1、卫辉一中2012届高三二轮备考抓分点透析之英语名词和主谓一致【2012年高考命题预测】高考对名词的考查主要是1、名词词义辨析；2、名词的数及“可数”与“不可数”；3、名词与其他词组成固定搭配。从近几年命题来看有重语意表达轻规则记忆的特点，提高了对学生语境理解的要求。主谓一致也是高考的热门考点之一。这部分的重点是主谓一致的三个基本原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。【重难点突破】一、名词【概述】表示人或事物(事件/行为)名称的词是名词。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，Chi
2、na等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。注意：集体名词被当作一个整体时，要看作是单数，用单数的谓语动词。但当组成这类名词所代表的事物的各部分或其成员是被逐一单独考虑时，就用复数的谓语动词。The football team is playing well.这个足球队踢得好。The football team are having baths and are coming back for tea.足球队员们正
3、在洗澡，然后他们就回来喝茶。The family is a happy one.这是一个幸福的家庭。The family are very pleased about the good news of his success.他成功的消息使全家人都感到高兴。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。名词常考用法名词的数可数名词和不可数名词(countable noun and uncountable noun)名
4、词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数的。类名词和集体名词一般是可数的。少数名词既可用作不可数名词，又可用作可数名词，但意义有所不同。 不可数名词 可数名词glass 玻璃 玻璃杯paper 纸 代件、试卷、报copper 铜 铜币tin 锡 罐头stone 石 石块A glass is made of glass.玻璃杯是玻璃做的。You can throw a stone at a wall made of stone.你可把一块石头抛向一面石砌的墙。规则名词复数形式的构成绝大多数名词的复数形式由在单数后加-s或-es构成。具体如下： 在词末加-s。通常在
5、单数名词之后加词尾-s。词尾-s在清辅音后读s;在元音和浊辅音后读z; 等辅音后读iz。在s，z，bookbooksbuks 书 treetreestri:z树carcars z 小汽车 househouseshauziz房子daydays deiz 天 facefacesfeisiz脸 名词以-s，-x，-z，-ch，-sh 结尾时，加-es，读 iz。iz brushbrushes glassglassesboxboxes churchchurches watchwatches busbuses 名词以元音字母+y结尾时，加-s，读作z；以辅音字母+ y结尾时，变y为i，再加-es，读iz
6、;专有名词中的y不变，直接加-s，读z。iz男孩boyboys 军队armyarmiesriz故事:storystoriesst riz工厂factoryfactoriesbabybabiesbeibiz婴儿 假期holidayholidays 以辅音字母 +o结尾时，一般加-es，读z。tomatotomatoes heroheroespotato-potatoes 土豆 volcano-volcanoes 火山但piano，photo后只加-s，读z。 photophotos pianopianos bamboobamboos 竹 radioradios 收音机studiostudios
7、工作室 cuckoocuckoos 杜鹃 以-f，-fe结尾时，一般先把-f，-fe 变为v，再加-es，读z。leafleaves li:vz 树叶 lifeliveslaivz 生命knifeknives naivz shelfshelves halfhalves 半 thiefthieves 贼Leaves turn green in spring.树叶在春天变绿。注意：个别只加-s，读s。 roofroofs 屋顶 gulfgulfs 海湾proofproofs 证据 beliefbeliefs 信念chiefchiefs 酋长 handkerchiefhandkerchiefs 手帕
8、 字母、数字、单词、符号被看作”字”时，常加 “s”构成复数。Your 3s look like 8s. 你的3看起来像8。He used too many buts and ifs. 他用了太多地but和if。Pay attention to your +s and s。注意你的+号和号。巧记: 。T变W一般词尾加-s，元、浊读z清读s。t后加s读作ts，d后加s读作dz。辅音字母加y来结尾，i替y再加-es。词尾若为sh,ch,s,x，加上-es读作iz。词尾为ce,se或ge，虽加-s也读iz。o结尾，加-s，多数情况均如此。马铃薯和西红柿，以0结尾加上-esz。f,fe作词尾，去掉它们
9、加-ves。house, mouth变复数，s变z来复合名词复数形式多在主体名词上变化。shopkeepershopkeepers店主 classroomclassrooms教室film-goerfilm-goers常看电影的人 housewifehousewives家庭主妇tooth-brushtooth-brushes son-in-lawsons-in-law女婿vice-premiervice-premiers副总理 looker-onlookers-on旁观者passer-bypassers-by过客 editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chief总编comrade-
10、in-armscomrades-in-arms战友编 good-for-nothinggood-for-nothings无用的人（1）、特殊名词的单复数 名词复数的不规则变化 1）、child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teeth mouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）、单复同形如： dee
11、r，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）、集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名
12、词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）、以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 The Arabian Night
13、s is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)、 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6）、 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼（2）、不可数名词量的表示 1）、物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食
14、物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel.(不可数) We need various steels.(可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。2）、抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
15、如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice一条建议 （3）、定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名
