1、解题攻略 技法指导 考点突破 习题集训 第三节 构词法与比较级构词法课标卷中的阅读与完形填空中约含有 2.5%的派生词或合成词，对这部分词汇的掌握程度直接决定着理解质量；构词法还是语法填空中必考的题目；同时，短文改错中也不乏对构词法的考查。考点一 派生词1名词后缀(1)动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrectcorrection 改正celebratecelebration 庆祝；庆祝会attractattraction 吸引discussdiscussion 讨论；辩论graduategraduation 毕业concludeconclusion
2、结论；结束decidedecision 决定admitadmission 接纳；准许入学inviteinvitation 邀请explainexplanation 解释expectexpectation 期望-er/-ordrivedriver 司机；驾驶员gathergatherer 收集者；采集者teachteacher 老师announceannouncer 播音员conductconductor 指挥；售票员directdirector 导演-mentpunishpunishment 惩罚achieveachievement 功绩；成就argueargument 辩论；论据treatt
3、reatment 对待；治疗equipequipment 装备；设备governgovernment 政府-ance/-enceappearappearance 出现；外貌guideguidance 指引；指导performperformance 表演；节目existexistence 存在；生存preferpreference 偏爱referreference 参考；查阅-inghearhearing 听力；听觉beginbeginning 开始-ure/-turefailfailure 失败；没做到presspressure 压力departdeparture 离开；出发mixmixtur
4、e 混合；混合物-yrecoverrecovery 恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery 发现其他choosechoice 选择varyvariety 多样化；种类tendtendency 趋向；趋势(2)形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshortshortage 不足；短缺-cyefficientefficiency 效率；功效fluentfluency 流利；流畅accurateaccuracy 准确性privateprivacy 隐私；私密-domfreefreedom 自由；自主wisewisdom 明智；智慧-cedifferentdifference 差异silentsi
5、lence 沉默-nessweakweakness 虚弱；弱点kindkindness 仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness 粗心大意-thstrongstrength 力气；强项warmwarmth 温暖；热情-y-ty-ityhonesthonesty 诚实difficultdifficulty 困难cruelcruelty 残酷；残暴safesafety 安全disabledisability 无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility 责任2.形容词、副词后缀(1)动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词-ableacceptacceptable 可接受的c
6、omfortcomfortable 舒适的fashionfashionable 时髦的suitsuitable 合适的reasonreasonable 有道理的-almusicmusical 音乐的originoriginal 最初的personpersonal 个人的；私人的centercentral 中央的；中心的naturenatural 自然的；天生的-fuldoubtdoubtful 怀疑的forgetforgetful 健忘的harmharmful 有害的hopehopeful 有希望的peacepeaceful 和平的-edscarescared 感到恐惧的confuseconf
7、used 感到困惑的underlineunderlined 下划线的-ingsurprisesurprising令人惊奇的satisfysatisfying 令人满意的convinceconvincing 令人信服的-ibleaccessaccessible 容易取得的horrorhorrible 可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible 可怕的-iveactactive 积极的；活跃的effecteffective 有效的，生效的attractattractive 有吸引力的impressimpressive 给人深刻印象的-ouscontinuecontinuous 不断的；持续的anx
8、ietyanxious 忧虑的cautioncautious 十分小心的；谨慎的curiositycurious 好奇的humorhumorous 幽默的-sometiretiresome 令人厌倦的troubletroublesome 麻烦的-ytastetasty 美味的；可口的healthhealthy 健康的wealthwealthy 富裕的；丰富的-erneasteastern 东方的；向东的-ishchildchildish 孩子气的foolfoolish 愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish 自私的(2)形容词变副词的后缀直接加-lyslowslowly 缓慢地改 y 为-ily
9、happyhappily 高兴地去 e 加-lytruetruly 真诚地；确实3.形容词、名词变动词的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀en-ableenable 使能够 largeenlarge 扩大richenrich 使充实-enbroadbroaden (使)变宽riperipen (使)成熟sharpsharpen 使尖锐widewiden 加宽-ifyclassclassify 把分类justjustify 证明正确simplesimplify 简化后缀-izeapologyapologize 道歉emphasisemphasize 强调4.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词di
10、s-agreedisagree 不同意advantagedisadvantage 缺点il-legalillegal 不合法的logicalillogical 不合逻辑的前缀im-politeimpolite 无礼的patientimpatient 不耐烦的in-formalinformal 非正式的convenientinconvenient 不方便的ir-regularirregular 不规则的responsibleirresponsible 不负责任的mis-leadmislead 误导understandmisunderstand 误解前缀un-usualunusual 不寻常的wi
