1、典型技巧14 短语含义的获取策略【考情角度】考情角度记叙文中有时会在叙述的基础上，辅以适当的议论，以表明作者的观点态度和目的，结构上采取“以叙为主，兼顾议论”或“先叙后议”或“夹叙夹议”，阅读时应关注文章“起伏跌宕”的故事情节，从中悟道理。考查角度常考查细节理解题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题。【真题再现】(2019全国卷B)主题语境：公益事业与志愿服务 “You can use me as a last resort (选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a pa
2、rent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.I guess that theres probably some work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug_at_the_heartstrings. I mention the single p
3、arent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad a team that his kids arent even on . At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, Ill do it.” Im secretly relieved because I know theres real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent or
4、ganizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for endofseason gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are to for another season. Handing out oranges to bloodthirsty kids c
5、an be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season . That relief is with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or
6、services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense, Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?1.What can we infer abo
7、ut the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?A. She knows little about the club.B. She isnt good at sports.C. She just doesnt want to volunteer.D. Shes unable to meet her schedule.2.What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Encourage teamwork.B. Appeal to feelin
8、gs.C. Promote good deeds.D. Provide advice.3.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A. She gets interested in lacrosse.B. She is proud of her kids.C. Shell work for another season.D. She becomes a good helper.4.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?A. It gives her a sense of dut
9、y.B. It makes her very happy.C. It enables her to work hard.D. It brings her material rewards.答案与解析：1.C2.B3.D4.B1.由第1段中的a last resort和第3段中的unwilling parent可判断出正确答案。2.heartstrings由heart和strings构成，可理解为“心弦”，结合画线短语前的persuading及下文作者所列举的感人事迹可知，作者想要打动家长，使其改变主意。3.由“后扬”部分情节可知，家长做了许多，由此可判断出正确选项。4.根据说理部分的“Volu
10、nteering just feels so good”可推断出答案。【技巧释义】利用“构词法语境”猜测短语意义1.先抑(第1段)家长表达不情愿帮忙(可解第1题)2.后扬(第23段)第2段：利用事例打动家长接受志愿者工作(可解第2题)第3段：原本不情愿的家长做了很多3.说理(第45段)Volunteering just feels so good (可解第4题)volunteering is more of a selfish act【词汇积累】slice vt.把切成薄片relieved adj.感到宽慰的；感到安心的demanding adj.要求高的invaluable adj.非常宝贵
11、的coach vt.训练；辅导couple vt.与结合be off the hook脱身come to a close结束【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an are
12、a. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasonsfor example, economic reasonswhy they should be preserved. So, lets assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?In m
13、y view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed, there are many examples in my own home town of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate（影响）its
14、 surroundings too much, it often improves attractiveness of the area.It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt（破坏）the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simp
15、ly because people are naturally conservative and do not like change.Although we have to respect peoples feelings as fellow users of the buildings, I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be l
16、iving in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, though that might be the more risky choice.1.What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph?A.Some of them are not attractive.B.Most of them are too
17、 expensive to preserve.C.They are more pleasing than modern buildings.D.They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.2.Which of the following is true according to the author?A.We should reproduce the same old buildings.B.Buildings should no dominate their surroundings.C.Some old buildin
18、gs have spoilt the area they are in.D.No one understands why people speak against new buildings.3.By move things forward in the last paragraph, the author probably means A.destroy old buildingsB.put things in a difference placeC.choose new architectural stylesD.respect peoples feeling for historical
19、 buildings4.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To explain why people dislike changeB.To warn that we could end up living in caves.C.To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.D.To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.D【分析】本文为议论文。文章讨论了是否现代的建筑
20、应该和古老的历史建筑在一起，在作者看来历史建筑应该保存，但是我们的建筑风格也应该改变，不能因为历史建筑破坏我们的生活。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Not all historical buildings are attractive(并不是所有的历史建筑都有吸引力)”可知一些历史建筑不够有吸引力，故选A。2.推理判断题。根据第三段“It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt（破坏）the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old b
21、uildings too(的确，一些新建筑破坏了它们所在的区域，但一些老建筑也同样如此)”可知，新建筑破坏了它们所在的区域，而古建筑也是这样，可知作者认为一些历史建筑将他们生活的地方破坏了，故选C。3.词句猜测题。根据第三段最后一句“I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative and do not like change(我认为这很简单，因为人们天生保守，不喜欢改变).”可知，作者认为人们天生保守，不喜欢改变，根据第四段第二句“If we always reproduced what was there be
22、fore, we would all still be living in caves(如果我们总是重现以前的样子，我们都还会住在洞穴里)”可知，如果建筑师不改变建筑风格，我们现在还住在山洞里面，虽然我们必须尊重人们作为建筑使用者的感受，但建筑师和规划师要选择新的建筑风格，以推进事物的向前发展，选项C. choose new architectural styles(选择新的建筑风格)符合语境，故选C。4.推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句“Should we allow modem buildings to be built next to older buildings in a histo
23、ric area of a city(我们是否应该让现代建筑建在城市历史地段的老建筑旁边)?”作者提出问题，并对此展开论证，再根据最后一段最后一句 “Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, though that might be the more risky choice(因此，我反对复制以前的架构风格，而选择一些新颖和不同的风格，尽管这可能是更危险的选择).” 可知作者得出结论，认为现代建筑可以建在历史区域。故选D。
24、2A new study has shown how computers and robots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) can read human eye movements to “read” human personalities.The eyes are the windows to the soul. And if so, computers and robots powered by complex artificial intelligence algorithms (算法) may soon have the abilit