16、词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 （4）、不同国家的人的单复数 名称 总称(谓语用复数）一个人 两个人 中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australian twoAus
17、tralians 俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians 意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians 希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks 法国人the Frencha FrenchmantwoFrenchmen 日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese 美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans 印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians 加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian tw
18、o Canadians 德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans 英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen 瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语只修饰可数名词单数的如a/an，one，another，either，neither，every，many a等。 I dont like this book, give me another one.我不喜欢这本书, 请另外给我一本。Neither shoe feels comfortable.两只鞋都感觉不舒服。An
19、 apple a day keeps the doctor away.谚 一天一个苹果, 医生不上门(比喻不生病)。只修饰可数名词复数的如these，those，few，many，a good/great many，a good/great number of，both，several及二以上的数词等。It is impossible for so few workers to do so much work in a single day.如此少的人在一天内做这么多工作是不可能的。Im afraid he did not do very well in the dictation. Ther
20、e were quite a few spelling mistakes in it.恐怕考试他听写没做好，里面有很多拼写错误。Were there many people at the meeting?有很多人到会吗?只修饰不可数名词的如a little，a bit of，much，a great/good deal of，a great/large/small amount of等。There was so much food that we couldnt eat it all. 食物太多了，我们吃不完。Theres a little bit of time left. 只剩一点儿时间了
21、。既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有the，ones，some，any，no，all，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large/small quantity of，which，what，other，half，one-third等。some在解释为 “某一”，any在解释为”任何”时也可修饰可数名词单数。this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词，last，next，the other和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。I need a lot of cloth, for Im going to make many clothes.我需要大量的布，因为我要
22、做很多衣服。I have some books.我有一些书。He has waited some time.他等了一会儿了。 （5）、名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下： 1） 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。 2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。 3） 凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title
23、of the song 歌的名字。 4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。 如：Johns and Marys room（两间）John and Marys room（一间） 6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：a month or twos absence 注：对名词的考查出现在单项选择和短文改错中。单项选择中多考查词义辨析和固定搭配，短文改错中多考查名词的单复数和所有格。（2）of所有格of所有格是以”of+名词”
24、构成的一种词组形式，主要用于表示无生命东西的名词，表示所有关系。the windows of the classroom教室的窗子 the colours of the flowers鲜花的颜色the foot of the mountain山脚 the noise of the tractors拖拉机的噪音表示有生命东西的名词，也可用of所有格表示所有关系，或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。the death of Stalin 斯大林的逝世 the arrival of the chairman 主席的到来the laws of Newton 牛顿定律3、名词所有格与它修饰的词的逻
25、辑关系广义上来说所有格用来表示“拥有”或 “所有”，如the teacherstapes(教师的磁带)。但严格说来所有格形式并不单纯地表 “拥有”，而用来表达某个人或物被另一个名词所修饰的关系。名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语；也可能是其宾语。the doctors arrival医生的到来 the love of the mother母亲的爱the Kings praise国王的赞赏 the liberation of the city城市的解放the punishment of the teacher教师的惩罚（可能含有：教师惩罚人或教师受到惩罚，这两种意思）4、双重所有格（t
26、he double possessive）s所有格有时可以和of所有格结合在一起表示所有关系，这叫做”双重所有格”。（1）双重所有格的形式of十名词所有格He is a friend of my brothers.他是我弟弟的一位朋友。That is a new design of Mr.Browns.那是布朗先生的一项新设计。Miss Smith is a friend of Marys mothers. 施密丝小姐是玛丽妈妈的朋友。of+名词性物主代词Im staying with a friend of mine.我打算和我的一位朋友住在一起。I borrowed a necklace
27、of yours.我借了你的一条项链。（2）双重所有格的几个特征双重所有格所修饰的名词 (即of之前的名词)通常和不定冠词a及any，some，no，few，several等表示数量的词连用，表示”其中之一”或”其中一部分”的意思，但不可以和定冠词the连用。This is a book of my fathers. 这是我爸爸的一本书。Have you read any books of Einsteins?你读过爱因斯坦的什么书吗?Some friends of my brothers have arrived. 我兄弟的几位朋友已经到了。不能说:the play of Shakespea