11、llingunwilling 不愿意的后缀-lesshopehopeless绝望的endendless 没完没了的考点二 转化法不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转化为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。动词名词lookhave a look 看一看surveymake a survey 调查walktake a walk 散步名词动词button n纽扣v.扣纽扣book n书v.预订seat n座位v.容纳back n背部v.支持形容词动词slow adj.慢的v.减慢narrow adj.窄的v.缩小warm adj.暖和的v.加热比较级 基础考法考法考查形容词、副词的比较等级形容词和副词比较等级的考
12、查集中在：as.as.结构、比较级和最高级的一般用法和特殊用法，如：比较级形式表达最高级含义。典型例题 1 (2015 高 考 四 川 卷 改 编)Andy is content with the toy.It is the _(good)he has ever got.解析：句意：安迪对这个玩具很满意。这是他得到过的最好的玩具。该句中 It 是指上文提到的玩具，根据 he has ever got 可知用形容词的最高级。答案为best，其后省略了名词 toy。考法总结：根据语境可知，安迪得到过的玩具不止一个，故此处应用最高级来表示。典型例题 2 (2016高考全国甲卷)If you feel
13、 stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify(识别)those of _(great)and less importance.解析：句意：如果你因为工作责任而感到有压力的话，那么你应该退一步，确定哪些事情更重要，哪些不重要。and 连接两个并列成分，设空处应与 less并列，也应用比较级形式。故填 greater。典型例题 3 (2017 浙 江 重 点 中 学 协 作 体 联 考 改 编)The college entrance examination is rather _(ea
14、sy)this year than I have expected.解析：句意：今年的高考比我想象的要容易得多。设空处后有比较级的标志词 than，rather 也常用来修饰比较级。故填 easier。典型例题 4 (2014高考湖北卷改编)This novel was once the _(wide)read book in high schools in the United States.解析：句意：这部小说曾经是美国高中阅读最广泛的书。根据设空前的定冠词及空后的 in high schools in the United States 可知，应用最高级 the most widely
15、来修饰过去分词 read。故填 most widely。典型例题 5 (2014高考辽宁卷改编)The _(hard)you try to beat him，the more likely you will get hit.He controls you!解析：本句是固定句式：“the比较级，the比较级”，表示“越就越”。句意：你越是用力打他，你就越可能被打。他能够控制你！故答案为 harder。能力考法考法 1妙用标志(词)定答案有时设空处前后有一些比较等级的标志词或修饰语，如：than，much，of all等，考生可以利用这些信息快速确定答案。典型例题 (2014高考课标全国卷)Fin
16、ally，that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _(clean)than ever.解析：句意：最后，人们的努力得到了回报，现在这条河里的水比以前更干净了。根据空后的 than 可推断设空处应该填提示词的比较级形式。答案为cleaner。考法 2善用知识储备定答案英语中有些约定俗成的表达包含了比较等级结构，比如“the比较级，the比较级”等固定句式结构。因此，考生只要平时用心积累，就可以大大提高解题的速度和准确率。典型例题1 (2013 高 考 课 标 全 国 卷)Tony can hardly boil an e
17、gg，still _(little)cook dinner.解析：句意：托尼几乎连鸡蛋都不会煮，更不必说做饭了。still less 是固定搭配，表示“更谈不上，更不用说”。故填 less。2(2012高考课标全国卷改编)The result is not very important to us，but if we do win，then so much the _(good)解析：so much the better 是固定短语，意为“那就更好了”。句意：结果对我们来说不是很重要，但如果我们真的赢了，那就更好了。故填 better。3(2012高考山东卷改编)Be _(reason)you
18、 cant expect me to finish all this work in so little time.解析：句意：讲点道理吧，你不能指望我在这么短的时间内干完所有的活。设空处在系动词后作表语，应用形容词形式，reasonable 意为“理智的；合理的”。故填 reasonable。4 (2012 高 考 陕 西 卷 改 编)An agreement seems to be _(possible)because the majority of the committee members are against it.解析：句意：达成协议看来是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都对此表示
19、反对。由句意可知，应用 possible 的反义词 impossible。故填 impossible。考点一 比较等级1平级比较(1)as形容词(副词)原级as.“和一样”；not as/so形容词(副词)原级as.“不如”。(2017吉林长春模拟写作)Tom is as excellent as John in the ability of dealing with such cases.在处理这类案件上，汤姆和约翰的能力是一样优秀的。(2)as形容词原级a(n)n.as.“和一样”。Although Tom was as heavy a smoker as me，he did give u
20、p smoking last year.尽管汤姆和我一样是个老烟枪，但他在去年确实戒烟了。2比较级(1)比较级than.“比更”；less.than“不如”。This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.他们今年生产的谷物比去年少。(2)the比较级，the比较级“越，越”。Its believed that the harder you work，the better result youll get.人们相信，工作越努力，得到的结果将越好。(3)the比较级of the名词/代词“两者中较的”。Who is
