1、2012届高三英语二轮复习精品课件（湖北专用）：第3模块阅读理解 模块综述第三模块 阅读理解 考纲解读第三模块 考纲解读 “侧重提高阅读能力”是高中英语教学大纲的明确规定。纵观近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素，还涉及非语言因素，即：阅读者对目标语言所在国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉程度、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。命题分析第三模块 命题分析 历年高考试题中阅读理解命题特点和
2、规律如下：1.内容生活化阅读理解所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是表现实际生活的，强调语篇选材的真实性。2.体裁多元化阅读理解所选的语段包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，继续保持了体裁多样化的特点。选材多源于英文报刊和网络媒体，包括名人轶事、历史传说、民间故事、寓言、幽默小品、日常生活、新闻报道、社会背景、政治经济、史地常识、科普文章等方面的知识，并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。综合反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。第三模块 命题分析 3.信息密集化阅读理解试题的材料含有较高的信息量。近年来阅读理解继续保持了较大的阅读量，
3、要求考生准确而迅速地从特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。阅读理解题五个选篇都是以简约的语言负载高含量的信息，从语言运作的表层看，各段文字并不构成很大的理解困难，但是隐藏在表层结构下面的则是较复杂的信息，试题具有较高的区分度。第三模块 命题分析 4.结构复杂化阅读理解五篇文章的语篇结构都具有较大的复杂性。各篇或在时间顺序上，或在空间顺序上，或在逻辑推理上，均使用了较高级的组篇手段，这种来源于真实语料的作品和考生平时在课本中接受的清楚明白的语段是很不一样的。5用词高级化高考对词汇运用的要求越来越高，活用词比比皆是。凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不视为生词，不再给出汉语注释；纯超纲词汇也屡有出现
4、；一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。第三模块 命题分析 6.设题创新化高考阅读理解题在保持传统命题的基础上，也在不断借鉴大学英语的命题方式并进行创新。结构型命题就是近两年高考阅读试题中全新的命题形式。这种命题侧重于对文章篇章结构和修辞(写作)手法以及例证、引用的功能的考查，是一种凌驾于信息阅读之上的更高难度的测试手段，较好地体现了“稳中有变，变中求新”的基本命题思路。题型探究 第三模块 题型探究 阅读理解的能力要求主要包括如下几方面：1.读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节(包括根据上下文推断生词的词义)。2.既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。3.既理解字面的意思，也理解
5、深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。4.既理解某句、某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。5.既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。第三模块 题型探究 根据这五项要求，可将阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型：探究点一 细节理解型 文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。对文章细节的理解可以细化为：(1)一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合
6、，一一对应，一目了然。这种属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例极少。(2)语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节第三模块 题型探究 题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。这种属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。(3)语意理解型。这是一类深层事实细节理解题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上，通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。这种属于较高难度的事实细节题，分数比例很大。(4)是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节理解题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误，只
7、有一项符合原文内容)。(5)事实排序型。这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节理解题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事情发生、发展的正确顺序。第三模块 题型探究 1细节理解题主要设问的方式有：(1)Which of the following statements is True(Not True)?(2)Which of the questions has not been mentioned(or discussed)in the passage?(3)What is the reason that？(4)What do we know about？(5)
8、How did the people know the couples problem?(6)Why was the bike so important to the couple?第三模块 题型探究 2细节理解题主要的答题策略有：(1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落或语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。(2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时习惯用“偷梁换柱、
9、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。第三模块 题型探究 (3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。第三模块 题型探究 例1 2011湖南卷 节选 When first entered,Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant,but once the p
10、leasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses,you are incapable of calling it anything less.Owned by a local couple,this Persian restaurant has an inviting,homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack.The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration，but the environment is tru
11、ly charming.第三模块 题型探究 Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner，the restaurant still attracts all customers，especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Eastern cooking.A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics，watching news events o
12、n TV，drinking a black tea known as Persian chai，and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.The variety of food at the restaurant is limited，but the amount of each dish is fairly large.Most of the meals can serve two people and are under$10，so
13、 not only is it affordable but practical as well.第三模块 题型探究 The food especially appeals to healthconscious eaters because each dish is very healthy，made with limited fat and oil and served straight off the grill(烤肉架)The main dish that the restaurant is popular for is its kabobs，which are different st