28、res或the novels of Lu Xuns“of十名词所有格”中的名词一般表示人，不能表示物；该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的，不能与不定冠词连用。a friend of the doctors 这个大夫的一个朋友 some books of my brothers 我哥哥的一些书a friend of my parents我父母的一个朋友 a play of Shaws肖伯纳的一个剧本不能说:*a cover of the books*a friend of a doctors双重所有格修饰的名词和指示代词 this, that, these, those连用时，往往表示爱憎、褒贬等
29、感情色彩，这时并不表示“部 分”的意思。That little daughter of your sisters is really a dear. 你姐姐的那个小女儿真惹人爱。These remarks of yours are of great value to us. 你的这些话对我们来说很有帮助。How old is this lovely child of your aunts?这个你姑母的可爱的小孩几岁了？5、名词所有格所修饰词的省略（1）名词所有格所修饰的词如果前面已提到，则往往省略，以免重复The kite is not mine ,but Johns(kite) . 风筝不是
30、我的而是约翰的。She put her arm through her husbands (arm).她挽着她丈夫的手臂。（2）习惯上，名词所有格后面指地点等的名词也可省去不用Yesterday I met him again at the barbers (shop). 昨天我又在理发店遇上他了。You are expected in the managers (office).盼着你到经理办公室去。We had supper at my uncles (house).我们在叔叔家吃的晚饭。6、of所有格与双重所有格的区别（1）有时of所有格与双重所有格在单句中意义较接近，知识侧重点有所不同
31、。He is a friend of my fathers. =He is one of my fathers friends. （着重说明父亲不止他一个朋友）He is a friend of my father. =It is he who is my fathers friend. (着重说明他是我父亲唯一的一个朋友)（2）中心词是portrait, picture, printing, photograph等词时，后面用of所有格指某人自己的肖像、照片等；用双重所有格则表示某人所收藏的肖像、照片。This is a picture of my father. 照片上的人是我父亲。Thi
32、s is a picture of my fathers. 这照片属于我父亲收藏。六、名词的语法功能1、作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter.那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2、作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完
33、给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？3、作表语Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是
34、个好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 她现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4、作宾语的补足语They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。5、作定语（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛Lets
35、stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。（2）名词所有格作定语。studentsbooks学生用书 Chinas capital中国的首都 the worlds population世界人口（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He said that two women doctors would come t
36、o our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Lea
37、rning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a workers family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。women drivers女司机 the womans driver这位妇女的司机girl friend女朋友 the girls friend 这女孩的朋友mother tongue母语 mothers tongue母亲的舌头（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内
38、容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6、作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。七、疑难名词比较与辨析1、force; energy; strength; powerforce表示“力、力量”的意思。指为做或实现某事而实际运用的力量。He overcame
39、 his bad habits by force of will.毅力使他克服了自己身上的不良习惯。Those people are the progressive forces in the society. 这些人是社会的进步力量。energy主要强调“精力”，指用来做某事或完成某事的能力。还可以指“能源”。Young people usually have more energy than the old. 青年人通常此老年人精力充沛。Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms
40、of energy. 很多国家正在提高天然气、风以及其他能源形式的利用。strength表示“力”的意思。指做事情的-种内在能力。就人而育，着重指力气;就物而言，着重指强度潜力等。He lifted the stone with all his strength.他使出全身力气举起了那块石头。The side man hasnt got enough strength to get out of bed. 那位病人还没有足够的力气下床。Power 表示 “能力、能量、动力”的意思。指身体上、心理上和道德上的能力(不管是否发挥出)。Knowledge is power.知识就是力 量。I sha
41、ll do everything in my power to help you.来源:Z&xx&k.Com我将尽我的能力帮助你。2、manner; means; method; waymanner表示“方式、方法”的意思。指个人喜欢采用的方式。The manner of their meeting makes a good story. 他们相见的方式似乎有些传奇色彩。He has developed his own manner of acting. 它形成了自己独特的演出风格。means表示“方法、手段 、工具、财产、资力”的意思。Students sometimes support t
42、hemselves by means of evening job. 学生有时通过晚上打工的方法来养活自己。The quickest means of travel is by plane.最快的旅行工具是飞机。Have you the means to support a family? 你有维持家的方法没有?method指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也指系统的、抽象概念的原理。His idea is all right, but he lacks method.他的想法不错，但是缺少方法。He is a man of method.他是个有条理的人。method of teaching 教学方