25、y to peer into your soul. That is the result of a new study on the connection between eye movements and personality, conducted by neuroscience researchers.“Eye movements during an everyday task predict aspects of our personality,” wrote the researchers, led by University of South Australia neuroscie
26、ntist Tobias Loetscher, whose team follows 42 study subjects recording their eye movements, then determines their personality characteristics.The researchers fed the data into their AI algorithms and found that computers running the algorithms were able to record human eye movements and immediately
27、determine a persons major personality characteristics , such as “neuroticism, extraversion (外向), agreeableness, conscientiousness, as well as perceptual (感知的) curiosity”, the scientists wrote.“The new findings could improve the way human beings interact with their computers and other high-tech devic
28、es, even robots, allowing for more natural and realistic social interactions with machines,” Loetscher said.“People are always looking for improved, personalized services. Todays robots and computers are not socially aware, so they cannot adjust to non-verbal information,” Loetscher said in a statem
29、ent quoted by Indian Express. “This research provides opportunities to develop robots and computers so that they can become more natural, and better at interpreting human social signals.”The study revealed previously undiscovered relations between specific personality characteristics and specific ey
30、e movement tendencies, according to a summary in Britains Daily Mail newspaper.5.What do the underlined words “peer into” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Search for.B.Concern about.C.Stare at.D.Understand.6.How did the researchers conduct the research?A.It was carried out in a lab.B.42 subjects eye m
31、ovements were recorded.C.The students daily movements were tracked.D.Its subjects personalities were determined by computer.7.What does Tobias Loetscher mean in paragraph 6?A.Robots and computers are socially conscious.B.People care less about improved, personalized services.C.Todays robots and comp
32、uters can accustom themselves to non-verbal information.D.The discovery will improve the interaction between human beings and robots.8.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?A.Tell Personalities by Eye MovementsB.What Human Eye Movements AreC.Human Personality CharacteristicsD.H
33、ow Humans and Machines Interact【答案】5.D6.B7.D8.A【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，由人工智能驱动的计算机和机器人可以通过阅读人类的眼球运动来“解读”人类的性格。5.词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“The eyes, they say, are the windows to the soul. (人们说眼睛是心灵的窗户)”可知，划线词组所在句的句意为“如果这是真的，由复杂的人工智能算法驱动的计算机和机器人可能很快就能探究你的灵魂。”划线词组peer into与understand意思相近。故选D项。6.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“whose te
34、am follows 42 study subjects around the university campus recording their eye movements, then determines their personality traits (特点)with “well-established questionnaires” for determining personality type(该研究小组在大学校园内对42名研究对象进行了观察，记录他们的眼球运动，然后用“成熟的调查问卷”来确定他们的性格特征)”可知，研究人员通过记录42名研究对象的眼球运动来进行这项研究的。故选B
35、项。7.细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The new findings could improve the way human beings interact with their computers and other high-tech devices, even robots, allowing for more natural and realistic social interactions with machines. (这项新发现可能会改善人类与电脑和其他高科技设备，甚至是机器人的互动方式，从而使人类与机器进行更自然、更现实的社会互动成为可能)”可知，这一发现将改善人类和机器之间的
36、互动。故选D项。8.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现由人工智能驱动的计算机和机器人可以通过阅读人类的眼球运动来“解读”人类的性格。因此，A项“通过眼睛的运动来判断一个人的性格”适合做本文标题。故选A项。3The three phases of life are increasingly a thing of the past. Where once working lives fitted neatly into the model of education, employment and then retirement, the simplicity of that
37、division is being challenged by changing standards of the workforce.Increasing numbers of workers, nearing their long-imagined transition(过渡)into retirement, seem to be actively putting off the moment at which they down tools. Newly released figures from the Office for National Statistics(ONS)have s
38、hown that there are over a million more over 50s in part-time work than a decade ago.And with nine out of 10 employers reporting difficulties hiring workers,theres likely to be a growing market for their talents as bosses extend their searches to older people,including those who are willing to take
39、on part-time responsibilities.The ending of the three phases of working life isnt simply down to people living longer or financial necessity-though those are certainly important factors-but also to an increasing desire to maintain a purposeful life. One survey of British retirees over 50 found that
40、85 per cent of them felt theyd retired too youngstopping working had left a void that they regretted afterwards.The 2015 film The Intern conveyed this human need to have value. In it, Robert De Niro plays a 70-year-old widower who finds himself a fish out of water when he joins a trendy internet sta
41、rt-up.In the end, not only does he find the sense of belonging that he desires but his colleagues come to rely on his experience and different perspective.Its a plot we can increasingly expect to happen in real-life offices over the decades to come as people live ever longer.Already, we are seeing p
42、eople in their 50s and 60s looking ahead to a retirement lasting 30 years, choosing instead to build second careers that they can maintain into their 70s or beyond. Freed from the financial burden of young children, they can prioritize flexibility, shorter working hours or more rewarding jobs in are
43、as such as charity work or teaching. Many do it for no money at all, volunteering behind the till in charity shops or showing people round National Trust properties.However, its the next generation where the effect of living longer will really be felt, and the financial necessity will start to bite.