14、yles of grilled meat.One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the Joojeh Kabob，which is made of grilled chicken pieces served with either rice or bread.Another great kabob is the Chelo Kabob,a kabob consisting of grilled beef.Although the restaurant is small，the atmosphere and the food is delicio
15、us.It is a place that should not be overlooked.第三模块 题型探究 ()1.When first entering the restaurant，one can find that it_.Ais splendidly decoratedBhas pleasant smells of kabobsCis crowded with dining tablesDlooks like a common restaurant()2.What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restau
16、rant?AWatching news events on TV.BDrinking a kind of black coffee.CReading local English newspapers.DDiscussing world topics in low voices.第三模块 题型探究 ()3.The food of the restaurant _.Ais served in small amountsBis rather expensiveCis rich in varietyDis very healthy()4.What is the dish Joojeh Kabob ma
17、inly made of?ARice.BChicken.CBread.DBeef.第三模块 题型探究【要点综述】本文为说明文。介绍一家饭店的环境及其饭菜等各方面的特点，以说明其独特的一面。1B 细节理解题。根据第一段“When first entered,Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant,but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses,you are incapable of calling it anything less.”可知一走进饭店，就可以
18、闻到烤肉串的香味，故选B项。第三模块 题型探究 2A 细节理解题。根据第五段“A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics,watching news events on TV,drinking a black tea”可知在饭店除了吃饭外还可以看新闻，故A项正确。B项与“drinking a black tea”不符；C项与“reading local Persian newspapers”不符；D项与“talking loudly about
19、 world topics”不符。第三模块 题型探究 3D 细节理解题。根据第七段“The food especially appeals to healthconscious eaters because each dish is very healthy”可知饭店的饭菜非常健康，故选D项。A、C两项与第六段“The variety of food at the restaurant is limited,but the amount of each dish is fairly large.”不符；B项与第六段“Most of the meals can serve two people
20、and are under$10，so not only is it affordable but practical as well.”不符。4B 细节理解题。根据第九段“One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the Joojeh Kabob,which is made of grilled chicken pieces served with either rice or bread.”可判断，这道菜主要由烤鸡肉块组成，故选B。第三模块 题型探究 探究点二 主旨大意型 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨大意型题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意
21、或段落大意等。此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章内容的篇章结构，抓住文章的开头或结尾，从而找出能概括文章内容的主题句。主题句的特点：(1)语言特点：归纳性、概括性、抽象性。(2)位置特点：主题句常出现在“总结性”语言的“信号词”后，如：in summary,in a word,as a result,finally,in short,in conclusion和in brief等；主题句也出现在“转移话题式”语言的“信号词”后，如：but,however,nevertheless等。标题的语言特点：独特新颖、概括性强、短小精炼。第三模块 题型探究 1主旨大意
22、题主要的设题方式有：(1)Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?(2)The best headline for this newspaper article is _.(3)What is the topic of the text?(4)The text is mainly about _.(5)Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(6)What would be the b
23、est title for the text?第三模块 题型探究 2主旨大意题主要的解题策略有：(1)抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨。找准主题句是关键。主题句通常在文章开头，也有可能在一段的开头、中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example,first,second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all,all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可帮助你迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况
24、下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。第三模块 题型探究 (2)抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。(3)抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。第三模块 题型探究 例2 2011湖南卷 节选 My father was Ch
25、ief Engineer of a merchant ship,which was sunk in World War.The book Night of theUboats told the story.MemoriesIn September,1940,my mother,sister and I went to Swansea,where my fathers ship was getting ready to sail.We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him saf
26、e.Then I remember my mother lying face down,sobbing.She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo(鱼雷)第三模块 题型探究 I can remember the arrival of the telegram(电报)，which in those days always brought bad news.My grandmother opened it.It read，“Safe.Love Ted.”My most vivid memory is be
27、ing woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee,his arm in a bandage.He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war.For as long as I can remember,he had a weak heart.Mother said itwas caused by the torpedoes.He said it was because of the cigarettes.
