1、专题九定语从句考点精讲 考点一关系词的用法关系词被修饰的先行词关系词在从句中充当的成分who指人的词主语、宾语、表语whom指人的词宾语whose指人或物的词定语that指人或物的词主语、宾语、表语which指物的词或整个主句主语、宾语、表语as指人或物的词或整个主句主语、宾语、表语when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语why表示原因的名词reason原因状语Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。I hav
2、e many friends to whom Im going to send postcards我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。He will tell you everything that he heard about it他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。This is the factory(which/that)we visited last year这就是我们去
3、年参观的那家工厂。As we know，smoking is harmful to ones health众所周知，吸烟有害健康。There are occasions when(on which)one must yield任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？特别提示： whose指人或物，作定语。表示“的”，可以转换为“of 关系代词”，指人时可以用
4、of whom，指物时可以换成of which。The prize will go to the writer whose story/of whom the story shows the most imagination所写故事最具想象力的作家将获奖。 考点二关系代词that和which的区别类别说明只用that不用which的情况先行词是everything，anything，nothing，few，little，all，none等不定代词或被all，little，few，much，any，every，no，some等修饰时先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最
5、高级时先行词被the very，the only，the same, the last等修饰时当主句中的先行词是疑问词who或which时先行词既有人也有物时只用which不用that的情况非限制性定语从句中关系代词前有介词时先行词是that或those时There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？My house，
6、which I bought last year，has got a lovely garden我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。Whats that which was put in the car?被放入车内的是什么？ 考点三关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句1关系副词when引导的定语从句先行词是表示时间的名词，从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，引导词常用关系副词when，when在从句中充当时间状语，也可用“介词which”结构代替
7、。I still remember the day when I first came to this school我还记得我第一次来这所学校的那天。The film brought the hours back to me，when I was taken good care of in that faraway village这部电影把我带回到在那个偏僻的村子我被细心照顾的岁月。The book was written in 1946，since when the education system has witnessed great changes这本书写于1946年。自那时以来，教育
8、制度已经历了巨大的变化。2关系副词where引导的定语从句(1)先行词是表示地点的名词时，从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，引导词常用关系副词where，where在从句中充当地点状语。Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display简停留在一个柜台前，一些吸引人的领带摆在那儿。(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词wh
9、ere。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other他们已经到了必须分手的地步。Its helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently把孩子放在一个能使他们从不同角度认识自己的处境中对他们是有帮助的。3关系副词why引导的定语从句关系副词why引导定语从句时，修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语，可用for which代替，有时也可以省略。The reason why he
10、didnt pass the driving test was that he lacked practice因为缺少实践，他没有通过驾驶考试。 考点四“介词关系词”引导的定语从句1一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；句子的意思。Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。2表示“整体和部分关系”或所属关系以及同位关系时，常用介词of。在some，any，few，none，all
11、，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are the family members约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。3有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从
12、那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window) 考点五as，which引导的定语从句1as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，代指整句话(或一部分)内容，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。As everybody knows，China is a developing country众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。2which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时，意为“这，这一点”。Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature
13、in 2012, which made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。3as常用在下列习惯用语中。as (it) often happens，as I remember，as is often the case，as is expected，as is known to us，as is shown等。He shouts when he gets angry，as is often the case他生气时就大叫，这是常有的情形。4“such/
14、soas”表“像这样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out上学期我们数学老师出了一道很难的考试题，没有一个人能解出来。5“the samethat”表同一个人或物，而“the sameas”表同种类的东西。I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。I would like to use the
15、 same tool that you used yesterday我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。 考点六定语从句中的主谓一致1关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。The recorder that has been given to me is homemade给我的那台录音机是国产的。2“one of复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the，the only，the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。He is one of the students
16、who have made great progress他是取得很大进步的学生之一。难点释疑 难点一先行词是way时，关系词的选用先行词是way时，若关系词在从句中充当方式状语，关系词用in which，that或省略；若关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语时，关系词用that或which，且作宾语时，关系词可省略。试比较：It must be the way(that/in which) you write that leads to your ugly handwriting一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的书写。The way (that/which) you came up with at
17、 the meeting yesterday is well worth trying 昨天你在会议上提出的方法很值得一试。难点二先行词是time时，关系词的选用先行词是time时，如果time作“次数”讲，应当用关系代词that来引导定语从句；time作“时刻”“一段时间”讲时，若关系词在从句中作状语，则用关系副词when或at/in/during which，若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语等，则用that/which。 This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。 The
18、re was a time when/during which there were no radios or TV sets曾经有一段时间既没有收音机也没有电视机。难点三定语从句和其他句式的区别类别区别例句定语从句与并列句并列句有and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接。并列句中绝对不可再用引导定语从句的关系词1I have three cars，none of_ is in good condition2I have three cars，but none of _ is in good condition句1中cars后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which；句2中有