43、法 method of study 学习方法Roasting is one method of cooking meat. 烤是做肉的一种方法。way是最通用的词，也是最不正式的词，本义是“通道、通路”，引申作“方式、方法”讲，含义很广。In this way over several days, the artist and his mice became friends.就这样过了几天，这位艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。Look! Work on it in this way. 看!像这样搞它。My parents always let me have my own way of livin
44、g.3、cost; price; value; worth; expensecost表示“成本、费用”的意思。 原指生产某种物品的成本 ，包括生产中所支付的原料和劳动。一般要低于售价，有时也可用来泛指价格。也可用于借喻，指所付出的代价，甚至生命。As a result, costs will be reduced by as much as 90%. 因此，成本将会降低90% 之多。China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper. 中国日报刊登大量广告有助
45、于降低报纸生产的成本。price表示“价格、价钱、定价”的意思。 指经营商品出售的单价，通常要高于商品的出厂成本。也用于借喻，指做某事所付出的代价。Can you try to get them to bring down the price? 你能把价格讲下来吗?They can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 他们可以在首都以高价出售他们的牛肉。value表示“价值、价格”。指我们所估计一件东西的价值，因此是不能 以金钱估价的。Instead they are writing once more about things th
46、at are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern world, the value of having good friends and so on. 他们现在再一次写常人常事现代世界中的孤独感及交好朋友的价值等等。The park is good value for the money.公园花这么多钱值得。worth意思是价值。指东西本身的真正价值，是经久不变的，是可贵的。It was worth five hundred francs at the most.它最多值500法郎。He asked me how much this
47、 computer was worth. 他问我这台计算机值多少钱。expense意思是“费用、支出、开销”，指花费金钱、时间和精力。We travelled to France at our own expense. 我们自费去法国旅行了。Do you know at whose expense your visit to Japan will be?你知道谁将担负你访问日本的费用吗?4、land; ground; soil; earthland表示“陆地、土地、地”，是河流和海洋的相对用语。用于指土地或土壤时，着重指它的性质、用途等。有时泛指大地，也可作“国家、地产”讲。The rocky
48、 soil has been turned into rich land.岩石地已变成了沃土。But some people dont want good farm land to be built on. 但是有些人不愿意把好的农田用来修建厂房。To the sea captains surprise, he found that land travel could also be quite pleasant. 使那位船长吃惊的是，他发现陆地旅行也很愉快。ground(n. )表示“地、土地”的意思。主要指大地表面，也可以指土壤、场地。也可用于借喻指“根据、理由”。He learnt ho
49、w to clean rough ground before planting crops. 他学会了在种植作物之前如何拾掇毛糙的土地。Then the Class 2 runner dropped his stick on the ground when he was passing it on to the fourth runner.然而，当二班运动员传给第四棒时，接力棒掉在地上了。soil表示“土壤、土地”，指可以生长植物且富有有机物的沃土，宜于农耕。When the plants are in the ground, Ill put some powder on the soil.当
50、植物种到地里时，我将给地里撒些粉剂。He studied how to improve soil conditions.他研究如何改善土壤环境。earth表示“地、地球、泥土”，着重指”大地”，以别于天空。作”泥土”解时，常用于以别于坚硬的岩石。Later, in a few weeks time Ill put the little plants in the earth. 几星期后，我将把小植物埋在泥土里。5、practice; exercise; training; drillpractice; exercise; training; drill都表示“练习、训练”的意思。trainin
51、g表示“训练、培养、教练、锻炼”的意思。一般指对于身体的锻炼、对动物的训练、对士兵的训练等。These football players had no strict training until they joined our club.这些足球队员直到加入我们俱乐部才受到严格的训练。The athlete is in training.这个运动员锻炼得好。The home training of children is the first class social problem. 儿童的家庭教育是社会的头等问题。exercise主要指为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的“练习或体格锻炼”。The
52、book contains a series of graded exercises adapted to the use of beginners. 书中有一系列按难易排列的练习适于初学者应用。You need more outdoor exercise.你需要多进行户外运动。practice主要指正规的、有条理的、不断反复的 “练习”或把理论道理贯彻在行动中的 “实践”。More practice will make you speak with greater fluency. 多练习会使你口语更流利。The integration of theory and practice is o
53、ne of the basic points of Marxism. 理论和实践的统一是马克思主义的基本论点之一。drill表示“操练、训练”的意思。一般指严格的训练或反反复复练习或军事上的练兵。Lets do some pattern drills.咱们做些句型练习吧。The soldiers were at drill in the barrack yard.士兵们在营场上操练。6、sign; signal; mark; symbolsign表示 “符号、记号、招牌”等意思。是最普通的用语，指一个具有公认意义的、简单的、随意制定的代表物。Letters are signs used to
54、represent sounds.字母是用来代表声音的符号。Youll see the sign for the rest rooms.你将看到休息室的指示牌。signal表示 “暗号、信号”的意思。有时是有意的;有时是无意的。有意的，如强风讯号、求救信号等。There the electrical signal is changed back into sound.在那儿电信号又变成声音。mark表示 “ 痕迹、记号、商标、特征、分数”的意思。指印在物品上的记号，可用在好坏两个方面。作动词时，表示”标明、作记号”的意思。He got full marks in his maths test.