28、Whichever,he died suddenly in his early 50s.第三模块 题型探究 Ten years later I read Night of the Uboats and was able to complete the story.Torpedo One torpedo struck the ship.Father was in the engine room,where the third engineer was killed.He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it
29、to be abandoned.By the time he got on deck(甲板)he was alone.Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast.When he tried to cut it free，it swung against the ship,injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jumpstill with the photograph in his pocket.第三模块 题型探究 Three days later，he and ot
30、her survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.A ToastIn my room is the book and the photograph.Often,glass in hand,I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion,a sinking ship,a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue?Lest(以免)we forget,I have so
31、me more whisky and toast the heroes of the war.()What is the passage mainly about?AA group of forgotten heroes.BA book describing a terrifying battle.CA ship engineers wartime experience.DA merchants memories of a sea rescue.第三模块 题型探究 【要点综述】本文为记叙文。父亲是二战期间一艘商船的总工程师。在1940年9月的某一天，他的商船不幸被鱼雷击中下沉。幸运的是，他活了
32、下来。C 主旨大意题。文章首先指出父亲的身份二战期间一艘商船的总工程师。接着描述他负责的商船在二战中被鱼雷击中下沉及其本人逃生的经过。由此判断全文主题是：一位轮船工程师在战争年代的一次经历。故选C。第三模块 题型探究 例 2011安徽卷 节选 Ireland has had a very difficult history.The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer(征服)Ireland.For hundreds of years，the Irish people fought ag
33、ainst the English.Finally,in 1921，the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland.The result is that today there are two“Irelands”.Northern Ireland，in the north，is part of the United Kingdom.The Republic of Ireland,in the south，is an independent country.第三模块 题型探究 In th
34、e 1840s the main crop，potatoes，was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger.This,and a shortage(短缺)of work,forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA，the UK,Australia and Canada.As a result of these problems,the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million
35、in 1851.For many years，the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers.Today,many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices.Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside，where things move at a quie
36、ter and slower pace.第三模块 题型探究 The Irish are famous for being warmhearted and friendly.Oscar Wilde，a famous Irish writer，once said that the Irish were“the greatest talkers since the Greeks”Since independence，Ireland has revived(复兴)its own culture of music，language,literature and singing.Different are
37、as have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments.Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin,whistles,etc.第三模块 题型探究 ()1.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?A.How the Irish fought against the English.B.How Ireland gained independe
38、nce.C.How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.D.How two“Irelands”came into being.()2.The last paragraph is mainly about _.Athe Irish character BIrish culture CIrish musical instruments Da famous Irish writer第三模块 题型探究 ()3.What can be the best title for the text?ALife in Ireland BA Very Difficult
39、HistoryCIreland，Past and Present DThe Independence of Ireland第三模块 题型探究 【要点综述】爱尔兰分为南爱尔兰和北爱尔兰两个部分，北爱尔兰是英国的一部分(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)，南爱尔兰为爱尔兰共和国，于1921年脱离英国，取得独立。本文主要介绍爱尔兰的历史与现状，特别是爱尔兰独立后文化的复兴。1D 段落大意题。第一段的大意就是爱尔兰的历史及南爱尔兰和北爱尔兰是如何形成的。2B 段落大意题。最后一段主要说到爱尔兰音乐、语言、文学等与文化相关的话题，故答案为B。3C 主旨大意题。文章主要谈论爱尔兰的历史与现状，故选C。第三模块
40、题型探究 探究点三 词义猜测型 历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子意义的推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对指代词所指代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不会停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。1词义猜测题主要的设题方式有：(1)The underlined words“took off”in Paragraph 2 means“_”第三模块 题型探究 (2)What does the underlined
41、word“them”in the last paragraph refer to?(3)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _.(4)Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word“exotic”in the third paragraph?(5)The underlined phrase“turn his back on”(paragraph 6)most probably means _.(6)By saying“We need the
