1、高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家Section Grammar过去分词作定语和表语课前语法感知.教材语法感知教材原句With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.So many thousands of terrified people died e
2、very time there was an outbreak.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.探究发现(1)例句中的过去分词(短语)在句中作定语。(2)例句中为单个的过去分词作定
3、语，常常放于被修饰名词的前面；例句中过去分词短语作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的后面。(3)例句中的过去分词在句中作表语。.真题语法感知1(2017北京高考)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time _ (spend) with his students.答案：spenttime和spend之间存在被动关系，故此处用过去分词作time的后置定语。2(2016浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study _ (cond
4、uct) in Australia in 2012.答案：conductedstudy与conduct之间为被动关系，且设空处表示动作已完成，故用过去分词作后置定语。句意：回到水污染问题，我想让你们看一下2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。3(2016江苏高考)In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message _ (hide) within the work.答案：hidden设空处在句中作定语，message与hide之间为被动关系，且设空处表示动作已完成，故用过去分词形式。句意：在艺术评论中，你必须假定艺术家在作
5、品中有一定的隐含信息。4(2014安徽高考)While waiting for the opportunity to get _ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.答案：promoted逻辑主语Henry和promote之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词。句意：亨利在等待获得升职机会的同时，尽力做好自己的本职工作。课堂合作探究过去分词是非谓语动词的一种。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。通常逻辑主语与过去分词所表示的动作之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。一、过去分词作定语
6、1过去分词作定语的位置(1)前置定语：单个过去分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词语之前。The recovered animals will be released soon.痊愈的动物会很快被释放。(2)后置定语过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。The film Wolf Warriors directed by the action star Wu Jing is now Chinas top grossing film.The film Wolf Warriors which is directed by the action star Wu
7、 Jing is now Chinas top grossing film.由功夫明星吴京导演的战狼2现在成了中国票房收入最高的电影。名师点津(1)有些单个的过去分词，像left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等作定语时，放在所修饰的名词后面。如：money left(剩余的钱)，the people concerned(有关人士)，the book given(所给书籍)。 (2)如果被修饰的词是由“every/some/any/nothing/body/one”所构成的复合代词或指示代词those，these等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词
8、的后面。There is something unsolved before we carry out the plan.我们执行这个计划前，还有一些没有解决的事情。2过去分词作定语的功能和作用不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表示被动意义又表示完成意义，有时只表示被动意义。(1)只表示完成，不表示被动developed countries 发达国家 fallen leaves 落叶(2)只表示被动，不表示完成an honoured general 一位受尊重的将军 deeply moved people 深受感动的人们(3)既表示被动，
9、又表示完成 the plan supported by most people 多数人支持的计划 the broken glass 碎了的玻璃杯名师点津现在分词作定语和过去分词作定语的不同：(1)现在分词多表示主动，而过去分词多表示被动。(2)现在分词表示动作正在进行，而过去分词通常表示动作已经完成。【即景活用1】(1)单句语法填空There is little time _ (leave). Lets hurry up.Mr Smith has retired, but he still remembers the happy time _ (spend) with his students
10、.People shouldnt be exposed to _ (pollute) water.答案：leftspentpolluted(2)单句写作_ needs repairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。This novel was once the _ book in high schools in the United States.这部小说曾经是美国高中阅读最广泛的书。答案：The bridge built last monthmost widelyread二、过去分词作表语1过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的状态和特征，而被动语态则表示动作。“
11、be过去分词”表示状态时，是系表结构，此时分词通常已形容词化；表示动作时，是被动语态，且绝大多数被动结构中的动作执行者由介词by引出。The cup is broken.(系表结构，强调主语所处的状态)杯子碎了。The cup was broken by my little sister.(被动语态，强调主语所承受的动作)这个杯子是我小妹妹打碎的。2过去分词作表语与动词ing形式作表语的区别：过去分词作表语表示被动或完成，即主语所处的状态；动词ing形式作表语表示主动或进行，或者说表示主语的特征。She was embarrassed because she didnt know the an
12、swer.她很尴尬因为她不知道答案。Todays meeting was boring.今天的会很无聊。The book is interesting and Im interested in it.这本书非常有趣，我对它非常感兴趣。名师点津(1)过去分词作表语时，其连系动词不仅仅是be动词，get, remain, stay, seem 等连系动词也可以后接过去分词(短语)作表语。He seemed quite delighted at the news.他似乎对这则消息感到很高兴。(2)过去分词作表语时所体现的是形容词的特性。Finally the baby felt tired of p
13、laying with those toys.最后那名婴儿厌倦了玩那些玩具。(3)注意下列每组词在作定语和表语时的区别：exciting/excited, interesting/interested, disappointing/disappointed, encouraging/encouraged, puzzling/puzzled, surprising/surprised, pleasing/pleased, confusing/confused, moving/moved, terrifying/terrified【即景活用2】(1)单句语法填空I dont really like
