1、四川巴中市2016高考英语二轮练习及答案：阅读理解（4）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。(Cryptic Coloring) Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resembla
2、nce or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T.Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in
3、 both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themsel
4、ves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms a
5、re as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequ
6、ence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earths surface, such as an ocean or a desert. I
7、n the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stri
8、pes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the eart
9、h, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particula
10、r attitudes. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effecte
11、d. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no i
12、nterest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attem
13、pts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection prod
14、uced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the coop
15、eration of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole o
16、f an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the b
17、ack and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tin
18、t as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first
19、 suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g.
20、, a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.1. The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form A. hunters. . nocturnal predatorsC. lions and tigers. C. insectivorous Vertrbrata2. Aggressive resemblan
21、ce occurs whenA. a predaceous attitude is assumed. special resemblance is utilized.C. an animal relies on speed.D. an animal blends in with its background.3. Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies onA. its ability to frighten its adversary. . speed.C. its abil
22、ity to assume an attitude. D. mistaken identify4. The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is A. Cryptic coloration for Protection. . How Animals Survive.C. The uses of Mimicry in Nature. D. Resemblances of Animals.5. Of the following which is the least common?A. protective resem
23、blance. . General resemblance.C. Aggressive resemblance. D. Special resemblance.Vocabulary1. cryptic 隐藏的，保护的 cryptic coloring 保护色，隐藏色2. predaceous 食肉的，捕食其他动物的。3. vertebrate 脊椎动物门4. tint 色泽，色彩5. zebra 斑马6. Sargasso 果本马尾藻7. twig 嫩枝8. lichen 地衣9. flake 一片10. gradation 等级，层次，分等11. obliterate 涂抹，擦去，使消失12
24、. larva 幼虫，幼体13. pupa 蛹14. mimicry 模仿，拟态15. nocturnal 夜间发生的，夜出的16. insectivorous 食虫的17. procryptic 有保护色的，保护性的 难句译注1. the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series
25、 of generations.参考译文 追捕动物和被追的动物也利用快速的动作。这种快速的运动同样是通过几代更迭，逐渐消除了慢速，而发展到快速顶峰。2. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey.参考译文 保护性模仿远比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多
26、，这是和下述的情况想配合的：食肉的（形式）动物，按惯律总是比他们捕食的对象要大而且多得多。3. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast.参考译文 在惊人的对比中，色泽的综合可能产生外形一致的效果。4. their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.参考译文 （这里指斑
27、马的黑白条）比例正好和在月光下观看贫瘠土地所具有的苍白色泽相吻合。5. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.参考译文 在这些环境中，动物的保护色常常得到特定的形状变化和本能的协作，这种本能会使动物采取特定的姿势。6. Complete stillness and the assumpti
28、on of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized参考译文绝对静态和采取一般姿势在陆地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在专门模仿中，姿势常常是高度专门化的。7. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of
29、 a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.参考译文 因此许多类颜色排列成恰当的模式/形式，要求把合适的外形和严格的采用一定的精心设计的姿势相结合。8. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in th
30、e theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.参考译文 保护效果是由于所以这些因素确切合作而形成。根据目前科学水平，唯一的解释（此种现象）就是自然选择理论，它可以累积要生存的各种变异/变种。写作方法与文章大意文章以一般到具体的协作和分类方式写作，第一段点出生物界生存竞争中最常用的一种颜色是保护色，保护色可分为两类：进犯（进攻）型和防卫型。一般是防御性保护色多于进攻型。而两种类型都可归纳为一般性模仿和专门（特定）模仿。居住（栖息）在单一