21、the younger of the two boys?这两个男孩中较小的是哪一个？(4)“否定词比较级”表示最高级含义。Mr.Stevenson is great to work forI really couldnt ask for a better boss.为斯蒂文森先生工作感觉非常好，我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。(5)比较等级前常用的修饰语有：a little，a bit，slightly，much，a lot，a great deal，any，far，by far，even，still 等。The film is，I have to say，not a bit interesti
22、ng.Why？Its far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.我不得不说这部电影一点意思也没有。为什么？它比我以前看过的所有电影都有趣多了。3最高级的基本结构表达在某个范围内“最”，用“the最高级比较范围”结构。The river is the longest in the world.这条河流是世界上最长的。考点二 倍数表达法常见的倍数表达形式有：1倍数as形容词/副词的原级asThis tree is three times as tall as that one.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。His father is twi
23、ce as old as he.他父亲的年龄是他的两倍大。2倍数形容词/副词的比较级thanThis river is almost twice longer than that one.这条河差不多比那条河长两倍。The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.这本字典恰好比那本贵五倍。3倍数the size/height/weight/length/width/depth/.ofThe newly-broadened square is four times the size of the previous
24、 one.新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。4倍数thatofThe size of the newly-broadened square is four times that of the previous one.新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。5倍数what 从句The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.现在的产量是十年前的三倍。名师指津 在倍数表达法中倍数一般放在第一个 as 或比较级或名词的前面。另外，倍数除了用 times(三倍或三倍以上的数)来表示外，还可用分数、百分数以及 twice/double(两倍
25、)，triple(三倍)，fourfold(四倍)等来表示。.单句语法填空1(2016高考四川卷)Chinese scientists _(recent)had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.2(2016高考浙江卷改编)A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience，_(especial)if you are traveling at high speed.答案：1recently 句意：中国科学家最近有一次研究野生雌性大熊猫与其幼崽的机会。修饰动词要用副
26、词形式，故填形容词 recent 的副词形式 recently。2especially 句意：(开车时)突然停车是件很恐怖的事，尤其是你在高速行驶的时候。especially 意为“尤其是”，在句中作状语，符合语境。3They gave money to the old peoples home either _(personal)or through their companies.4Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase,she gave him a _(tolerance)smile and let him go.答案：3
27、personally 句意：他们以个人名义给养老院捐款，或者通过他们的公司转送。根据句意，该空修饰动词 gave，故填副词形式。personally 意为“私人地；亲自地”。4tolerant 设空处修饰名词 smile，作定语，要用形容词。句意：她没有指责打碎花瓶的男孩，而是给他一个宽容的微笑让他走了。tolerance 是名词，其形容词为 tolerant。5The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others _(blind)6He didnt selfish
28、ly keep for himself the money inherited from his uncle.Instead,he made a _(generosity)contribution to help the community.答案：5blindly 句意：教育的目的是教会年轻人要独立思考，不要盲目地跟随别人。修饰动词 follow，作状语，应用副词。形容词 blind 变副词直接加-ly，blindly 意为“盲目地”。6generous 设空处修饰名词 contribution，作定语，应用形容词。句意：他没有自私地把从叔叔那里继承的钱据为己有，相反，为了帮助社区他非常慷慨地
29、捐了出来。generosity 为名词，其形容词为 generous。7(2017河南洛阳模拟改编)Little Tommy is really hard to deal with.You cant find a _(noisy)boy in the class.8Raymonds parents wanted him to have the _(good)possible education.答案：7noisier 句意：小汤米真难对付。你在这个班上找不到比他更吵闹的男孩子了。not 或 never 与形容词比较级连用，表示最高级含义。8best 句意：雷蒙德的父母希望他能接受最好的教育。根
30、据语境可知应用形容词最高级，修饰名词 education。possible 用在形容词后表示强调。9It may not be a great suggestion.But before a _(good)one is put forward，well make do with it.10This is by far the _(inspire)movie that I have ever seen.答案：9better 句意：这可能不是一个好建议。但是在提出更好的建议之前，我们先将就用这个吧。根据句意可知，此处暗含比较含义，指一个更好的建议，“a比较级”表示“一个更的”。故填 better。
31、10most inspiring 句意：这是到目前为止我看过的最鼓舞人心的电影。后文 that I have ever seen 给出了范围，故应用形容词最高级；by far 也常与最高级连用。.单句改错1(2017安徽六校教育研究会第二次联考)Without Mother and Fathers love,I wouldnt be leading such a happily life now._2(2017广东六校联盟第三次联考)For one thing,a little child is great fun and I like to play with him or her chee