14、 the author, although I have to admit his books are very _ (excite)Those poor and needy teenagers were _ (excite) to find a shop at the corner where they could buy affordably priced bikes.Its _ (surprise) that your brother picked up Russian so quicklyhe hasnt lived there very long.She was _ (surpris
15、e) to find the fridge empty：the children had eaten everything.答案：excitingexcitedsurprisingsurprised(2)单句写作He was _ that they asked him.他被他们问的问题弄糊涂了。The woman _ at the news. 那个女人对这个消息感到失望。The novel _ Han Han.这本小说是韩寒写的。答案：confused by the questionswas disappointedwas written by课后演练提能基础题.单句语法填空1The sale
16、sgirl at last handled the difficult customer and gave a _ (satisfy) smile.答案：satisfied2She felt sure the letter had some _ (hide) meaning.答案：hidden 3To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study _ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.答案：conducted4(2017浙江高考)Students, parents a
17、nd teachers are _ (please) with the results.答案：pleased5The telegram _ (send) by my sister brought the news of my dear grandmas death.答案：sent.单句改错1It is very encouraged to find so many people attending the meeting._答案：encouragedencouraging2The window being broken in the storm has now been repaired._答
18、案：去掉being3There is nothing writing on it._答案：writingwritten4She listened with a puzzling expression on her face._答案：puzzlingpuzzled5Many using computers will be sold in this market._答案：usingused.单句写作1_ (他脸上兴奋的表情) suggested that he had known the truth.答案：The excited look on his face2Please get _ (那个摔
19、坏了的时钟) repaired as soon as possible.答案：the broken clock3The computer center _ (去年开放的), is very popular among the students in this area.答案：opened last year4His book _ (上个月出版) is based on a true story.答案：published last month5From the date_ (标记在上的) the gold coin, it is confirmed that it was made five h
20、undred years ago.答案：marked on能力题.阅读理解A(2018北京高考)PlasticEating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an
21、answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worm
22、s consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently bro
23、ken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, coauthor of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday foodbeeswaxalso allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond
24、 in polyethylene, the carboncarbon bond, is there as well，” she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyet
25、hylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes (肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findin
26、gs might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。最新科学研究发现大蜡螟幼虫能利用体内的酶来分解塑料，这是一种分解塑料的新方法。1What can we learn about the worms in the
27、 study?AThey take plastics as their everyday food.BThey are newly evolved creatures.CThey can consume plastics.DThey wind up in landfills.答案：C细节理解题。根据第二段前两句可知，蠕虫能消耗塑料。故选C。2According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to _.Aidentify other means of the breakdownBfind out the source of
28、the enzymeCconfirm the research findingsDincrease the breakdown speed答案：B细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句可知，DeBruyn说，下一步将找出分解的原因。这种酶是蠕虫自身产生的，还是肠道微生物产生的？即根据Jennifer DeBruyn的说法，下一步将找出这种酶的来源。故选B。3It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might _.Ahelp to raise wormsBhelp make plastic bagsCbe used to
29、clean the oceansDbe produced in factories in future答案：D推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知，她希望通过某种工业生产程序使用这种化学物质，而不是简单地“把数百万条虫子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，将来这种化学制品可能由工厂生产。故选D。4What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo explain a study method on worms.BTo introduce the diet of a special worm.CTo present a way to break down plastics
30、.DTo propose new means to keep ecobalance.答案：C主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了研究发现蠕虫能分解塑料，即一种分解塑料的新方法。故选C。1landfills n. 垃圾填埋场2.paste n. 糊状物1break down 分解 2.be involved in 投身于，致力于BCould cities that float on the sea solve the problems caused by floods and provide food for the world?Some scientists think so. The idea is
