1、第12讲 定语从句 观察意义对等的英汉句子，找出句子的对应部分People,A who take medicine to lose weight,B aremost likely to harm their health,C.服用药物减肥的,a 人,b 很可能损害他们的健康,c。1英语和汉语中定语从句有什么区别？【答案】Ab;Ba;Cc。1英语中定语从句放修饰词后，作后置定语，以引导词作为标志；汉语中定语从句放修饰词前，以“的”为标志。翻译下列句子，把定语从句的引导词进行分类 1.All that glitters isnt gold.2.Vienna is a place where top
2、 musicians gather.2定语从句有哪些引导词，引导词分为几类？发光的不一定都是金子。引导词that 是关系代词维也纳是顶尖音乐家的聚集地。引导词that，those是关系代词3.God helps those who help themselves.4.Gone are the days when teachers were lookeddown upon.2自助者天助。引导词where是关系副词。老师受歧视的日子一去不复返了。引导词where，when是关系副词。2定语从句的引导词分为两类，即关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that，which,who，whom，whose
3、，as；常见的关系副词有when,why,where。使用规范的答题步骤，确定各个定语从句的引导词 1.This is the school_ I visited tenyears ago.3怎样确定引导词？That/which/省略【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为I visitedten years ago，从句的谓语动词为visited，先行词在从句中作visited的宾语，因先行词为物，故引导词用that，which或省略。2.This is the school_ I worked tenyears ago.3Where/in which【解析】先行词为the scho
4、ol，定语从句为I workedten years ago，从句的谓语动词为worked，先行词在从句中作worked的状语，因先行词为地点，故用where或in which。3.This is the school_ has a goodreputation in and out of China.3which/that【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为has a goodreputation in and out of China，从句的谓语动词为has，先行词在从句中作has的主语，因先行词为物，故用which/that。4.This is the school_ teac
5、hing buildingsare of ancient style.3whose【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为teachingbuildings are of ancient style，从句的谓语动词为are，先行词在从句中既不单独作主语，也不作宾语，也不作状语，但与主语teaching buildings有所属关系，故用whose。5.This is the school_ I visitedthe headmaster ten years ago.3Where/in which【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为I visitedthe headmaste
6、r ten years ago，从句的谓语动词为visited，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用where或inwhich。6.This is the school_ I worked inten years ago.3【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为I workedin ten years ago，从句的谓语动词为work in，先行词在从句中作work in 的宾语，因先行词为物，故用that，which或省略。that/which/省略7.This is the school_made a speech atthe forum.3who/that【解析】先行词为the sc
7、hool，定语从句为made aspeech at the forum，从句的谓语动词为made，先行词在从句中作made的主语，但能够演讲的一定是“人”，故用who/that。3定语从句的引导词的确定可以概括为：“三找两定一证”。“三找”：找先行词找定语从句找定语从句的谓语动词；“两定”：判定先行词与从句谓语动词的关系确定关系代词或关系副词(兼顾人/物)。如先行词在从句中作主语，表语，宾语，定语(先行词与谓语动词无直接关系，先行词与其后的名词有所属关3系)，主补，或宾补，用关系代词；如先行词在从句中作状语，用关系副词；“一证”：把定语从句还原成独立的句子，验证其句子结构的完整性。根据汉语提示
8、完成句子(每空一词)1.我想买套窗户朝南的房子。Id like to buy a flat _ windows face south.Id like to buy a flat _ _ windows face south.Idliketobuyaflat_windows_ _face south.4关系代词whose怎么使用？whoseofwhichthetheofwhich2.单身汉就是未成家的男人。A bachelor is a man _ cap covers hisfamily.A bachelor is a man _ _ cap covers his family.A bache
9、lor is a man _ cap _ covers his family.4whoseofwhomthethewhomof4先行词后的名词从属于先行词，用关系代词whose。whose n then.ofwhichof which then.，如先行词是人，其中的which改为whom。5关系代词中that和which在用法上有什么区别？填写定语从句的引导词 1.Students_haveawiderangeofknowledge have advantages in exams.2.The joint venture _has brought a lot ofjobs to the lo
