1、Section Discovering Useful Structures单元语法精析基本句子结构语法点拨一、句子的基本成分根据英语词汇在英语句子中的位置和作用，英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。1主语(Subject)：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当，置于句首。I go to school by bus.我乘公共汽车上学。The students are playing volleyball now.现在学生们正在打排球。To read in the sun is bad for your eyes
2、.在阳光下看书对你的眼睛有害。That you forgot to tell me the time for meeting caused me lots of trouble.你忘了告诉我开会的时间，给我惹了不少麻烦。2谓语(Verb)：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。She likes drawing.她喜欢绘画。I go to school at 8 am.on Mondays.星期一上午八点我去上学。3表语(Predicative)：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式或从句等充当。常见的系动词有
3、：be，become，appear，seem，look，sound，feel，get，smell等。I am a teacher.我是一名教师。You look younger than before.你看起来比以前更年轻了。My job is to teach them English.我的工作是教他们英语。4宾语(Object)：指动作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当，位于动词之后。They help the poor during the winter.他们在冬天帮助穷人。She likes to sleep in the open air.她喜欢在户外睡
4、觉。She enjoys living in China.她喜欢在中国生活。5宾语补足语(Object complement)：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、不定式、分词、形容词等充当。The teacher allowed him to go home.老师允许他回家。I saw you stand(ing) at the door.我看见你站在门口。I found it difficult to work out the math problem.我发现计算出这道数学题很难。We call him Lao Li.我们称他老李。名师点津两种结构中的宾语补足语形式(1)“动词形式宾语i
5、tadj./n.”常见的这类动词有：think，consider，feel，find，make。(2)“感官动词宾语宾语补足语(省略to的不定式，现在分词和过去分词)”，当此结构用于被动语态时，已省略的不定式符号to要还原。6定语(Attributive)：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及从句等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。The black schoolbag is mine.黑色书包是我的。They made paper flowers.他们做了纸花。The boys in the room are in Cla
6、ss Three，Grade One.房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。I have something to tell you.我有事情要告诉你。7状语(Adverbial)：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或从句等充当。He works very hard.他工作很努力。She is lying in the bed thinking.她躺在床上思考。即学即练按照要求，写出下列句子中的成分I enjoy helping others.(主语： I )My dream is possible！(表语： possible )All things are
7、possible for me.(状语： for me )Do you have anything to say？(定语： to say )We classmates work very hard.(同位语： classmates )We should protect the environment.(宾语： the environment )No one can make me change my mind.(宾语补足语： change my mind )I always treat others with kindness.(谓语： treat )二、八种基本句型1SV(主语谓语)谓语动词
8、为不及物动词，不跟宾语，但可以跟时间、地点、方式等状语，常见的动词(词组)有sleep，walk，swim，happen(take place)，go，come，work，laugh，stay，arrive，rise，rain，run，fly等。They laughed.他们大笑。2SVO(主语谓语宾语)谓语动词均为及物动词，常见的动词有like，love，want，stop，hope，help，refuse，finish，eat，have，appreciate，water，make等。(2019浙江高考)Some very good schools dont have a uniform p
9、olicy.有些好的学校没有校服政策。I enjoy working with you.我喜欢和你一起工作。I hope to see you again.我希望再次见到你。3SP(主语系动词表语)谓语动词均为系动词，常见的系动词有：be，keep，look，feel，smell，sound，taste，grow，get，go，turn，become，seem，appear等。(2019浙江高考)School uniforms are traditional in Britain.在英国校服是传统的。Tom looks thin.汤姆看起来瘦。The food smells delicious
10、.这食物闻起来很香。4SVIODO(主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语)通常情况下，间接宾语(通常指人)位于直接宾语(通常指物)的前面，但有时根据需要，间接宾语位于直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语前加to或for。常用于该句型的动词有give，show，send，bring，read，pass，lend，leave，hand，tell，return，write，throw，make，buy，do，get，order，sing，pay等。I gave her a present.I gave a present to her.我给了她一件礼物。I bought him a pen.I bought a pe
11、n for him.我给他买了一支钢笔。5SVOOC(主语谓语宾语宾语补足语)宾语补足语部分可以为形容词、名词、不定式、分词等形式。常用于该句型的动词(短语)有call，name，make，think，find，leave，see，watch，look at，listen to，hear，feel，let，have，get，keep，allow，need，want，ask等。其中宾语与宾语补足语统称为复合宾语。We call him Jack.我们叫他杰克。I found the movie interesting.我觉得这部电影很有意思。They asked me to help them.
12、他们让我帮助他们。名师点津需要添加的不定式符号当“感官动词或使役动词宾语宾语补足语”结构中的宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式且用于被动语态时，省略的to要再添加上。例如：My mother made me wash dishes.I was made to wash dishes by my mother.6SVA(主语谓语状语)(2019全国卷)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly.在操场上的所有足球选手都大声欢呼起来。The children stayed in the room.孩子们待在房间里。He runs
13、 slowly in the park every day.每天他在公园里慢跑。7SVOA(主语谓语宾语状语)You can put the plate here.你能把盘子放在这儿。He speaks English very well.他英语说得非常好。8There be.(there系动词.)There be后面的名词是句子的主语，属倒装结构，且动词除be外，还有：lie，stand，used to be，seem to be，appear to be等。There is a book and two cups on the table.桌子上有一本书和两个杯子。There are so
14、me apples in the bowl.碗里有一些苹果。名师点津There be句型的就近原则There be句型中的be动词的形式应和其后紧挨着的主语一致，即“就近原则”。句型中动词be可以为一般现在时，一般过去时，将来时和完成时。即学即练用给出的句型翻译下列句子会议九点开始。(SV) The meeting begins at nine. 他们喜欢听古典音乐。(SVO) They enjoy listening to the classic music. 天气渐渐冷了。(SP) It is getting colder and colder. 我下次把那本书给你带来。(SVIODO)
15、I will bring you the book next time. 他听见一个女人在那边哭。(SVOC) He heard a woman crying/cry over there. 今年，我们这里已经有好几所私立学校了。(There be) There have been several private schools in our area this year. 专项练习.标出下列各句中所包含的句子成分1Last week I went to the supermarket.2The play was very interesting.3I cant hear a word.4Th
16、ey were talking loudly.5He has visited a great number of places in Australia.6She makes her mother angry.答案：1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .判断下面语篇中画线句子的结构Dear Terry，How are you? In your last letter, you asked me how to be a guest to a Chinese friends home.Now, I am writing to give you some advice.To begin w
17、ith, youd better arrive a little earlier because its polite to do so.Second, youd better bring the family some gifts， such as a bunch of flowers or some fruit.Most importantly, the elderly are usually the first to taste the food because they are well respected in China.Whats more, when you are enjoy
18、ing the meal， you need to avoid making noises.Hopefully, these suggestions would be helpful for you.Im sure that you will have a great time and youll find us Chinese very friendly.Best wishes!Yours，Li Hua答案：主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语主语谓语状语主语谓语状语主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语主语谓语状语主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语主语系动词表语主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语宾语补足语.单句写作1我喜欢读书。(主谓
19、宾) I like reading. 2老师让我读这篇文章。(主谓宾语宾补) The teacher asked me to read the passage. 3我住在北京。(主谓状) I live in Beijing. 4你的建议听起来很棒。(主系表) Your suggestion sounds excellent. 5昨晚我写了一封信。(主谓宾状) I wrote a letter last night. 6爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。(主谓间宾直宾) Dad bought me a new bike. 7桌子上有一本书。(there be句型) There is a book on the desk.