31、色泽的地方的动物，如海洋或沙漠，常采用模仿性保护色如透明的绿色，土色等，而特定摸刚的动物则栖息在多样性的地方，如海岸，浅水，海洋表面等。特定模仿还需要有改变形状姿势之协作，使其看起来像客观环境中的某物，某种身份mistaken identify.第二段涉及有关模仿性的解释的探索，结果为二。一种观点是环境直接影响的结果。第二种是自然选择的结果。当人们理解了许多特定模仿的复杂特性时，第一种解释就不能成立了。这说明保护效果是一切因素合适的外形和某种精心设计的姿势等合作而成。按现在科学水平来解释，只能归之“自然选择”理论，然后是用具体例子来证实。答案祥解1. B. 夜间活动的食肉动物。见难句译注4，斑
32、马的黑白相间颜色的比例正好和月光下所见的贫瘠土地的苍白的色泽相吻合。当然能保护斑马夜间免遭这些食肉动物的袭击。A. 捕获者。 C. 狮子和老虎。 D. 食虫的脊椎动物2. A. 在装成捕食其他动物的姿势时。B. 应该专门模仿。 C. 动物依赖速度。 D. 动物和背景混在一起。3. D. 搞错/认错了动物（身份）（mistaken identify 认错了人之义）。见第一段最后一句话，它不像一般模仿那样，通过动物和背景难以辨别从而从视觉中隐藏起来，它是被误认为某种著名动物。A. 用以吓走它的对手（敌人）的能力。 B. 速度。 C. 采用某种姿势的能力。4. C. 自然界模拟的运动。文章一开始就点
33、命保护色迄今为止生存斗争中最常用的一种颜色，常用于进攻和防卫。保护色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，见难句译注1。然后讲到保护色分类，一般（普通）和特殊（专门）模拟/模仿。第二段解释或说明模拟适应性。第一种解释为环境使然/影响。第二种认为是自然界选择之结果。A. 为了保卫的保护色。 B. 动物是如何存活下来。 D. 动物之模仿性。5. C. 进攻性（侵犯性）模仿。见难句译注2。A. 保护色模仿。 B. 一般性模仿。 D. 专项模仿。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。(2013苏锡常镇四市二调，C)Global Positioning Systems ar
34、e now a part of everyday driving in many countries. These satellitebased systems provide turnbyturn directions to help people get to where they want to go. But they can also cause a lot of problems, sending you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost. Many times, the driver is to blame. Some
35、times a GPS error is responsible. Most often, says Barry Brown, it is a combination of the two.Barry Brown is with the Mobile Life Centre in Stockholm, Sweden. The center studies humancomputer interaction, or HCI, especially communications involving wireless devices. We spoke to Mr Brown by Skype. H
36、e told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPSequipped car to use during his stay.Barry Brown：“And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination.” And, then it wasnt until they were driving for
37、thirty minutes that they realized they had put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived. They actually put their home address in. So again, the_GPS_is_kind_of_“garbage_in_garbage_out”Mr Brown says this is a common human error. But, he says, what makes the problem worse has to do with
38、 some of the shortcomings, or failures, of GPS equipment.Barry Brown：“One problem with many GPS units is they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would nee
39、d to know that its going to the wrong place.”Barry Brown formerly served as a professor with the University of California, San Diego. While there, he worked on a project with Eric Laurier from the University of Edinburgh. The two men studied the effects of GPS devices on driving by placing cameras i
40、n peoples cars. They wrote a paper based on their research. It is called “The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS.”Barry Brown: “One of the things that struck us, perhaps the most important thing was that you have to know what youre doing when you use a GPS. There are these new skills that
41、people have developed. There are these new competencies that you need to have to be able to use a GPS because they sometimes go wrong.”Barry Brown says this goes against a common belief that GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational (导航) skills.“The Normal, Natural Troubles of Drivin
42、g with GPS” lists several areas where GPS systems can cause confusion for drivers. These include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. They also include timing issues related to when GPS commands are given.Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understan
43、ding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together.文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。GPS全球定位系统可以帮助人们找到想去的地方，但GPS也会带来许多问题，所以使用GPS全球定位系统是否可靠变得不确定。5What is the best title for this passage?AIs GPS system reliable to use? BWhat is the use of GPS?CHow to make the most of GPS? DBlame! GPS or Passengers?答案：A标题概括题。文章
44、第一段是全文的主旨段。根据第一段可知，GPS全球定位系统可以帮助人们找到想去的地方，但GPS也会导致许多问题，所以使用GPS全球定位系统是否可靠变得不确定。所以A项最适合做文章的标题，故答案选A。6What is the implication of the underlined part?AGPS is just a garbage device.BGPS will not correct human errors.CGPS adjusts your wrong destination.DGPS is just as smart as human beings.答案：B句意理解题。根据画线句