55、 他在测试中得了满分。Each stone was marked with a number. 每个石头上都标明号码。symbol表示 “象征”的意思，特别强调故意用来包含某一特定意义的东西，或故意构成的传达某一特定意义的事物。a good luck symbol 好运气的象征The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power. 狮子被看作百兽之王，是因为它是勇气与权利的象征。高考真题剖析（2011山东卷）34Theres a _ in our office that when
56、 its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to shareAtradition B. balance C. concern Drelationship答案【A】 本题考查名词辨义。A.传统 B.平衡 C.担忧 D.关系根据句意选择A项。（2011浙江卷）18Anyway, I cant cheat him - its against all my _Aemotions B. principlesC.regulations Dopinions答案【B】本题考查名词辨义。A.感情 B.原则 C.规则 D.观点 根据句意选择B项
57、。二、主谓一致（1）、语法一致原则该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，动词用复数形式：I 主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。I love / She loves music 我/ 她爱好音II 主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。1“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。The work is important 这项工作重要。To serve the country is our duty 为祖国服务是我们的义务。How and why he left was a s
58、ad story 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。2复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。The children are taken good care of 孩子们得到很好的照料。II 以“and ”或“both and”连接的并列主语：1通常作复数用 。Plastics and rubber never rot 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。What he says and what he does do not agree 他言行不一致。2如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。The worker and writer has come 这位工人作家来了。3“and”前
59、、后的单数词语都有“each，every ，many ，a ，no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时：1 a）“many a 单名 ”接单数谓语：“a good （great ） many 复名”接复数谓语。Many a fine man has died for it 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting 许多家长出席了会议。b）a / an
60、单名 or two 大多接单数谓语： one or two 复名接复数谓语。Only a word or two is （are ）needed 只需说一两句。One or two reasons were suggested 提出一两条理由。c）“a / an 单名 and a half”常接单数谓语；“one and a half 复名”多接复数谓语。A year and a half has passed 一年半已过去了。One and a half tons of rice are sold 已卖了一吨半大米。d）“more than one 单名”大多接单数谓语。More than
61、one person was （were ）absent 不止一个人缺席。“more 复名 than one ”接复数谓语。More students than one have been there 不止一个学生去过那儿。“more than two （three，）复名 ”接复数谓语。More than one hundred students have attended the concert 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。2 ，主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind （sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / b
62、lock / box / handful / quantity / ton / meter / ）of”等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。There is only a small quantity of paper （books ） left 只剩下少量的纸（书）了。This kind of apple is sweet 这种苹果甜。 Apples of this kind are sweet （总作复数用）3主语后接“with”等构成的短语修饰成分时：谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ，along with ，together wit
63、h ，as well as ， but ， besides ， except ，added to ， including ， like ，no less than ， rather than ， more than ”等。A woman with two children has come 一位妇女带着两个孩子了。4“one of 复数名词 定语从句”：1）、定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“that”代“
64、novels”）2）、若“one”前加“this， the ，the only ”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。He was the only one of the boys who was praaised 他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。（关系词who 代 the only one ）高考链接Such poets as Shakespeare widely read，of whose works，however，some difficult to understand（10四川）Aare；are Bis；is Care；is Dis：are Listening to
65、 loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers. （10湖南） A. is B. are C. has D. have（2）、意义一致原则 有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概念，而不是其语法形式：I 集合名词作主语时：1 有些通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“people ， police ， cattle （牛，牲口），folk ， youth ， militia （民兵）”，等。The police have caught the murderer 警方已捕获凶手。2 有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“
66、成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如 army ， audience（听众），class ，club （俱乐部） ，company（公司）， committee（委员会） ，crew ，crowd ，staff（员工） ，family ，public ，government ，group ，party ，union ，couple ，population ，team 等。Our family is a happy one 我们有个幸福的家庭。The family are early risers 这家人都起得早。但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如：families ， two classes 等。有些
67、变复数形式后意义不同。如：peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。II代词作主语时：1不定代词each ，one ， much， （a）little ，either ，neither ，another ，the other（单名）等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。Each of the girls （Each girl） has a new hat 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。Neither plan suits me Neither of the plans suits / suit me 两个计划都不适合我。2下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ，som
68、ebody ，something ，anybody ，anyone ，anything ，everybody ，everyone ，everything ，nobody ，no one ，nothing ”等。Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?There was nothing special then 那时没什么特别情况。3.下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ，many ，several， both”Few （of the guests ） were familiar to us 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。Both / Both （of ） these are int