32、rful._答案：1happilyhappy 句意：没有父母的爱，我现在不会过着这么幸福的生活。修饰名词应用形容词，故将 happily 改为 happy。2cheerfulcheerfully 句意：首先，小孩子很有趣，我喜欢跟他/她一起开心地玩。修饰动词，应用副词，故将 cheerful 改为 cheerfully。3(2017广东佛山一模)My mindless words must have hurt him deep._4(2017河北五个一联盟质检)After the bath he looked energy and refreshed._答案：3deepdeeply 句意：我不
33、经思考的话语肯定已经深深地伤害了他。deep 和 deeply 均可用作副词，但是 deep 常用来指具体的“深”，如：潜水潜得深用 dive deep，而 deeply 常用来指抽象意义的“深”。4energyenergetic 句意：洗完澡后他看起来精力充沛，精神焕发。look在此意为“看起来”，是连系动词，后面应用形容词充当表语。故用 energetic。5(2017河南百校联盟质检)E-hongbao is actual a kind of lucky money from and to relatives and friends during festivals or on spec
34、ial occasions._6(2017湖北七校联考)Last but not least,if we are in dangers，we should call the police immediate._答案：5actualactually 句意：电子红包实际上是节日期间或者特殊场合时来自或发给亲戚和朋友的吉利钱。表达“实际上”用副词 actually，在句中作状语。6immediateimmediately 句意：最后但同样重要的是，如果我们身处险境，我们应该立刻打电话报警。修饰动词 call，应用副词，故将 immediate 改为 immediately。7(2017湖北黄冈调研)
35、One day in Senior Grade 1,I happened to see an English movie named Speed.It was so interested that I watched it again and again._8(2017湖南十校共同体联考)When Mr.Tang slowly went into the classroom,we could see clear that it was hard for him to leave us though he had taught us for only three months._答案：7inte
36、restedinteresting 第二句中的 It 指代上句中的电影 Speed，指物，应用形容词 interesting 修饰，意为“有趣的”。“感兴趣的”，常用于修饰人。8clearclearly 句意：当唐老师慢慢走进教室的时候，我们可以很清楚地看出他很舍不得离开我们，尽管他只教了我们三个月。修饰动词 see 应用副词，故将 clear 改为 clearly。9(2017湖南株洲模拟)I have found their tips on teaching so usefully._10When he was young,he read a lot,and late he became
37、a famous writer of his day._答案：9usefullyuseful 句意：我觉得他们关于教学的建议很有用。此处为 find 的复合结构，即“find宾语宾补”，意为“认为某物如何”，故用形容词作宾补。10latelater 句意：当他年轻的时候，他读了很多书，后来成为他那个时代的著名作家。late 作形容词或副词，意为“迟；晚”；later 作副词，意为“后来”。根据句意可知，此处应用 later。.语法填空AThe History of Air Conditioners(2017湖南郴州一检)The first practical cooling system fo
38、r use in industry 1._(invent)in 1902 by Willis Carrier in New York,the US.A.He continued to improve 2._(he)invention and,in 1928，developed the first air conditioner for home use.In 1939,an American car company introduced the first air conditioner for cars，3._(make)driving more comfortable.After Worl
39、d War，many American 4._(company)began making air conditioners and,beginning in 1950,many homes in the US.A.were equipped 5._ central air conditioning.Central air conditioning uses a single unit 6._(heat)or cool a whole house.With this,people could escape the heat of summer and the cold of winter no
40、matter 7._ they were in the house.In the 1970s,electricity 8._(become)more expensive，so people developed 9._(good)air conditioners to save money.Later,the cooling gas in air conditioners was found to pollute the environment,so engineers have been working to produce air conditioners more friendly to
41、the environment 10._ the 1980s.【语篇导读】本文是 一篇说明文，介绍了空调的发展：由工业空调、家用空调到车载空调，再到中央空调以及工程师们致力于研发环保空调。1was invented 句意：应用于工业中的第一台实用的制冷系统是 1902 年由威利斯卡里尔在美国纽约发明的。根据时间状语 in 1902 可知应为一般过去时，系统是被发明，故用被动语态。2his 句意：他继续改善他的发明，此处用形容词性物主代词修饰名词 invention。3making 句意：1939 年，美国一家汽车公司引进了第一台车载空调，这使得驾驶更为舒适。此处为非谓语动词充当结果状语，是前面
42、主句所指的整件事情的结果。故填 making。4companies 句意：二战后，许多美国公司开始制造空调。设空处被many 修饰，应该用复数。故填 companies。5with 句意：许多美国家庭装有中央空调系统。表示“装有”用 be equipped with。6to heat 句意：中央空调系统用一个单一装置来使整个房子变热或变凉。设空处在句中充当目的状语，应用动词不定式。7where 句意：有了中央空调不管人们在房子的哪个角落，都能避开夏天的炎热和冬天的寒冷。no matter where 表示“无论在哪里”。8became 句意：20 世纪 70 年代时，电变得非常昂贵。根据时间状