42、m yesterday”(paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots _.第三模块 题型探究 2词义猜测题主要的解题策略有：语境猜测、语法猜词和常识猜词。语境即上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其他词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇、短语并结合具体的语境来推测。命题者为了考查学生的这种猜词能力，常采用以下几种命题策略：策略(1)：依据标点符号猜测词义 标点符号是词义猜测中最直接、最简单的信号词。比如，破折号、冒号常常起解释说明的作用，引号和括号有时也起到相同的
43、作用。第三模块 题型探究 例Morning,noon and night,her tongue was endlessly going,so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the housethe only side which,in truth,belongs to a henpecked_husband.()The underlined words“henpecked husband”in the paragraph probably means a man who_.Alikes hunting Bis afraid of
44、hens Cloves his wife Dis afraid of his wife 【解析】D 破折号起进一步解释说明的作用。由句前信息“他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”，因此选择D项。第三模块 题型探究 策略(2)：依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义 运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作时一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless;while/whereas;otherwise/or else;unlike/instead/ra
45、ther than;by contrast/compared to;on the contrary/on the other hand 等。第三模块 题型探究 例The house looked quite normal outside,but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display.()Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word“exotic”in the sentence?AMessy and untidy.BCommon and e
46、xpensive.CComfortable and calming.DForeign and unusual.【解析】D 由 but 引导的前后句可知，exotic 与quite normal(相当平常)在意义上是相反的，因此选择 D 项Foreign and unusual(异乎寻常)。第三模块 题型探究 策略(3)：依据下定义、作解释猜测词义 在说明文和科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是阅读理解的又一特点。在文章顺序上常采用先总后分(即先定义后解释)或先分后总(即先说明后结论)的叙述方式。常用的信号词有：be defined as(被定义为),be called
47、(被称为),mean/refer to(意指，是)。第三模块 题型探究 例2011安徽卷 节选 George Prochnik would like the world to_put_a_sock_in_it.He makes his case in a new book,Listening for Meaning in a World of Noise.Here he explains himself(using his indoor voice)：“Weve become so accustomed to noise,theres almost a deep prejudice again
48、st the idea that silence might be beneficial.If you tell someone to be quiet,you sound like an old man.But its never been more important to find continuing quiet.Silence focuses us,improves our health,and is a key to lasting peace and satisfaction.”第三模块 题型探究 ()What does the phrase“to put a sock in i
49、t”in Paragraph 1 probably mean?Ato be quiet Bto be colorful Cto be full of love Dto be attentive to someone第三模块 题型探究 【解析】A 词义猜测题。本题是根据结构上的“总分”关系猜测词义。文章首句先表明观点，然后进一步清楚地分述自己的观点没有噪音，我们会专注生活中各种美好的声音。再结合上下文可以看出George Prochnik是反对噪音的，所以他应该是喜欢安静的，故答案选A。第三模块 题型探究 策略(4)：依据逻辑推理猜测词义 运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广、考查最多也最易失分的猜词
50、方式。这要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇信息并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系、同位关系、对比关系、转折关系等。第三模块 题型探究 例7 2011四川卷 节选 So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5：00 am.?What gives me the reason to just say no to ice cream?Commitment.A commitment to change my life with a way tha
51、t reduces daily anxiety,increases selfconfidence and energy,extends life and above all improves my body shape.()What does the underlined word“commitment”in the last paragraph mean?AGood health.BFirm belief.CA strong power.DA regular habit.第三模块 题型探究 【解析】B 词义猜测题。本题是根据解说关系猜测词义。从文中“A commitment to chang
52、e my life with a way thatreduces daily anxiety,above all improves my bodyshape.”可知，“减少焦虑、增强信心改变体型”即不定式 部 分 是 修 饰 commitment 的，结 合 文 意 可 推 断 出commitment意为“坚强的信念”，故选择B项。本题容易受字面意思的干扰误选C项。第三模块 题型探究 例8 2011天津卷 节选Ultimately,as Nancy points out,the level of success is not measured by how many people read a
53、 book,but by how many people are enriched by the process,or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared_a_word.()The underlined words“shared a word”in Paragraph 5 probably mean _.Aexchanged ideas with each other Bdiscussed the meaning of a wordCgained life experie
54、nce Dused the same language第三模块 题型探究 【解析】A 词义猜测题。本题是根据同义句的转换猜测词义。由语境可知，该短语就是对此句中的“enjoyed speaking to someone”的另外一种表达，故选择A项。第三模块 题型探究 策略(5)：依据替代词猜测词义使用指代词 it,they,them,one(s),these,that 或 the other(two)等指代上下文中词汇或句义是猜测词义题的另一种形式。策略(6)：依据例证猜测词义采用事实说理(即例证)以加强观点的说服力或使观点更加明朗清楚是阅读理解中的常用手法。借助例证获取更多信息，即可实现猜词
55、的目的。常用的例证信号词有：like/for example/for instance/such as;include/consist of 等。第三模块 题型探究 此外，运用语法和常识也可以达到猜词的目的。英语构词法给英语语言创造了丰富的词汇源泉，因此掌握构词规律是达到猜词目的有效捷径。这种猜词策略主要包括：策略(1)：依据词性变化猜测词义英语语言的词性变化是非常灵活的，如名词动化、动词名化等，阅读时要充分抓住这一特点，从而准确地猜测词义。策略(2)：依据词义变化(词义引申)猜测词义英语语言除了词性活跃的特点外，其词义的变化也是非常活跃的。同一个词在不同的语境中其词义也会发生相应的变化，即所
56、谓的词义引申。第三模块 题型探究 策略(3)：依据词的派生和合成猜测词义派生法是英语构词法中最主要的构词方法，它由词根、前缀或后缀组成。如：前缀 dis，im，ir，un 可以构成反义词；后缀 less 也可以构成反义词。遇到合成词时，在正确理解两词的基础上应结合原文来把握两词之间的关系，从而准确地猜测词义。第三模块 题型探究 探究点四 推理判断型推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，