69、eresting 两部影片都有趣。4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数：1）、“what ，which ，who ，whose ”等。Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?Who are League Members 哪些是团员?2）、all ， some ，more ，most ，any ，none ，a lot（of ）， lots （of ），等。All （of the students ） are working hard （所有的学生）都在用功。All （of the paint ） is fine （这些油漆）都很好。3）、half（of）， plenty （
70、of）， the rest（of）， （a）part（of）， the remainder（of ）余下的），等。Half of the apples are bad 苹果中有一半是坏的。Half of the apple is bad 这只苹果坏了一半。“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时：1 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。Ten times four makes（make） forty 乘以四得四十。2表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。Twenty years is not a long time 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。Tw
71、enty years have passed since he left 他离开已二十个年头了。3“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。Only sixty percent / threefifths of the work was done yesterday 昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。4 a number of （许多）/ a variety of （各式各样） 复数名词，常作复数用。A number of students in this class are （is） from Sichuan 这个班有不少同学来自四川。但是，“the number（数目）/
72、the variety（种类）” of 复数名词，作单数。The number of students in this college has doubled 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分）1以“ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。Mathematics seems easy to me 我似乎觉得数学不难。但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。Her mathematics are weak 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”）2 “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraf
73、t飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。This works was（These works were）built two years ago 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。这类名词通常还有“fish ，deer ，sheep ，headquarters （总部驻地），bellows（风箱）， plastics， gallows （绞架）， manners（礼貌） ，whereabouts （行踪）， ”等。（但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。） the 形容词/分词作主语时：1 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。The rejected were
74、heaped in the corner 废品堆在角落里。2指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。The agreeable is not always the useful 好看的不一定中用。专用名词作主语时：1“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。The United States was founded in 1776美国成立于1776年。The Arabian Nights is very interesting天方夜谭很有趣。2“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。Dickens American Notes were （was ） published
75、in 1842 狄更斯所著的美国笔记出版于1842年。“what等引导的从句”作主语时：1 大多作单数用。What we need is more practice 我们需要的是更多的实践。2若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。What you say and think is /are no business of mine 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。【高考真题剖析】One third the country _ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _black people（2
76、011湖南卷）Ais ; are Bis ; is Care ; are D.are ; isThe factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _ saved for other purposes（2011安徽卷）Ais B are Cwas D were答案【D】 本题考查主谓一致，the rest作主语根据意义一致原则。先行词materials是复数名词，所以用复数谓语，另主句中谓语动词是过去时，所以选择D项。【真题练习】（09安徽）1. China has got a good for fighting
77、 against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A. reputation B. influenceC. impression D. knowledge【答案】A（09福建）2. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration【答案】A 名词词
78、义辨析。delay：耽搁，延误；effort：努力；schedule：时间表；consideration：考虑，体谅；关心。题干意思是：当H1N1型2009年4月袭击墨西哥时，世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。（09湖北）3. Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for _ building.A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character【答案】D. 根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性，不会增强尊敬或名声，友谊可以增
79、强，但与前面health不搭配，故答案为character。（09湖北）4. In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _ for everyone to stand up.A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure【答案】A. 根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本，这是下课的暗示，选项中只能选择signal。chance“机会”，mark“分数，痕迹”，measure“方法，措施”。（09江西）5. The _ shoes were covered with
80、 mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms K5u【答案】C 名词所有格形式。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。此题较易（09海南）6. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A. draw B. strikeC. rush D. push【答案】D。【解析】句意为：鼓
81、励你的孩子去尝试新事物,但不要把它们太难了。push 推，挤，逼迫；strike v. 打,罢工,划燃rush v. 冲进,匆促行事,催draw v. 拉,拖,挨近,提取,画,绘制。根据句意，应选D。（09山东7. -He says that my new car is a _ of money.-Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A. lack B. load C. question D. waste【答案】D 考查单词的区别：lack缺乏；load负担；question疑问；waste 浪费；根据句意，尤其是下句的sour gr
82、apes(酸葡萄)可知答案选D。（09陕西）8. Form their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation【答案】B 名词词义辨析；stage：舞台，时期，阶段；position：位置；condition：条件，情况；situation：形式，情况；情景；根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是：从他们在电视塔顶部的位置，游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。（09天津）9.