44、 In the West, more than half of the children born in 2016 have a life expectancy of more than 100 years. In their book, The 100-Year Life, London Business School professors Lynda Gratton and Andrew Scott suggest that acquiring sufficient funds to see oneself through a 40-or 50-year retirement will l
45、ikely be beyond all but the highest earners.Then theres the oft-repeated claim that young people today are the first generation to be poorer than their parents. Certainly property prices are changing the way they plan for the future. In the mid-Nineties, the average home cost less than three times t
46、he average wage; last year, ONS stats placed that ratio at eight times wages.The overall effect of these trends is that young people recognize that they will likely have to postpone dreams of retirement and instead strap on(绑住)more debt spread over longer spans. Its why 44 per cent of under 30s say
47、they expect to be working well into their 70s and why data this year from the Bank of England show that 16 per cent of UK mortgages(按揭贷款)now have terms of 35 years or more-a figure that has tripled in the past decade.All of these factors look set to contribute to a workforce that has a significantly
48、 wider range of ages in the future. In an era of work when weve all learned to be more inclusive, only eight per cent of firms with a diversity programme have adapted it to go beyond gender, race and sexuality and into age. Incorporating older employees into the workforce is set to be the next big t
49、hing at the office.If Robert De Niro has anything to teach us, its that this can be an enormous force permanently for both employees and businesses.9.What do the underlined words “is down to” in Paragraph 3 mean?A.is caused byB.results inC.is responsible forD.gives birth to10.What trend will the nex
50、t generation face?A.They can live within their means.B.Their life expectancy will be longer.C.They will be richer than their parents.D.They will fail to pay off their mortgage.11.The author introduces the details of the film The Intern in order to_.A.tell us Robert De Niro is a helpful retireeB.indi
51、cate that retirees can also benefit societyC.share Robert De Niros second career with usD.illustrate that retirees desire to live meaningfully12.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The new standards of the workplace.B.Age being no hurdle in the modern world of work.C.Financial issues facing bo
52、th old people and young people.D.Different attitudes to retirement between the young and old.【答案】9.A10.B11.D12.B【分析】本文是一篇说明文。曾经的人生的三个阶段：教育、就业、退休正在受到变化的劳动力标准的挑战。文章介绍了在现代职场中，年龄不再是障碍。9.词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“One survey of British retirees over 50 found that 85 per cent of them felt theyd retired too youngstoppi
53、ng working had left a void that they regretted afterwards.”可知，一项针对50岁以上英国退休人员的调查发现，85%的人觉得他们退休的时候太年轻停止工作让他们有一种空虚感，他们后悔退休，这说明工作生涯三个阶段的结束还因为人们越来越渴望继续过一种有意义的生活，因此此处是说这三个阶段的结束不仅是因为人们寿命的增加或经济上的需要，由此可知画线词词义为“因为，由引起”，故A项正确。10.细节理解题。根据第六段中的“However, its the next generation where the effect of living longer
54、will really be felt, and the financial necessity will start to bite. In the West, more than half of the children born in 2016 have a life expectancy of more than 100 years.”可知，然而，真正感受到长寿的影响的是下一代，经济上的必要性将开始显现，在西方，2016年出生的儿童中，超过一半的预期寿命超过了100岁，由此可知，下一代的预期寿命更长，故B项正确。11.推理判断题。根据第三段“The ending of the thre
55、e phases of working life isnt simply down to people living longer or financial necessity-though those are certainly important factors-but also to an increasing desire to maintain a purposeful life. ”（职业生涯的三个阶段的终结，并不仅仅是因为寿命延长或经济需求，尽管这些因素肯定很重要，还因为维持有目标生活的愿望日益强烈）以及第四段中的“The 2015 film The Intern conveye
56、d this human need to have value. In it, Robert De Niro plays a 70-year-old widower who finds himself a fish out of water when he joins a trendy internet start-up. In the end, not only does he find the sense of belonging that he desires but his colleagues come to rely on his experience and different
57、perspective.”（2015年的电影实习生就表达了这类人对价值的需求，在这部电影中，罗伯特德尼罗扮演一位70岁的鳏夫，当他加入一家时髦的互联网初创公司时，发现自己就像离开了水的鱼一样，最终，他不仅找到了自己渴望的归属感，他的同事们也开始学习他的经验和看待问题的角度）可知，第四段中作者介绍了电影实习生的细节是为了说明退休人员渴望过有意义的生活，故D项正确。12.主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的“The three phases of life are increasingly a thing of the past.”可知，工作生涯的三个阶段（接受技能教育、就业和退休）正逐渐成
58、为过去，越来越多到了退休年龄的人还在工作，由此可知，本文主要介绍的是在现代职场中，年龄不再是障碍，故B项正确。4Several years ago, Chris Williams was driving home on a Wednesday night in Conroe, Texas, just like he always did. “It was dark and raining hard, and I could barely make out two people walking on the road,” he recalled. Born and raised in Louis
59、iana, Williams often watched his father go out of his way to help people in trouble. So he did something his dad would have done. He asked the two women if they needed a ride.They jumped in, and Williams learned why they were walking. Their truck had been in the repair shop for nearly three months.