57、去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：(1)细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；(2)逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的原因；(3)目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者的情感态度；(4)预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测和判断。第三模块 题型探究 1.推理判断题的主要设题方式有：(1)It can be inferred from the passage(or the last paragraph)that(2)It can be learned from the passage(or the las
58、t paragraph)that(3)It can be concluded from the passage(or the last paragraph)that(4)It implies that(5)Where would you most probably find this passage?(6)What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?第三模块 题型探究 2.推理判断题的主要解题策略有：(1)根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的
59、写作目的有以下三种：to entertain readers(娱乐读者，让人发笑),常见于故事类的文章。to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)，常见于广告类的文章。to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章。高考阅读试题涉及各类文章，以议论文为主，文章的主题句、核心句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度或立场；阅读理解中也有说明文、记叙文。前者因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者的态度也往往采取中立。而后者因为其文章观点往往不直接提出，而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以，阅读时要善于根据文章的体裁来学会推断作者的情感态度和目
60、的。第三模块 题型探究 (2)根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向。对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如：表示褒义的词语：positive(赞成的);supporting(支持的);praising(赞扬的);optimistic(乐观的);admiring(羡慕的);enthusiastic(热情的)等；表示中性的词语：uninterested(无兴趣的，不感兴趣的);neutral(中立
61、的)；impersonal(不带个人感情的)；subjective(主观的)；objective(客观的)等；表示贬义的词语：disgusted(感到恶心的，厌恶的)；critical(批评的)；negative(否定的，反对的)；suspicious(怀疑的)；worried(担忧的)等。第三模块 题型探究 (3)根据写作思路，推断段落发展。不同的体裁，写作思路和写作手法也不尽相同。做题时，要善于体会作者的写作思路，揣摩作者的谋篇布局，从宏观上左右文章的结构框架；同时，还要把握作者行文时所运用的手法，如对比、举例、下定义等。通过梳理写作思路，明晰写作手法，即可对文章的发展作出比较科学合理的推
62、断和预测。(4)根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推理，从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。第三模块 题型探究 例92011浙江卷 节选In the more and more competitive service industry，it is no longer enough to
63、promise customer satisfaction.Today，customer“delight”is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase market share.It is accepted in the marketing industry，and confirmed by a number of researches，that customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 oth
64、er people；those treated badly will tell their tales of woe to up to 20 people.Interestingly,80 percent of people who feel their complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal.第三模块 题型探究 New challenges for customer care have come whenpeople can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers a
65、nd the Internet.For example，many companies now have to invest(投资)a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the“phone_rage”caused by delays in answering calls，being cut off in midconversation or left waiting for long periods.“Many people do not like talking to
66、machines，”says Dr.Storey，Senior Lecturer in Marketing at City University Business School.“Banks，for example，encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with them.The第三模块 题型探究 aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust the
67、mthe sort of comfortable feelings people have during facetoface chats with their local branch manager.”Recommended ways of creating customer delight include：underpromising and overdelivering(saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours，but getting it done within two)；replacing a faulty
68、 product immediately；throwing in a gift voucher(购物礼券)as an unexpected“thank you”to regular customers；and always returning calls，even when they are complaints.第三模块 题型探究 Aiming for customer delight is all very well，but if services do not reach the high level promised，disappointment or worse will be th
69、e result.This can be eased by offering an apology and an explanation of why the service did not meet usual standards with empathy(for example，“I know how you must feel”)，and possible solutions(replacement，compensation or whatever fairness suggests best meets the case)Airlines face some of the toughe
70、st challenges over customer care.Fierce competition has convinced them that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool，while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather,unclaimed luggage and technical problems.第三模块 题型探究 For British Airways staff，a winning tele
