1、2013 高考英语语法高频难点精析(二) - 情态动词 + have + done用法全解【摘 要】情态动词是英语动词中用法最活跃的动词，其用法灵活，表现不一，意义酷近；同时，情态动词也是高考英语试题中的必考题和易错题。考生对情态动词的掌握程度标志着其对语言要素的具备是否有着良好的语言素养。【关键词】情态动词完成式 用法“情态动词+have + done”结构是历年高考中单项填空题的必考项，也是考生常常容易混淆的考点之一。近年来，情态动词 + have + done结构的试题立意新颖，但有效的信息却越来越隐蔽，考查角度越来越细，综合性越来越高，诸如此类因素而无疑地增加了考题的难度。为此，严加区
2、别具有相同功能的，意思相近的情态动词特征用法是突破这一难点的特效举措。故而，现将其结构用法小节于后，敬供研析。1. can / cannot + have +done“can / cannot + have +done”结构，表示“可能已经做了；不可能做了”的事。指对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不肯定，通常用在否定句或疑问句中。例：Where can they have gone?他们可能已经去了什么地方？例：He cannot have stolen my MP4 player.他不可能偷我的MP4播放机。2. could + have + done“could + have +done”结构，用
3、于肯定句中，意为“可能已经”，还可以用于过去没有实现的可能性，意为“本来可以”。could比can的可能性小。例：The output could have been increased by 15%.粮食产量可能已经增加了百分之十五。You could have sung better, but you caught a cold yesterday.你本来可以唱得很好，只是你昨天感冒了。3. may / might + have + done“may / might (not)+ have + done”指对过去已发生的行为的推测，表示“也许/或许已经（没有）”；一般用在肯定句或否定句中（
4、在否定句中，意为“可能不”），不用于疑问句。might比may语气更加不肯定。例：They may have seen the film.他们也许看过那部影片。例：The little boy may not have finished the work.那个小孩可能做不了那项工作。4. might + have +done“might + have +done”结构，表示“本可能发生或本可以做的事而实际上没有发生或没有做的事”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”，含有轻微的责备口气，例：You might have helped him with English a lot, thou
5、gh you were tired.你本来可以帮他学好英语的，尽管很累。5. neednt + have + done“neednt + have + done”结构，用于否定句中，表示“不必要做的事而已经做了”；但 didnt need to do sth.意为“没必要做而实际上也没有做的事”。例：You neednt have apologized to him for nothing yesterday.你没有必要给他道歉，因为昨天什么都没有做。6. must + have +done “must + have +done”结构，用于肯定句，表示对过去已经发生的行为进行肯定的推测，意为“
6、想必；一定；准是做了某事”。例：They must have been in the classroom.他们肯定在教室里。7. should / ought to + have + done“should / ought to + have + done”结构，用于肯定句中，表示“本该做的事而实际上未做”；用于否定句中，则表示“不该做的事反而做了”。例：You oughtnt have left your keys in the office when you went out.你出办公室的时候，不该把钥匙忘在里面。He shouldnt have broken the red light.