10、cals plays an important role in thedevelopment of the city.that/who that/which3.Please inform me of anything_ you findunusual.4.All measures _can be taken should betaken to reduce environmental pollution.5.The building in front of_ there is a drugstore dates back 500 years.6.China,_ covers an area o
11、f over 9.6million square kilometers,is the third largest country inthe globe.5that/省略which whichthat 5当引导词确定为关系代词时，that和which用法上的区别可以分为三种情况：1用that(四种情况)：先行词为特定词 all,much，anything，nothing，everything，which，who等不定代词或疑问代词等；先行词前有特定词如形容词最高级，序数词，any，only，few，much,no，some，very等修饰；先行词既有人又有物时；先行词是人；52用which，即
12、在介词关系代词结构中，介词提前时或先行词是物的非限制性定语从句中只用which；3that和which 可以互换，即当先行词是物时，且不是特殊的先行词或先行词前没有特殊的词修饰时。用“介词关系代词”结构翻译下列句子。1.刚才我对他说话的那个人是个销售经理。6“介词关系代词”句式怎么使用？The man to whom I spoke just now is a salesmanager.The man(who/that/whom/省略)I spoke tojust now is a sales manager.2.这就是我经常借书的图书馆。6This is the library from w
13、hich I often borrow books.This is the library(which/that/省略)I often borrowbooks from.6在“介词关系代词”句式中，当先行词为人时，此时关系代词只能用whom；当先行词为物时，关系代词只能用which。填写适当的介词和关系代词完成句子 1.All the vegetables are said to be from the farm_ my parents worked.2.The student _ I often lent reference bookswas accepted by a key univer
14、sity.7“介词关系代词”句式中介词怎么确定？on which to whom 3.80 km/h is the speed limit _drivers will be fined.4.You should carry your ID card _youll possibly get into trouble.5.This is the key point_ we should paymore attention.7beyond whichwithout whichto which7在关系代词前需要介词的定语从句中，介词的选用遵循“还原搭配”原则，即把定语从句还原成单独的一个句子，然后把先
15、行词放在句末，再考虑在先行词前选用符合句意，搭配正确的介词。上述定语从句还原成单独的句子分别为：1.My parents worked on the farm.2.I often lent reference books to the student.3.Drivers will be fined beyond the speed limit.74.Youll possibly get into trouble without your IDcard.5.We should pay more attention to the key point.填写适当的介词和关系代词完成句子 1.Lets
16、just discuss such questions_ areabout current education system.2.This is so difficult a problem _ none ofus here can work out.8限制性定语从句中关系代词as怎么使用？as as 3.Thisissodifficultaproblem_noneofushere can work it out.4.Id like the same car _my colleague has.as句意为“我想要辆与我同事的车相同的车”(如填that，则表示“我想要我同事那辆车”)。8that
17、(that引导的是结果状语从句)8as作为关系代词，在限制性定语从句中主要用于固定搭配such/so/the same/asas中。注意：such/sothat中that引导结果状语从句，意为“以致”。the same that表示同一事物，而the sameas表示类似的事物。指出下列句子中有逻辑错误的句子 1.My brother who works on China Daily is in his 30s.2.My brother,who works on China Daily,is in his 30s.3.China which is located in East Asia is
18、 on the wayto greater success.9非限制性定语从句有什么特点？【答案】句3，句4有逻辑错误。“中国”是独一无二的国家，无所谓“地处东亚的中国”一说，换言之，不能使用限制性定语从句修饰“中国”，只能使用非限制性定语从句补充，说明“中国”的有关属性。同样，“妈妈”是独一无二的，“体贴入微和好帮助他人的妈妈”让人产生误解。用限制性定语从句修饰独一无二的人或事物会产生歧义。4.My mother who is considerate and helpful winsrespect from all.99非限制性定语从句有两大特点：形式上有逗号，从句与主句分开；意义上，从句不