83、 Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late .A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. Leisure【答案】C（09浙江）10The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _ to the digital resources of the library.A. accessB. passageC. wayD. approach【答案】A（10安徽）25. I havent seen Sara since she was a l
84、ittle girl, and she has changed beyond_A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure答案：C.考点：本题考查名词辨析。解析： hearing意为“听力”；strength意为“力气；力量”； recognition意为“认出；识别；认识”； measure意为“测量；措施”。句意为“她变得认不出来了。”（10江西） 35 Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) _
85、 of 40,000 per year.A average B number C amount D quantity答案：A.考点：考察名词。解析： a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额, a quantity of 既可以加可数也可以加不可数, 但没有平均每年增加的意思。（10山东）33. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter答案:A考点：本题考查名词在具体语境的使用。
86、解析：句意应为“那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。”所以A项意义符合句意, relief 表示“缓解，减轻，解除”。 safety表示“安全，保险”；defense 表示“防御，防护”； shelter表示“掩蔽，保护”。（10天津）3. James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position答案：A.考点：考查名词意义和用法。句意：詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了，目的是为电视腾出空间。解析：make room for是固定搭配
87、，意思是“为让空”的意思，其中的room是不可数名词。（10江苏）22. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization选B，reputation 表示名声而expectation是期望的意思。Contribution是贡献的意思。Civilization是文明的意思。（湖北）21. Thi
88、s restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle答案: B考点：名词/名词短语解析：此题不仅考察学生对于四个选项的认知，更重要的是要理解句子的含义。“这家餐馆越来越出名 是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群。”“a range of ”强调一个系列，而“a wide range of”意为“各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲，这个句子属于典型的“从句套从句”。“for”引导原因状语
89、从句，“that”引导定语从句。 22. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture.答案: D考点：名词解析：512的汶川地震，414玉树地震。天灾“earthquake”相信是很多考生都准备过的一个话题。所以相关词汇“accommodation”表示“住处”应该是考生们准备的系列词汇之一。这道题难度不大 ，句子结构也
90、相对 简单。只要背过这几个词，知道“occupation”表示“占用”或者“工作，职业”；“furniture”表示“ 家具 ”；“e quipment”表示“设备，器材”就能选出正确答案D了。73. _(不会用)a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use)73. 答案：Not being able to use/ Being unable to use/ Not being capable of using/ Being incapable of using考点：动名词解析：不会用”
91、可以翻译成 “not be able to use”， “be unable to use” ， “be capable of using”， “be incapable of using”， 动名词化后，得出答案（10浙江）16. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _. A. solution B. target C. measure D. function答案：A考点：本题考查名词辨析。解析：分析四个选项：solution解决方法；target目标
92、；measure措施；function功能。根据句意：学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题，但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。（10湖南）33. Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers. A. is B. are C. has D. have答案：C考点：主谓一致解析：根据动名词短语作主语，句子的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除B、D两项，根据主语与caused的主动关系，排除A项（10四川）15Such poets as Shakespeare widely read，of whose w
93、orks，however，some difficult to understandAare；are Bis；is Care；is Dis：are答案：A考点：考查主谓一致。解析：主句中的主语应为poets,谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。故选A。（10全国）9.Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who_evening dress.A.wear B.wears C.has worn D.have worn答案：B解析：考查主谓一致
94、和时态。首先the only one of .为先行词时，定语从句修饰的是one，即one是主语，而非后面的复数women，根据主谓一致的原则，谓语动词应该用复数，排除A，D。另外，从“is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯，因此要用一般现在时，排除C，故选A（2011四川卷）13Always remember put such dangerous things as lives out of childrens 【C】Atouch Bsight Creach Ddistance（2011江西卷）31Whats the_, in your opinion, of helping him if he
95、 doesnt make an effort to help himself?【D】Asympathy Btheme Cobject Dpoint（2011湖北卷）21“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with_ clearly in her voices【D】Anear Brudeness Cregret Dpanic（2011湖北卷）22Giving up my job to go back to full time caudation was a big_, but now I know i
96、t was the best decision I ever made【B】Aproject Bcommitment Ccompetition Dambition（2011江苏卷）27Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _【C】AconsequenceBindependenceCcompetenceDintelligence来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K（2011浙江卷）18Anyway, I cant cheat himits against al
97、l my_【B】Aemotions Bprinciples Cregulations Dopinions（2011山东卷）34Theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share【A】Atradition Bbalance Cconcern Drelationship（2011福建卷）26The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of globa
98、l climate change【B】Aresult Bcause Cwarning Dreflection（2011湖南卷）26One third the country _ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _black people【A】Ais ; are Bis ; is Care ; are Dare ; is（2011安徽卷）27The factory and 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _ saved for other purposes
99、【D】Ais B are Cwas D were巩固练习1.The old _well looked after by the government in China. A. is B. are C. has been D. was2.The secretary and manager _very busy now. A. is B. are C. was D. were3.Both the secretary and the manager _agreed to attend the meeting. A.has B. have C. are D. was4.Tom as well as t