43、语 In the 1970s 可知为一般过去时。9better 句意：因此，人们研发出了更好的空调来节约钱。根据句意，此处暗含比较意味，故用比较级。10since 句意：自从 20 世纪 80 年代以来，工程师们一直在努力制造更加环保的空调。根据 so 后的句子用现在完成进行时可知，时间状语由 since引起。B(2017湖北八校联考)In recent years many TV shows have become extremely popular among Chinese audience.Those programs,ranging from talent or dating sho
44、ws to reality shows 1._(receive)both commercial success and public attention.Their popularity is 2._(main)based on simple facts.First,they care 3._ social concerns.Second,without exception，they explore a perfect balance between the international forms and Chinese expressions.Despite apparent highlig
45、hts,much room 4._(leave)for improvement.Above all,commercial interests often outweigh 5._(education)purposes,causing many complaints about the 6._(bearable)advertisements.In addition,some sharp remarks，7._ they are eye-catching,may have misleading effects on the youth.In my opinion,such shows should
46、 shoulder more responsibility instead of merely 8._(entertain)the public.9._ is expected,these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions.Meanwhile,the 10._(medium)should also safeguard the values of our society.【语篇导读】娱乐节目不仅要娱乐观众，同时也应承担起更多的社会责任。1have received 句意：那些节目，从选秀或相亲节目到真人
47、秀都已经获得了商业上的成功和公众的关注。本句是上句的具体阐释，根据上句中的时间状语 In recent years 可知应用现在完成时。2mainly 句意：它们受欢迎主要是基于简单的事实。分析句子结构可知，be based on 为动词短语，故用副词 mainly 修饰。3about 句意：首先，它们关注社会热点。care about 为固定搭配，意为“关心，关注”。故填 about。4is left 句意：尽管有明显的亮点，但是提升的空间也很大。分析句子结构可知，room(空间)和 leave 之间为被动关系，故此处用被动语态。句子描述的是一般性事实，时态与上文保持一致，故用一般现在时的被
48、动语态。故填 is left。5educational 句意：首先，商业利益常常大于教育目的，从而引起人们对那些令人无法忍受的广告的诸多抱怨。设空处修饰名词 purposes，应用形容词。故填 educational，意为“有教育意义的”。6unbearable 句意见上一题解析。根据句中的 complaints 可知，该空用bearable 的反义词，在单词前加前缀 un-。7though/although/while 句意：除此以外，尽管某些尖锐的评论很吸引眼球，但或许会误导年轻人。根据句意，设空处引导让步状语从句，可用 though，although 或 while 引导。8entert
49、aining 句意：依我看，此类节目应该承担更多的责任而不仅仅是娱乐大众。分析句子结构可知，of 为介词，故用动名词作宾语。9As 句意：正如所期待的那样，这些节目应该在形式和功能上都起积极的作用。本句为 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，as 意为“正如；正像”。10media 句意：同时，媒体也应该保护我们社会的价值观。表示“新闻媒体，传媒”这一总称应用 the media，为固定表达。.短文改错(2017安徽江南十校联考)We are in an age when people take picture everywhere.They enjoy it even when in a muse
50、um or invited for a meal.A report shows that teens in many countries，especially in China,is always seen taking pictures update their websites with them.Besides,they are serious about getting 100 likes because of getting anything less is considered embarrassed.Some parents worry that this type of thi
51、nking is far too competitively for teens.And some teens dont think so.“If I got wrap up in my likes or views,Id go crazy.Never let your values be determined by how someone else thinks.”答案：We are in an age when people take pictur epictures everywhere.They enjoy it even when in a museum or invited for
52、to a meal.A report shows that teens in many countries，especially in China,i sare always seen taking pictures to update their websites with them.Besides,they are serious about getting 100 likes because of getting anything less is considered embarrassedembarrassing.Some parents worry that this type of thinking is far too competitivelycompetitive for teens.An dBut some teens dont think so.“If I got wrapwrapped up in my likes or views,Id go crazy.Never let your values be determined by ho wwhat someone else thinks.”