60、“I asked the woman who owned the truck why it was in the shop so long, and the woman hung her head and told me, I cant afford to fix it,” Williams continued.Williams had always dreamed of opening his own auto repair garage that would help women in need. “Right then and there, I decided I needed to f
61、igure out a way to get my dream of opening a free garage off the ground,” he said.As a father of two girls, Williams had a calling to help single moms, widows and military wives. Williams borrowed money and asked people he knew for donations to start his new career, and several months later, he open
62、ed The Garage, a nonprofit that repairs vehicles for women in need-at no cost. The organization gives renewed vehicles away, too.Williams understood the economic difficulty being carless can cause, and how his nonprofit could help. “Car repairs can be expensive, and where I live, its very rural.” Wi
63、lliams explained. “So if you dont have a car, you cant get a job. And if you dont have a job, you cant buy a car. Its a cruel dilemma.”The Garage ended that dilemma for a whole lot of women in the surrounding community last year. The nonprofit gave away 146 vehicles and repaired 127. One of those re
64、cipients was Jeanne McGowan. “Several years ago, I became ill and could not maintain my job and I lost my car because I could not work,” she told a local TV reporter. “Im thrilled to be a receiver of one of their cars.”13.Why did Williams give the two women a lift?A.He was asked to lend a hand.B.He
65、was doing some voluntary work.C.He wanted to follow his fathers footsteps.D.He was going to the same destination as theirs.14.What do the underlined words “off the ground” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.At a loss.B.In progress.C.Out of sight.D.Beyond reach.15.What do we know about The Garage?A.It wa
66、s set up by Williams for his daughters.B.It has donated 127 vehicles to those in need.C.It helps poor women repair their vehicles for free.D.It has won financial support from the government.16.What did McGowan mean by her words?A.She expected local TV to do her a favor.B.She was seriously ill after
67、losing her job.C.She was excited to have a car from The Garage.D.She determined to donate her old car to the poor.【答案】13.C14.B15.C16.C【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Chris Williams开设了一个非营利组织，为有需要的女性免费修理汽车，该组织还赠送了更新的车辆。13.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Born and raised in Louisiana, Williams often watched his father go out of his
68、 way to help people in trouble. So he did something his dad would have done.(出生和长大在路易斯安那州，威廉姆斯经常看到他的父亲去帮助有困难的人。于是他做了一件他父亲会做的事)”可知，Williams想追随父亲的脚步去帮助有困难的人。故选C。14.词义猜测题。根据文章第三段及下文的内容得知Williams的梦想是开一家免费的汽车修理厂，并且他的梦想实现了，所以猜测off the ground是“开始，起步”的意思，故与“in progress”意思相近。故选B。15.细节理解题。根据文中第四段“Williams bor
69、rowed money and asked people he knew for donations to start his new career, and several months later, he opened The Garage, a nonprofit that repairs vehicles for women in need-at no cost.(Williams借了钱，向他认识的人寻求捐款，以开始他的新事业。几个月后，他开设了The Garage，这是一个非营利组织，为有需要的女性修理汽车，而且没有任何费用)”可知，Williams开设 The Garage是为了帮助贫困妇女免费修车。故选C。16.细节理解题。根据文中最后一段“I am thrilled to be a receiver of one of their cars.(能成为他们的一辆车的接受者，我感到非常激动)”可知，McGowan能从The Garage那里得到一辆车感到很激动。故选C。