7、他不该闯红灯。I should have written to you earlier, buy Ive really been busy. 我本该给要你早点写信，可后来真的是太忙了。8. have better + have + done“have better + have + done”结构，表示用于事后的建议，有一点轻微的责备语气，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done则表示相反的含义。例：You had better have come earlier.你当时最好早一点来。9. would like/love to + have + don
8、e“would like/love to + have + done”结构，表示“过去愿意做某事而实际上未做成”。例：I would like to have seen you off at the station yesterday morning but I was too busy.我昨天很想到车站来送你，可就是没有空。10. would rather + have + done“would rather + have + done”结构，用于肯定句，表示“当时宁愿该做了某事”，否定式would rather have done则表示含义相反，两者均含有“后悔”之意。例：I would
9、rather have followed his advice.当时我宁肯采纳他的意见。综合上述用法，在平常的英语备考当中，考生要搜集，整理已经出现过的情态动词用法材料，仔细体味立题用意，在一定的交际情景中彻底地感悟情态动词搭配结构的用法区别，掌握特征，集中特训，反复演练，最终便可形成应对的甄别策略。【经典演练】1.It _ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car. A. may B. can C. must D. should2. He did not regret saying wha
10、t he did but felt that he _ it differently. A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed 【答案与解析】1. C 考查情态动词对过去情况的肯定推测。句意：一定是Tom把车停在这里，因为，只有他有车。此处是强调句型，谓语动词为_ have been,根据句意，应是表示肯定的推测，选项中，只有must符合句意，其他三项与句意相悖。2. C 考查情态动词对过去情况的可能性推测。句意：他不后悔说了他做了些什么，反而觉得他本能够用不同的方式来表达
11、。选项中could express表示“能够表达”；would express表示“要表达”；could have expressed表示“本来能够表达”；must have expressed表示“肯定已经表达”。由此看来，C项正确。【能力提升】1. You _ the meeting to tell me that. You could have come up to me afterwards.A. should have come to B. neednt have interrupted C. ought to attend D. mustnt go to2. - You didnt
12、 wait for Mr. Smith last night, did you?- Yes, but we _ . He didnt return home at all.A. dont have to B. neednt have C. didnt need to D. should have3. - I paid him 200 yuan for the sneakers.- Oh, he charged you too much. You _ them with half the money.A. could have bought B. neednt have bought C. mu
13、st have bought D. wouldnt have bought4. There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You _ , but why didnt you ?A. should come B. must have come C. may have come D. ought to have come5. - Have you found your book yet? - No. Im not sure where I _ it. A. leave B. had left C. could have left D. was to l
14、eave 6. - I still can not figure out why he missed his fight. - He _ an accident on the way to the airport.A. could have had B. should have had C. would have had D. must have had 【答案与解析】1. B 考查“need+完成式”结构意义的用法。句意：其实你没有必要打断会议来告诉我那件事。你本来可以会后来找我。根据句意可知，此处应用表示“本来没有必要做”，所以，neednt have interrupted项正确。2.
15、B 考查“need+完成式”结构意义的用法。句意：- 昨天夜里你没有等Mr Smith，是吗？ - 不，我们等了。但是，我们完全没有必要等，他根本就没有回家。很显然，neent have选项正确。3. A 考查“could+完成式”结构意义的用法。句意：- 我买这双胶底运动鞋给了他200元。- 是吗？要价太高了，你本来可以只出一半儿钱的。据句意，此处应是表示“本来可以做”，因此，could have bought 项正确。4. D 考查“ought to+完成式”结构意义的用法。句意：昨天的晚会很有趣。你应该来的，可为什么没有到呢？据句意，此处应是表示“应该做而实际上未做的事”，因此，ough
16、t to have come 项正确。5. C 考查“could+完成式”结构意义的用法。句意：-你找到你的书了吗？-没有。我不知道可能把它丢在哪儿了。据句意，此处应是表示“可能已经”，很显然，could have left 项正确。6. A 考查“could+完成式”结构意义的用法。句意：- 我想不明白他为什么没有赶上飞机。- 可能在他去机场的路上出了意外。据句意，此处应是表示“可能已经”，当然，could have had 项正确。【参考文献】1.全日制普通高级中学教课书(试验修订本必修)高中英语(人教版)2.2012年全国普通高等学校统一招生考试说明英语(人教版) 3.全日制普通高级中学教学教材课程标准英语(人教版) 4.2012年全国及各省市高考试题全解英语卷薛金星(人民日报出版社2012.7.) 5.牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典As Hornby ，张芳杰编（牛津大学出版社6.牛津高阶英汉双解词典As Hornby , Sally Wehmeier, 陆谷孙编 （商务印书馆）7.实用英语语法张道真编（商务印书馆）8.英语高考必备刘锐诚编（中国青年出版社）9.试题调研英语第6辑（高考热点大串讲）杜志建编（新疆青少年出版社2013.02.）10.现代英语惯用法词典费致德编 （商务印书馆）