1、第2讲 名词与主谓一致 指出下列句子中的名词1.John is watering the flowers in his garden.约翰正在花园里给花浇水。1什么是名词?【答案】John;flowers;garden一、名词2.Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦。1【答案】第2、3个trouble3.Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。【答案】Facts;words4.It takes two to make a quarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。1【答案】quarrel1表示人或事
2、物(事件/行为)名称的词是名词。观察各组单词的特点,指出其类别1family class school2pen man book3idea communism style4John China Japan5rice milk water2名词有哪些类别?集合名词 个体名词 抽象名词 专有名词 物质名词2名词分为专有名词和普通指出下列名词哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词book steel air materialism experience help class success difficulty luck interest month failure fish people informa
3、tion furniture amusement3什么是可数名词与不可数名词?怎样识别?3【答案】可数名词:book;experience;help;class;success;difficulty;interest;month;failure;fish;people不可数名词:steel;air;materialism;experience;help;success;difficulty;luck;interest;failure;fish;information;furniture;amusement31可以直接用数目来计算的名词是可数名词;不可以直接用数目来计算的名词是不可数名词。2一般
4、而言,个体名词和集合名词是可数名词;抽象名词和物质名词是不可数名词。难点是有些名词 根 据 词 义 的 变 化 其 性 质 也 发 生 变 化,如“success(成功)”是个抽象的概念,常用作不可数名词。但表示“成功的实例(人或物)”时,用作可数名词。另外,名词是否可数,不能完全根据汉语的思维来确定。ClassmatchBoxbrush4可数名词的复数变化有什么规律?写出下列各组词的复数形式(一)Classesmatchesboxesbrushes4playstorydaycity(二)TomatoPotatoZooHero(三)tomatoes;potatoes;zoos;heroespl
5、ays;stories;days;citiesthieves;shelves;handkerchiefs/handkerchives;roofs4thiefshelfhandkerchiefroof(四)manwomanGermanhuman(五)men;women;Germans;humans4toothgoosefoot(六)childox(七)children;oxenteethGeesefeet4bacteriumphenomenon(八)basisanalysis(九)bases;analysesbacteria;phenomena4Chineseaircraftmeanssheep
6、(十)peoplefish(十一)people/peoplesfish/fishesChinese;aircraft;means;sheep4fatherinlaweditorinchieftouchmenot(十二)fathersinlaw;editorsinchief;touchmenots4可数名词的复数变化有如下规律:1.以s,x,ch或sh 结尾的名词在词尾加es。但stomach变成复数为stomachs。2.以y结尾的名词分两种情况。其中以元音字母加y结尾的词在词尾直接加s,以辅音字母加y结尾的词改y为i再加es.3.以o结尾的名词变复数无规律可言,但中学阶段以o结尾变复数加es
7、的单词可概括为“两人两菜”:4Negro 黑人;heroes英雄;tomatoes番茄;potatoes马铃薯。其他加s。4.以f/fe结尾的名词变复数也无规律可言,但中学阶段以f/fe结尾变复数改f/fe为v加es的单词可概括为“贼(thief)的妻子(wife)头戴树叶(leave)用架子(shelf)上的半(half)把小刀(knife)结束了一只狼(wolf)的生命(life)”。其他加s。5.含man的单词,通常改其中的元音字母a为e。4但直接加s的单词有三个:Roman,German,human。6.单词中间含oo的单词,通常改其中的元音字母oo为ee。7.加(r)en变复数的单词
8、:child(ren);ox(en)。8.以a为复数形式的单词:bacteria;phenomena。9.改is为es变为复数形式的单词:bases;analyses。10.单复数同形的单词。其中单复数同复数形式4的单词主要有:means;works;series;species。单复数同单数形式的单词主要有:Chinese,Japanese,aircraft,sheep,deer,swine,fish等。11.people表示“人”时,单复数同单数形式;表示“民族”时,复数须加s;fish单复数同单数形式,复数形式fishes表示“各种各样的鱼”。12.含有主体名词的复合名词变复数,在主体名
9、词上变化,如fathersinlaw;无主体名词的复合名词4变复数,在词尾上变化,如touchmenots。其他情况一般加s。5不可数名词有复数形式吗?指出画线部分单词的含义1.Healthy diet should include vegetables.【答案】(各种各样的)蔬菜52.Its dangerous to cross waters around this island.【答案】(很多的水体)水域5不可数名词一般无复数形式。偶有复数形式,用以表达种类的多,又如各种食物表达为“foods”;或表达数量的多,又如树林表达为“woods”(很多树),沙地/滩/漠表达为“sands”(很多