31、already being tested and they believe that floating cities will provide more homes for a growing population, without having to use land to grow food. And they believe floating areas will allow more food to be provided, so that no one in the world is hungry.In some places cities that float on the sea
32、 are already being planned. A company in the Netherlands called DeltaSync thinks that the sea cities will save the world, with more than one in ten people living in them.They say sea cities solve many problems the world faces in the 21st century, like not having enough land, more and more people nee
33、ding homes, fossil fuels (化石燃料) running low and the increasingly serious problems caused by floods.DeltaSync says building cities in the desert is not possible because there is not enough water and developing ways for people to live in space is still too expensive. So they believe the answer is our
34、ocean, which covers over two thirds of the Earths surface. Their plans for floating areas include using algae to produce fuel and food.More than a quarter of the land in the Netherlands already lies underwater and scientists there have spent years trying to find ways to deal with it. In the city of
35、Rotterdam they already have floating homes.Bart Roeffen from DeltaSync says, “We have plans for neighbourhoods including roads and, in the end, I believe we can build floating cities on the sea.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了人们想要在海上建造城市的计划，并且在某些地方，漂浮城市的计划已经在进行。科学家们认为这能为不断增长的人口提供更多居住地，荷兰的一家公司也提出了这种做法的诸多好处。5What
36、 can we learn about the Netherlands?AThere are floating homes in one of its cities.BIt has found many fossil fuels recently.CTwo thirds of its land is covered by water.DIts population is increasing quickly.答案：A细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“In the city of Rotterdam they already have floating homes.”可知选A。6Which of
37、the following is the advantage of the cities that DeltaSync wants to build?AProviding more jobs for people.BSatisfying more peoples housing needs.CSupplying enough water to people.DMaking travel in space possible.答案：B推理判断题。根据第四段中的“They say sea cities solve many problems the world faces in the 21st c
38、entury, like not having enough land, more and more people needing homes”可知，这家公司认为建造海上房屋可以解决更多人的住房问题，故选B。7What does Bart Roeffen think of his companys future plans?AHe doubts them.BHe has no idea about them.CHe is uncertain about them.DHe is hopeful about them.答案：D推理判断题。根据最后一段可以看出Bart Roeffen对公司未来的计划
39、非常有信心，故选D。8What is the best title for the passage?AWill there be enough water?BIs it possible to live in the desert?CWill sea cities save the world?DIs it expensive to build floating cities?答案：C标题判断题。本文主要介绍了人们想要在海上建造城市的计划以及这一计划的诸多好处，故选C。1float v. 浮动2.neighbourhood n. 社区；街坊1provide . for . 为提供2deal w
40、ith 处理.语法填空You may like reading novels for fun. But you need to get _1_ (organize) if you are reading a novel for school. Here _2_ (be) a few tips.First, pay attention to characters. What do they do in the novel? What do they want? Everything _3_ is about a character can help us to understand him, f
41、rom his _4_ (appear) to the kind of food he eats.Besides, the order of the story and the plot are _5_ (equal) important. Make sure that as you read, you make _6_ quick note of what happens in each chapter. This will help you bring the things you have noticed about the characters, setting, language a
42、nd so on together. Its also an enormous help for you to retell the story after you have read it.Next, themes. They are ideas that a novel explores. _7_ is a must to get the hang of the theme if you want to fully appreciate the novel. Perhaps love is a major theme, or justice, or _8_ (survive)Further
43、more, novels are made up _9_ language. Writers use language in a special way _10_ (make) their novels work. They may use metaphors, invent symbols, or show different characters personalities through their speech styles.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._答案：1.organized2.are3.that4.appearance5.equally6a7.It8.survival9.of10.to make- 11 - 版权所有高考资源网