71、phone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times.They are trained to answer quickly，with their name，job title and a“we are here to help”attitude.The company has invested heavily in information technology to make sure that information is available
72、instantly on screen.British Airways also says its customer care policies are applied within the company and staff are taught to regard each other as customers requiring the highest standards of service.第三模块 题型探究 Customer care is obviously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slog
73、ans such as“we do as we please”On the other hand，the more customers are promised，the greater the risk of disappointment.()1.The writer mentions“phone rage”(Paragraph 3)to show that _.Acustomers often use phones to express their anger Bpeople still prefer to buy goods onlineCcustomer care becomes mor
74、e demandingDcustomers rely on their phones to obtain services第三模块 题型探究 ()2.If a manager should show his empathy(Paragraph 6)，what would he probably say?A“I know how upset you must be.”B“I appreciate your understanding.”C“Im sorry for the delay.”D“I know its our fault.”()3.Customer delight is importa
75、nt for airlines because _.Atheir telephone style remains unchangedBthey are more likely to meet with complaints Cthe services cost them a lot of moneyDthe policies can be applied to their staff第三模块 题型探究 ()4.Which of the following is conveyed in this article?AFacetoface service creates comfortable fe
76、elings among customers.BCompanies that promise more will naturally attract more customers.CA company should promise less but do more in a competitive market.DCustomer delight is more important for airlines than for banks.第三模块 题型探究 【要点综述】随着竞争的越来越激烈，对于消费者的争夺很多时候将会决定着一个企业的兴衰荣辱，那么如何搞好与消费者的关系呢？面对口味各异的顾客，
77、作为企业又应该如何对待呢？文章是围绕这一话题展开。1.C 逻辑推理题。文章第三段提到随着人们从电话或网络中买到商品、得到服务，很多公司在信息技术和员工培训上投入大量资金，来应对消费者的投诉，由此可知，现在对商家而言如何处理消费者日益增多的投诉是非常必要和紧急的。2.A 逻辑推理题。从文章第六段This can be eased by offering an apologywith empathy(for example,“I know how you must feel”)可知。第三模块 题型探究 3.B 逻辑推理题。从文章第七段Airlines face some of the toughe
78、stwhile there is great potential for customers可知，航空业由于各种原因面临的消费者投诉更多，所以对航空业而言，让消费者满意有着无可替代的重要性，由此可知选B。4.C 逻辑推理题。从文章最后一段and it would be a foolish company that used slogans such as可推断出，聪明的企业往往不会喊空口号，而是注重实际行动。第三模块 题型探究 探究点五 篇章结构型 最近两年，篇章结构题频繁地出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，已经成为了一种新颖而独特的阅读题型。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查对整个文章结构的组
79、织能力；考查对后文内容的预测能力；考查对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。1.篇章结构题的主要设题方式常有：(1)How is the passage organized?(2)Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?(3)What will the author most probably talk about next?(4)The author develops the passage mainly by _.第三模块 题型探究 (5)The first paragraph s
80、erves as a(n)_.(6)The example of is given to show/illustrate that _.2.篇章结构题的主要解题策略常有：(1)了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总分；总分总；分总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)。(2)了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；A
81、rgument/Idea Evidence Conclusion/Restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论/强调论点”的过程。第三模块 题型探究 (3)了解文章的写作手法。从写作手法上讲，在高考阅读理解中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。第三模块 题型探究 例10 2010北京卷 节选The Cost of Higher Ed
82、ucationMany people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy(经济).Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth,but so do all the businesses that invest(投资)and create jobs.If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because gradua
83、tes are economically productive,you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs.Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest.第三模块 题型探究 Therefore,it is the individual,not the government,who should pay for their university
84、 education.()The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to _.Aargue against free university education Bcall on them to finance students studiesCencourage graduates to go into business Dshow their contribution to higher education第三模块 题型探究 【解析】A 结构推断题。本题考查例证的功能。题目问此处谈到business有什么目的，就等于问议论文
85、中的论据有什么用，显而易见：支持论点。马上从本段段首找到论点：Many people believe that higher education should be free因此，可以看出作者反对free higher education。第三模块 题型探究 例11 2011重庆卷 节选Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people th