10、沙子)。6a(n)可以修饰不可数名词吗?指出画线部分单词的含义1.Healthy diet should include vegetables.【答案】我想要杯咖啡。62.Travelling on that lonely island was a terribleexperience.【答案】在那个荒岛上旅行是一场可怕的经历。6不可数名词前一般不能用不定冠词,但在物质名词个体化或抽象名词具体化的情况下,可以使用。如a coffee 意为“一杯咖啡”,此时coffee变成个体名词;“He is a failure as a writer.”中的a failure意为“失败者”,此时failur
11、e具体化,由抽象名词变为个体名词。7完成下列句子根据汉语提示写出下列各个单词,注意使用名词后缀1.马是有用的动物。_ is a useful animal./_ is a usefulanimal./_ are a useful animal.2.水对人类至关重要。_ is extremely important to man.名词的泛指和特指怎么表达?The horseA horseHorsesWater73.你提到的那个人拿走了我昨天买的所有的书。_ you mentioned took away all the books Ibought yesterday.4.这口井的水不能喝,里面有
12、致癌矿物质。_ in this well isnt fit to drink,for itcontains minerals causing cancer.The manThe water71可数名词的泛指有三种方式:定冠词单数名词;不定冠词单数名词;名词复数形式。2不可数名词的泛指用单独的名词形式。3不可数名词的特指在名词前加定冠词。8翻译下列各组短语1.老师们的办公室,我表弟的自行车,儿童节名词所有格怎么表达?【答案】the teachers office;my cousins bike;Childrens Day82.树的叶子,桌子的腿【答案】the leaves of the tree
13、;the legs of the table3.地球的表面,中国的人口,步行一小时的路程【答案】the earths surface;Chinas population;anhours walk81人或动物的所有格常用s形式表达,如果该名词本身是复数,且以s结尾,则只需在词尾标注。2.无生命的名词(通常是物体或植物)的所有格常用of结构表达。3.少数第二类名词用第一种形式表达所有格。这些名词主要是时间,天体,国家等。9指出画线部分充当的句子成分1.Basketball is my favorite sports.2.What you need is confidence.3.His carel
14、ess driving caused the_accident.4.We elected Mr.Li head of our school.5.This kind of flower is called carnation.6.Beijing,capital_of_China,_is worth visiting.名词在句子中充当什么成分?主语表语宾语宾补主补同位语97.Id like to buy a coffee cup.8.The meeting lasted 8_days.定语状语9名词在句子中分别充当主语,宾语,表语,宾补,主补,同位语,定语或状语。1 什么叫主谓一致写出括号中动词的
15、适当形式1.I _(be)the ninth letter of the alphabet.I 是字母表中第9个字母。2.Boththetouchmenotandtheforgetmenot_(be)plants.含羞草和勿忘我都是植物。二、主谓一致is are13.Attitude _(decide)everything.态度决定一切。4.Opinions about whether to go into details about theissue_(vary)from person to person.关于是否深入问题的细节这个问题,观点因人而异。decides vary1名词在句子中分
16、别充当主语,宾语,表语,宾补,主补,同位语,定语或状语。能否将主谓一致理解为“主语是复数形式则谓语用复数,主语是单数形式则谓语用单数”?翻译下列句子,标出句中的主语和谓语动词1.书籍是人类的好朋友。2【答案】Books主 are谓 good friends to man2.一个流浪汉躺在公园的长凳上,双手抖个不停。2【答案】A_homeless_man主 was_lying_on谓 thebench in the park,with both his hands trembling.3.许多抽烟者把医生的忠告当耳边风。【答案】Many_a_smoker主 turns_a_deaf_ear_to
17、谓 the doctors advice.4.当时一千英镑是一大笔钱。2【答案】One_thousand_pounds主 was谓 quite abig sum of money at that time.5.羊主要吃草。【答案】Sheep主 feed谓 on grass.2主语是复数形式,谓语不一定用复数(如例句4);主语是单数形式谓语也不一定用单数(如例句5)。3观察每组句子中谓语动词单复数形式与主语的关系,尝试找出其中的规律1.(1)Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。(2)Every dog has his day.人人皆有得意时。2.(1)T
18、he wounded need medicine and food.伤员们需要药品和食物。(2)The wounded is his cousin.那个伤员是他的表弟。主谓一致有什么原则?33.(1)Not only Beijing but also other cities in Chinahave taken on a new look.不仅北京而且中国其他城市的面貌也焕然一新。(2)Not human resources but the system counts.不是人力资源而是制度起决定作用。4.(1)English as well as other languages has it