19、并列连词but，题干是并列句，空格中填代词them。定语从句与状语从句定语从句修饰、限制先行词，常放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，可以放在主句的前面Do you know the time when the meeting was over?(when引导定语从句)When the meeting was over, it was already five oclock(when引导时间状语从句)定语从句与状语从句when，where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时则不行 This is the school where(in wh
20、ich)I once worked(where引导定语从句)Put back the book where it was(where引导状语从句)定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉之后从句成分不完整；而状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整It is such an interesting book as we all like(as引导定语从句，作动词like的宾语)It is such an interesting book that we all like it(that引导结果状语从句，不充当从句的成分)定语从句与同位语从句定语从句在复合句
21、中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语从句的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容，与前面名词之间是同位关系The suggestion that he came up with is practical (that引导的是定语从句，that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语，可省略)He gave me a suggestion that we should read aloud every morning(that引导的是同位语从句，that在从句中不作成分，但不可省略)解题策略 策略一根据从句所缺成分来确定关系词1如果先行词
22、指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。2如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom；缺少表语，限制性定语从句用that；非限制性定语从句用who。3如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句中用which；缺少表语，限制性定语从句用that；非限制性定语从句用which。4如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where；如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。5
23、不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。6如果先行词指人，“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。策略二巧用固定结构选用关系词当题干中出现such，the same等或行为动词的被动语态时，就可考虑关系词as的固定结构，如suchas，the sameas，as is known，as is expected。但还要注意看定语从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语，如果不缺这三种句子成分，则不用as。【典例】Those houses are sold at such a low price _as_
24、 people expected解析：本空应用关系词引导定语从句并在从句中作expected的宾语；空处所填词与前面的such构成固定结构suchas，表示“像那样的”，因此这里用as引导定语从句。易错聚焦 (一)定语从句意识缺失1关系代词被普通代词取代(误)I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favorite(正)I have many collections of stamps, some of which are my favorite2关系代词遗漏(误)The last one leaves the classr
25、oom please close the windows(正)The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1有从无主式(误)my friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates(正)My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us class
26、mates, has a variety of hobbies第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2画蛇添足式(误)As can be seen from the picture, that a sad boy stands between his angry parents(误)As can be seen from the picture, a man who is talking happily(误)I have many collections of stamps, and some of which are my favorite第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面
27、的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。达标检测 单句语法填空1(2020新高考卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum _which/that_ opened in 1759解析：考查定语从句。句意：例如，汉斯斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品
28、。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。2(2020天津卷改编)Dr Rowan, _whose_ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing解析：考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。_ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr Rowans”，表示“的”，应用
29、关系代词whose引导该从句。故填whose。3(2020江苏卷改编)Many lessons are now available online, from _which_ students can choose for free解析：考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故填which。4(2020新课标卷)In ancient China lived an artist _whose_ paintings were almost l
30、ifelike解析：考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且关系词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。5(2019新课标III卷)They were well trained by their masters _who_ had great experience with caring for these animals解析：考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人)，且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。6(2019浙江卷)On the edg
31、e of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _that/which_gives off light in the dark解析：考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。7(2019北京卷)The students benefiting most from college are those _who_ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life解析：考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学
32、生。_ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人。故填who。8(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _that/which_ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes解析：考查定语从句的关系
33、词。此处a study是先行词，定语从句关系词在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which。9(2019江苏卷改编) We have entered into an age _when_ dreams have the best chance of coming true 解析：考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且从句中缺少时间状语，所以关系词用when。 10(2019天津卷改编)Their child is at the stage _where_ she can say individual words but
34、 not full sentences解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。11(2019新课标II卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，_which_ she opened with her late husband Les解析：考查
35、非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。12(2017全国卷)But Sarah, _who_ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty解析：引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用who。13(浙江)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a