45、子后面一句“Mr Brown says this is a common human error.”并结合上下文可知，画线句子所包含的意思是：GPS不能纠正人类的错误。故答案选B。7Which is NOT mentioned as a GPS shortcoming in the passage?ASmall screen. BTiming of commands.COutdated maps. DDear cameras GPS uses.答案：D细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句可知，A项是GPS的缺点；根据文章倒数第二段可知，B、C两项均是GPS的缺点。所以只有D项不是GPS的缺点。故答
46、案选D。8According to the passage, people commonly believe that _.Ayou have to know where to go when using GPSByou need to have new competencies to use GPS wellCGPS is proper for drivers with little sense of directionDGPS is fit for people having good understanding of maps答案：C推理判断题。通读全文可知，人们普遍认为，GPS全球定位
47、系统适合方向感差的人。C项符合文义，故答案选C。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。(2013东北三省三校第二次联考，C)UGG boots have been a winterweather fashion for several years now, combining function, comfort, warmth and even some style. What many UGGenthusiasts dont know is that their boots are a breeding ground for bacteria and cau
48、se foot problems.Doctors believe the boots, which are particularly popular among young teenage girls, are leading to a rise in the number of people suffering pains in their feet and knees.Dr. Ian Drysdale, head of the British College of Osteopathic Medicine, believes because the foot does not get th
49、e proper support on the inside, it will lead to more ankle, knee, hip and back problems. “These boots are not designed for outside wear. Just because something becomes a trend or fashionable doesnt mean its good or right，” he said. “The particular problem with this type of footwear is that it is uns
50、upported. Its a slipper. You wouldnt normally expect to be doing outdoor activities from something thats indoor. If you decide to wear your pajamas outside all the time, someone will come up and say its not a good idea.” Dr. Drysdale explained that the feet issues become a particular problem among y
51、oung teenage girls, whose bones are “plastic” and developing when they are growing. “If that structure is developing in an inappropriate way，” he said，“then the ultimate structure will be deformed.”Mike ONeill, a consultant surgeon, said，“As the foot slides around, you get wear and tear (磨损) on the
52、joints on the inside of the foot. The ankle is in the wrong position, the thigh bone also changes position, and you get an abnormal movement in the pelvis, which leads to back problems.”UGG Australia, who makes the designer version of the boots, told The Daily Wirror that their boots are “comfort” r
53、ather than “performance” footwear and consumers should be aware of “knockoffs (仿制品)” which lack reinforced heels in their boots.文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了雪地靴因它的时尚、舒适、保暖等特性而备受年轻女孩的青睐。但研究人员发现，在它时尚的外观背后，隐藏着一些不为人知的健康隐患。9Teenage girls prefer to wear UGG boots because of the following EXCEPT _.Adesign Bcomfort C
54、quality Dwarmth答案：C细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句“. combining function, comfort, warmth and even some style.”可知，A、B、D三项都是年轻女孩喜欢雪地靴的原因。故C项正确。10According to Dr. Ian Drysdale, _.Athere is a possibility that bacteria will multiply in UGG bootsBwearing UGG boots will lead to more ankle and toe problemsCits not a good
55、idea to wear boots like UGG outside all the timeDteenage girls bones are plastic enough to wear UGG boots答案：C细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“These boots are not designed for outside wear. Just because something becomes a trend or fashionable doesnt mean its good or right， he said. The particular problem with this ty
56、pe of footwear is that it is unsupported.”可知，C项正确。11The underlined word “deformed” is closest in meaning to _.Ashaped Bstrengthened Creformed Ddamaged答案：D词义猜测题。由语境可知，年轻女孩子的骨头正在发育，具有一定的可塑性。如果骨骼结构以一种不合适的方式发育的话，骨骼就会损伤，发生变形。shaped合适的，有计划的；strengthened使加强的；reformed革新的；damaged损伤的，毁坏的。此处与倒数第二段中“back problems”相照应。故D项正确。12Which of the following can be the best title for the text?APotential Harm of UGG Boots BThe Popularity of UGG BootsCThe Unique Design of UGG Boots DBenefits of UGG Boots答案：A标题概括题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了雪地靴对年轻女孩生长发育过程中所造成的潜在危害。故A项正确。