1、第二讲英语词类一、词的分类分类词类定义可充当的成分例词实词名词(n.)表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补足语boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange代词(pron.)主要用来代替名词主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语who, she, you, it动词(v.)表示动作或状态谓语am, is, are, have, see数词(num.)表示数目或事物的顺序主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补足语one, two, three, first, second,third, fourth形容词(adj.)表示人或事物的性质或特征定语、
2、表语、状语、补足语good, right,white, orange副词(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词, 说明时间、地点、程度等状语、补足语now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly虚词冠词(art.)用在名词前, 帮助说明名词不作成分a, an, the介词(prep.)表示它后面的名词或代词等与其他句子成分的关系不作成分in, on, from,above, behind连词(conj.)用来连接单词、短语或句子不作成分and, but, before感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情感不作成分oh, well, hi, hello二
3、、构词法英语常见的构词法有三种: 合成法、派生法、转化法。1合成法由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词, 这种构成新词的方法叫合成法。合成法合成名词名词名词womandoctor女医生(的)postman 邮递员 spaceship 宇宙飞船形容词名词blackboard 黑板 supermarket 超级市场greenhouse 温室动词的ing形式名词dining room 餐厅sewing machine 缝纫机名词动词的ing形式handwriting 书法storytelling 讲故事合成形容词形容词/数词名词的ed形式fivestoreyed 五层楼的warmhearted 热
4、心的名词动词的过去分词形式manmade 人工制作的snowcovered 被雪覆盖的名词形容词icecool 冰冷的 grassgreen 草绿的形容词/数词名词parttime 兼职的secondhand 二手的 firstclass 一流的形容词动词的ing形式goodlooking样子好看的hardworking 努力工作的副词动词的过去分词形式wellreceived受到欢迎的newlyfounded 新修建的2.派生法派生法又叫词缀法, 是指在一个单词前或后加上词缀, 构成新词的方法。派生法例词否定前缀: unimmisdisunhappy 不高兴的unluckily 不走运地im
5、possible 不可能的impolite 不礼貌的misunderstand 误解dislike 不喜欢disagree 不同意en形容词/名词构成动词enable 使能够enrich 使变富enlarge 使扩大常见构成表示人的名词的后缀: er orcian eseisttraveller 旅行者reader 读者worker 工人driver 司机villager 村民actor 演员inventor 发明者,发明家visitor 来访者politician 政治家,政客musician 音乐家Chinese 中国人Japanese 日本人artist 艺术家violinist 小提琴
6、家scientist 科学家pianist 钢琴家常见名词后缀: ment tionsion hoodness shipmovement 运动announcement 口头通知government 政府invention 发明invitation 邀请action 行动pollution 污染decision 决定childhood 儿童时代neighborhood 附近,邻居kindness 和蔼weakness 虚弱,缺点friendship 友谊常见形容词后缀: able/ibleful lessy oushorrible 可怕的enjoyable 愉快的wonderful 精彩的hop
7、eful 有希望的homeless 无家可归的careless 粗心的cloudy 多云的rainy 多雨的dangerous 危险的famous 著名的常见副词后缀: lysadly 悲伤地firmly 稳固地suddenly 突然usually 通常seriously 严肃地freely 自由地easily 容易地impossibly 不可能地常见动词后缀: endeepen 加深tighten 使变紧blacken 使变黑darken 使变暗broaden 加宽weaken 使变弱brighten 使变亮widen 加宽sharpen 使变尖3.转化法不用借助构词词缀, 把一个单词从一种
8、词类转化成另一种词类的方法被称为转化法。由于词类转化的结果, 英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词, 即同形异类词。转化法例词名词转化为动词filmto film this story拍摄这个故事shipto ship the goods用船运送货物形容词转化为动词slowto slow down慢下来dryto dry hands擦干手用所给单词的适当形式填空1She is an outstanding tennis player(play)2Anna had a fever yesterday, so she was unable(able) to go to school.3The
9、movie was interesting, but Grace was not interested(interest) in it.4Thanks to your suggestion(suggest), I got to complete the job in time.5It is always sunny(sun) here in winter.6Emily used to be short, but now she is much taller(tall)7I was so hungry that I had a third(three) bowl of rice.8We cant go out to have a picnic because it is raining heavily(heavy) outside.9Justin Biebers first single, One Time, is about one of his favorite topics(topic), puppy love.10To everyones satisfaction(satisfy), the girl finished the job quite well.