36、 pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _where_ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长) through it解析：考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。14(全国)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in
37、the mid-1980s, _when_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild解析：先行词是表示时间的the mid-1980s，且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词when。15(全国 )Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _who_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, inf
38、luenced the development of chopsticks解析：所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且在从句中作主语。故填who。单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1(2020新课标卷)Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy _what改为which_解析：考查非限制性定语从句。句意：谢谢你的来信，你的信真正让我开心。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which。2(2020新课标卷) Unde
39、rstanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation_what改为that_解析：考查定语从句。句意：出于对妈妈好意的理解，我满怀感激地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这里含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which，先行词被all所修饰，只能使用that，不能使用which，且what不能引导定语从句，所以what改为that。3(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond, which
40、 they raised fish _which前加in或改为where_解析：考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，后面的定语从句缺少地点状语，故用in which或where。4(新课标全国)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 oclock at night_thatwhich_解析：此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词dinner，且关系词在从句中作主语，
41、应用which而不能用that。5(重庆)There, Katia will introduce me to some of her friends, one of who has been to China several times_whowhom_解析：因为关系词指人，并且作of的宾语，只能用whom，不能用who。6(2019全国高考卷)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them _yourselves改为 themselves_解
42、析：本句考查代词的用法。customers是句子的主语，故把 yourselves改为 themselves。7(全国卷)Around me in this picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments_theywhich/that_解析：things是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导词用that或which。语法填空 There was a time _1when_ I was tired of learn
43、ing English and disliked to speak English And this was the reason _2why_ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school When I first came to the club，_3 where_ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much So I packed up my things and wan
44、ted to go home Fortunately, my guide, _4whose_ teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me face to face, from _5which_ I gained some useful instructions He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other Gradually I adapted to the life there Every day I would like to talk to ot
45、her teenagers and set down a series of activities _6that/which_ we did I should be grateful to my father and the guide, _7who_ encouraged me to fall in love with English Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into _8which_ I put my entire energy Every day I read my words and passages aloud In cl
46、ass I join in English discussions Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages，through _9which_ I can memorize a large number of new words _10As_ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later”文章大意：
47、本文为记叙文，叙述了作者参加俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。解析：1句意：有一段时间，我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。There was a time when“有一段时间”。故填when。2This is/was the reason why“这就是的原因”。故填why。3先行词是the club，关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。 4先行词是my guide，代入定语从句后为：My guides teacher was Yuminhong 由此可见，先行词与teacher之间是所属关系。故填whose。5
48、先行词为句子“My guide communicated with me face to face”，关系词在定语从句中作介词from的宾语，且from提前。故填which。6先行词是activities，且定语从句中缺宾语。故填关系代词that/which。7先行词为My father and the guide，关系词在定语从句中作主语，且指“人”，所以用who引导。故填who。8先行词为English,关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语，且介词into已被提前。故填which。9句意：每天入睡前我总是回忆学的文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的英语生词。先行词为I recall the
49、 passages，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语，且介词已被提前。故填which。10句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于句首，后面引号内直接引语的内容为先行词，且关系词在定语从句中作宾语。故填as引导。短文改错A cave there were over 200 paintings was discovering in Australia eight years ago To peoples surprises, the cave was found by chance on a day wher
50、e some people were walking in the area Some of the paintings were at least 3,000 years old However, the site of the cave was so very difficult to reach that it takes a long time before researchers could visit it The reason that the exact location of the site is kept secret is that the cave needs to
51、be protected from being visited by visitors which dont realize how easy it is to damage the paintings The paintings in that people and animals can still be seen today is extreme valuable答案：A cave there were over 200 paintings was in Australia eight years ago To peoples ， the cave was found by chance
52、 on a day some people were walking in the area Some of the paintings were at least 3,000 years old However, the site of the cave was so verydifficult to reach that it a long time before researchers could visit it The reason the exact location of the site is kept secret is that the cave needs to be protected from being visited by visitors dont realize how easy it is to damage the paintings The paintings in people and animals can still be seen today is valuable