19、修饰限定先行词，而是补充说明先行词的属性，通常单独翻译成一个句子。9would rather的主要用法如下：1.常见句式为sb.would rather dothan do，意思是“宁愿做什么而不愿做什么”。注意 than后面的内容为否定项；2.句式为sb.would rather dothan do可改写为sb.would dorather than do3.上述句式中rather than do 可提前至句首：Rather than do，sb.would do10关系代词代替整个句子或句子的一部分内容时，which和 as在用法上有何区别？选用as 或which填空 1.Mother u
20、sually brings fruits to my classroom,_embarrasses me a lot.2.The air show being held in Zhuhai is fantastic,_ can be seen.which as3.Some American troops are being withdrawn fromthe Middle East,_ we have learnt from thenewspaper.4.Some American troops,_ we havelearnt from the newspaper,are being with
21、drawn fromthe Middle East.5._ we have learnt from the newspaper,some American troops are being withdrawn from theMiddle East.10as/which as As 6.The young lady married an old man with a lot ofmoney，_ is disgraceful.7.The material resists heat，_ shown inthe experiment.8.It never rains but pours in thi
22、s area,_is often the case.10which asas关系代词代替整个句子或句子的一部分内容时，which和 as在用法上有很大区别。1从先行词在从句中充当的句子成分角度：在主谓宾(补)结构的定语从句中作主语，只能用which(如例1)；2从定语从句的位置角度：放句首或句中引导从句，只能用as(如例4,5);10从句在句末，无其他限制条件时，既可用which，也可用as(如例3)。句型模式为：as；主语 谓语；主语，as，谓语；主语 谓语，as/which3从固定搭配角度：在引导词be done 结构中省略be时，只能用as(如例7)；10常见固定用法as is well
23、 known,as is often the case,as often happens,as has been said before,as has beenpointed out,as can be seen等常用as(如例2,8)。4从定语从句的肯、否定意义角度：从句内容为否定意义时，常用which(如例6)。其他情况可互换(如例3)。1011哪些句式使用关系代词形式却实为关系副词？翻译下列句子，注意使用定语从句的引导词 1.是我们共同努力发展经济的时候了。2.这是我第一次看三维电影。Its high time that we should make joint efforts tode
24、velop economy.2.这是我第一次看三维电影。3.科学家发射卫星的方法既简单又复杂。This is the first time that I have seen a 3D film.The way that/in which/省略 scientists send upsatellites is both simple and complicated.11在Its high time that sb.should do/This is the first/second/time that/The way that句式中，that均充当关系副词。1112关系副词where前面的先行词是
25、否一定为地点名词？填写定语从句的引导词 1.This is the teacher_ I often ask advice onhow to improve my English.2.Ihavenevercomeacrosssuchasituation_ customers have to pay in cash.where where3.0 is the freezing point _ waterturns into ice.4.A party is an occasion _participants should dress formally.5.This is a rare case_
26、 lost money can befound again.12where when/where/on which where当先行词表达的意义为处所，程度，状态，情况时，引导词的确定需要采用“还原搭配”原则。上述五个定语从句可还原为：1.I often ask advice on how to improve my Englishfrom the teacher.2.Customers have to pay in cash in such a situation.3.Water turns into ice at the freezing point.124.Participantssho
27、ulddressformallyontheoccasion.5.Lost money can be found again in a rare case.1213改正下列句子中的错误并概括其错误类型1.A touchmenot is a kind of plant that it shrinks whentouched.2.This is the gift was given to you by a Smith.去掉it，错误类型为：成分赘余。was前增加that或which，错误类型为：成分残缺3.Math is one of the subjects that takes up much
28、ofmy spare time.4.My father who visited Bristol has a passion forEnglish culture.takes改为take，错误类型为：相悖(先行词与从句谓语动词单复数不一致)。my father后用非限制性定语从句，即在who和has前加逗号。错误类型为：歧义(独一无二的名词用限制性定语从句修饰会产生歧义)。135.Ill remember those days when we spent together.when改为that/which或去掉when，错误类型为：(引导词)混淆。13定语从句使用上的错误类型大致为五类：赘余，残缺，相悖，歧义，混淆。13