19、s ownrules.同其他语言一样,英语也有其自身特点。3(2)There is only one teacher and twentysix studentsin this remote school.这所偏远的学校有一个老师和26个学生。3主谓一致原则有:1.语法一致原则。即主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式。主语为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式(如例句1)。2.意义一致原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语表达的实际意义决定。同样形式的主语含义不同时,谓语单复数形式有变化(如例句2)。33.就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式由靠近谓语动词的名词确定(如例句3)。4.承前原则。即谓语动词的单复数
20、形式由远离谓语动词的名词确定(如例句4)4完成下列句子,注意谓语动词的形式 1.The problem _(need)further discussionand well discuss it next Wednesday.2.Alltheemployeesinthisjointventure_(pay)by the job.3.Oil _(be)to industry what blood is tothe body.谓语动词单复数形式怎样确定?needs are/were paid is 44.The doctor and teacher _(speak)goodEnglish thank
21、s to having lived abroad for years.5.Growing vegetables _(need)constantwatering.6.To be a pilot _(be)his dream.7.When he will be set free from the prison_(remain)a big problem.8.Neither the hostess nor her children_(like)hot food,so please dont add pepper.speaksis/wasneedsremains like49.Look!Themoth
22、ercatwithallherbabies_(run)after a mouse.10.Since all _(be)ready and all of us_(be)here,lets begin our meeting.11.Eachbookandeachdictionaryhere_(publish)by BNUP last year.12.Many a visitor _(have)such anexperience so far.are running areiswas published has had413.More than one person_(charge)withthef
23、t the other day.14.One and a half buildings_(burn)inthe big fire last night.15.His family _(be)very large.16.Gone _(be)the days when teacherswere looked down upon.was charged is was burnt are417.Growing in the field _(be)green crops.What a beautiful scenery!18.There_(be)noreplyfromthecompany in char
24、ge up to now.are has been31谓语动词的单复数形式一般是根据主谓一致的原则来确定:主谓一致遵守的“就近原则”句型中,谓语动词的单复数形式由靠近谓语动词的名词确定。此类句式有:Neither A nor B/Either A or B/WhetherA or B/Not only A but also B /A or B/Not A butB/There be A and B。谓语动词的单复数形式由靠近谓语动词的名词B确定。3主谓一致遵守的“承前原则”句型中,谓语动词的单复数形式由远离谓语动词的名词确定。此类句式有:A with B/A along with B/A to
25、getherwith B/A as well as B/A including B/Aexcept/(but)B谓语动词的单复数形式由远离谓语动词的名词A确定。3all,some,the rest of分数/百分数等作主语,谓语动词的单复数根据实际意义确定。all指物,表示“一切”时,谓语用单数,指人时谓语用复数。集合名词作主语强调整体,谓语用单数。强调成员,谓语用复数。如:My family were watchingTV when the electricity was cut off。There be 的主语在后面,谓语的单复数与主语一致。32确定谓语动词的单复数形式还有以下几种情况:不
26、可数名词作主语,谓语用单数形式。and连接的两个名词表达同一概念,谓语用单数形式。这类名词如 knife and fork(刀叉);bread andbutter(黄油面包),horse and cart(马车)等。动名词短语作主语,谓语通常用单数形式。不定式短语作主语,谓语通常用单数形式。3从句作主语,谓语通常用单数形式。当every A and every B/each A and each B/no Aand no B/many a A and many a B作主语时,谓语用单数。Many a 单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。More than one 单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。3One and a half 复数名词作主语,谓语用单数。表语前置,主语在后,谓语单复数与主语一致。进行时中的现在分词提前,主语在后,谓语单复数与主语一致。