86、ought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king
87、of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly第三模块 题型探究 way.Henry，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though
88、the belief in the merit of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of clea
89、nliness have moved beyond science since World War.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?第三模块 题型探究 Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time parents nervously tr
90、y to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter position is gaining some ground.()How does the passage
91、 mainly develop?ABy providing examples.BBy making comparisons.CBy following the order of time.DBy following the order of importance.第三模块 题型探究 【要点综述】本文是说明文，介绍了人们对污物所持观点的转变情况：16世纪时，人们认为身上的污物能够阻拦疾病；18世纪以来清除污物被认为对健康有益；当今，家长警告孩子不要碰触污物以防疾病的传播；与此相反，专家却提倡孩子在污浊的环境中玩耍，以增强身体的免疫能力。C 文章结构题。梳理文章中表示时间的词语可知，该文是按照时间
92、顺序来组织的。应试点睛第三模块 应试点睛 要想顺利通过高考英语阅读理解部分，学生必须具备高中英语教学大纲规定要掌握的词汇量和固定短语量、熟悉语法结构、拓宽知识面、熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章、提高阅读速度、提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外，在复习中，应该注意以下几点：1.速读全文，了解大意和主题。阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟60个词。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词(key words)、主题句(topic sentence),捕捉第三模块 应试点睛 时空顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉
93、络，把握语篇实质，掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没有必要研读全文，速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分，这样就可以把握文章大意了。许多文章在第一段提出问题，中间段落进行分析、例证，最后一段是归纳结论，每段第一句话往往是主题句。抓主题句，是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。2.详读细节，理顺思路与脉络。每篇文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开叙述；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。考第三模块 应试点睛 生可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词
94、、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。3.抓住主干，化解难句捕信息。要实现快速准确理解文章大意，就要学会抓句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论多么长，多么复杂，都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章时都能够从容应对。比如：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童),I found,is a society that v
95、alues excellence in a certain。第三模块 应试点睛 field and is able nurture talent.只要我们抓住了Element is society.就可以得知，社会是神童出现的一个因素。4.讲究技巧，轻松应考走捷径。分析历届高考中的阅读理解，可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的，且考点规律常与某种题型(主旨题、细节题、逻辑推理题、观点态度题、猜测词义题)相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，敏锐地捕捉到考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面，将这些考点规律及对应题型归纳如下：第三模块 应试点睛 考点规律(1)举例子、打比喻处常
96、考为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as,such as,for example,for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例句。考生需注意的是，例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现，但倾向于“推断性”题型。考点规律(2)引用人物论断处常考作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此做文章，多以“推理性”题为主，有时也出“事实细节性”题型。第三模块 应试点睛 考点规律(3)转折处与强对比处常考一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内
97、容进行提问。转折一般通过however,but,yet,in fact等词或短语来引导。强对比常由unlike,until,not so muchas等词或短语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方的属性进行考查。比如文章中说甲具有X属性，但乙与甲不同，问乙有何属性？答：非X属性。此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中，少数出现于其他题型中。考点规律(4)复杂句式处常考复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句、从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系、文章段落之间关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其他题型。第三模块 应试点睛 考点规律(5)因果句处常考命题者常以文中因
98、果句命制一些试题，以此考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系，或出些概括文意、段意的试题。一般以推理性题型和主旨大意题型出现，兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词有：because,since,for,as,therefore,consequently,result in,originate from 等。考点规律(6)特殊标点符号处常考由于特殊标点符号后内容是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明，因此命题者常以标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体说，特殊标点符号包括：破折号(表解释)；括号(表解释)；冒号(表解释)；引号(表引用)。题型一般有推理题、主旨大意题、事实细节题等。第三模块 应试点睛 考点规律(7)段首，
99、段尾句处常考短文中第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处；有时某一段的段首、段尾句是该段的主题句。因此，命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意型。考点规律(8)最高级与绝对性词汇处常考文中若出现must,all,only,anyone,always,never等绝对性词汇，或形容词副词的最高级形式，往往是考点，一般出“细节性问题”。因为这些地方概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，都不会产生歧义。命题人员以此为考点，可保证命题绝对正确。第三模块 应试点睛 以上分析，基本上概括了历届高考中阅读理解题考点常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律，在读文章时，就要在这些考点常出现的地方作些记号。阅读完毕，这些作记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方。然后再对照后面的题目，一一找到相对应的考点，再仔细分析、做题，这样就节省了时间。
