 words of wisdom this book had in store for me. I was 18 when I looked at the page, and then tears
39、of disbelief and appreciation19down my face. There, on my birthday, was the exact same poem that had 20 my father for all these years! It is called the Serenity (平静) Prayer:God, grant methe serenity to accept the things I cannot change;the courage to change the things I can;and the wisdom to know th
40、e difference. 1. A. chance B. courage C. ability D. right2. A. gave up B. took up C. went on D. carried on3. A. way B. habit C. situation D. house4. A. reciting B. asking C. smoking D. drinking5. A. sure B. uncertain C. afraid D. eager6. A. reply B. words C. excuse D. explanation7. A. fear B. imagin
41、ation C. thought D. reminder8. A. never B. seldom C. always D. ever9. A. discussed B. shared C. offered D. talked10. A. wonderful B. long C. simple D. boring11. A. all B. that C. any D. part12. A. talk B. quarrel C. trip D. lesson13. A. listed B. included C. read D. said14. A. method B. experience C
42、. wealth D. message15. A. character B. birthday C. qualities D. favorites16. A. doubtfully B. carefully C. happily D. hurriedly17. A. where B. whether C. what D. how18. A. excited B. astonished C. disappointed D. frightened19. A. hung B. pulled C. rolled D. pushed20. A. troubled B. disturbed C. plea
43、sed D. helped三. 阅读理解One of the strongest arguments for the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) has been that it will bring us some way nearer to “equality of opportunity”.Many people like to think of our present system of schooling as providing plenty of steps up the ladder of success for clev
44、er children. It would be good to think that no one who is really bright can be missed out when the state system is obviously so complete. It is obvious, for instance, that many children from less wealthy homes reach university or do well in other ways.Unfortunately, we now have plenty of proofs that
45、 many children of every level of ability do much less well than they could. For instance, during the years of national military service it was possible to test the intelligence of all male 18-year-olds. Half of those soldiers who were placed in the two highest ability groups had left school at 15.It
46、 has also been shown that the percentage of working class children going to university is almost the same now as it was in 1939. One study of 5,000 children from birth to 21 years old shows that up to half the bright working class ones left school when they reached 16 years old. Moreover, there is n
47、o difference in intelligence between the sexes, but far more boys and girls stay in education after 16.It is clear from this and many other proofs that many children are still leaving school too early to benefit from the prizes-money, social respectability, and interesting jobs- which higher educati
48、on gives. It is clear too that the reasons why such children leave have much to do with their social background. Their parents often need the extra money another money-earner would bring in; they dont value education for itself because their own was probably dull and unhappy. It is not much that the
49、y force their sons and daughters to leave school, rather that they tend to say, “Its up to you.”1. People would like to think that _.A. equal numbers of poor and wealthy children reach university B. those with the least money get the best educationC. intelligent children are always selected by the s
50、ystemD. only really clever children can be admitted into university2. Working class children as thought to be at a disadvantage because _.A. many of the clever ones leave school earlyB. fewer go to university than ever beforeC. more than half leave school when they are 16D. fewer boys than girls sta
51、y at school after 163. Many children leave school early because _.A. their social background makes them unhappyB. they have to give something to their familys incomeC. their school is a dull and unhappyD. their parents dont allow them to make their own decision4. This article shows that equal opportunity in education _.A. is a thing of the pastB. has not yet been achievedC. is there for those who deserve it D. has greatly improved our society