100、wo of his classmates _invited to the party.A.was B. were C. have been D. had been5.Either you or I _going to the teachers office after class. A.am B. is C. are D. will6.Most of his spare time _spent in reading. A.are B. were C. was D. have been7.This is one of the best novels that _appeared this yea
101、r. A. have been B. has C. had been D. have8.Ten thousand dollars _quite a large sum. A. are B. is C. were D. have 9.About 20 percent of the work _done yesterday. A.are B. is C. were D. was10. Mr. Smith， together with his children， _arrived. A. are B. has C. is D. have11. It _I who _leaving for Londo
102、n. A. isis B. amis C. isam D. amam12. Not only Tom but also his wife _fond of watching television. A.are B. were C. be D. is13. When and where to build the new factory _yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided14. Although the first part of the book is easy， th
103、e rest _. A. are difficult B. has proved difficult C. is supposed difficult D. have been found difficult15. That they were wrong in these matters _ now clear to us all. A. is B. was C. are D. were16. Half of his goods _ stolen the other day. A. are B. were C. is D. was17. Mathematics _the language o
104、f science. A.are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be18. Each of the students _ a Chinese-English dictionary. A.have B. has C. there is D. there are19. They each _ a beautiful handkerchief. A.have B. has C. there is D. there are 20.Between the two rows of trees _the teaching building. A. stand B. st
105、ands C. standing D. are21. This pair of shoes _made in Nanjing. A. is B. are C. have beenD. had been22. No one except my parents _anything about it. A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. have known23. A number of students _from the south. A. are B. is C. have D. has24. The number of students from the no
106、rth _small. A. are B. is C. have D. has25. Writing stories and articles _what I enjoy most， A. is B. are C. was D. were26. His “Selected Poems” _first published in 1965. A. were B. was C. has been D. are27. Miss Smith is a friend of _. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mothers of Mary D. Mary moth
107、ers28. A good deal of money _spent on books. A. have B. has C. have been D. has been29. On the wall _ two large portraits. A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging30. _turn green in spring. A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves31. Father went to his doctor for _about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. ad
108、vice C. advices D. the advices32. All but one _here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were 33. The number of people invited _fifty， but a number of them _absent for different reasons. A. were； was B. was； was C. was； were D. were； were34. The air in big cities _very dirty by factories. A. are of
109、ten made B. is often made C. have often made D. has often made35. Nobody _to smoke in the cinema. A. allows B. allow C. is allowed D. are allowed36. The Chinese people _hard-working and brave. A. are B. is C. has been D. are being37. _can be done _been done. A. All； have B. All that； have C. All； ha
110、s D. All that； has38. John has two brothers， but either _out of work now. A. are B. is C. has D. have来源:学科网39. The police _the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A.is searching for B. were searching for C. are searching for D. were searching40. Apples of this kind _. A. tast
111、es good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well41. Your trousers _dirty， you must have _washed. A. is； it B. are； it C. are； them D. is； them42. Where _rubbish， there are flies. A. there are B. there is C. is D. there has 43. The Olympic Games _held every _years. A. is； four B. are； four C. is； f
112、ive D. are； five来源:Zxxk.Com44. Many a man _ come to help us. A. have B. has C. is D. are45. He is the only one of the students who _elected. A. are B. have C. has D. is46. Three-fourths of the homework _today. A.has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished47. Those who _
113、in _compositions， please hand them in this afternoon. A. hasnt handed； his B. havent handed； their C. has handed； their D. have handed； his48. Jane is one of the best students in her class who _by their teacher. A. are praised B. is praised C. praised D. praising来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K49. The whole class _t
114、he teacher attentively. A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening50. The United States of America _one of the most developed countries in the world. A. is B. are C. was D. were KEY： 1-5 BABAA 6-10 CDBDB 11-15 CDABA 16-20 BCBAB 21-25 ABABA 26-30 BADBD 31-35 BDCBC 36-40 ADBBC 41-45 CBBBD 46-50 BBAAA
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