1、重难语法课(8)定语从句 语境中体悟用法朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑单词为哪类关系词，在从句中充当什么成分，修饰的先行词是什么。It was the summer of 2012, whenI came to Guangning No. 1 Senior High School. Our school is a wonderful place, whereI can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square. Our classroom, the roof of whichlooks like a rocket in the dis
2、tance, is located in the center of our school. The main reason whyI like our school is that I can make many friends. I can get along with my classmates here, two of whomare my best friends. Jack, whocomes from Tanbu Junior High School, is very active. He likes various sports, among whichhe likes run
3、ning most. He will run 5 kilometers every day, whichmakes him look strong. Nick, whosefather is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School, studies very hard. We often talk about the people and the things thatwe see in our school. Nick prefers the food thatis made in our canteen. The teacher whomhe like
4、s is Mr Zhang, our math teacher, while my beloved teacher is my English teacher, Miss Chen. To be honest, I gradually fall in love with our school. 用法体悟先行词是the summer of 2012，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when (in which)引导定语从句。先行词是a wonderful place，在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where (at which)引导定语从句。先行词是Our classroom，指物，关系词
5、应用which。the roof of which中的of表所属关系，意为“我们教室的屋顶”。先行词是The main reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，用why引导。先行词是my classmates，指人，关系词应用whom。two of whom中的of表示部分与整体的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。先行词是Jack，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。先行词是various sports，关系词在介词among后作宾语，只能用which。先行词是“He will run 5 kilometers every day”整个句子，并在从句中作主语，定语从句应用which引导。先行词
6、是Nick，在定语从句中作定语，表示Nicks，用whose引导。先行词是the people and the things，既指人又指物，通常用that引导。先行词是the food，在定语从句中作主语，故用that或which引导。先行词是The teacher，在定语从句中作likes的宾语，故用whom或who引导。 系统中整合规则定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句(与主句之间用逗号隔开)两种。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词关系代词或关系副词从句。关系词有三大作用：指代先行词；引导定语从句；在从句中充当句子成分。(
7、一)关系代词的用法 1关系代词的基本用法关系代词修饰的先行词在从句中所作成分who人作主语、宾语whom人作宾语which事物作主语、宾语that人或事物作主语、宾语、表语whose人或事物作定语as人或事物，一般用于“such .as” “the same .as” “as .as”结构中作主语、宾语The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.电视制作人打算找4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。The tree which is in front of my house is
8、 more than ten years old.我家房前的那棵树已经十多年了。2五种只用that而不用which的情况(1)先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时；Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very (恰恰，正好), the last, all, no, few, little, any
9、等修饰时；This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。(3)先行词既有人又有物时；The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。(4)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语
10、时；Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？3which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等意思上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”She
11、married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。She married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。 (二)关系副词的用法先行词关系副词在从句中所作成分与“介词关系代词”的关系表示时间的名词：time, day, year等when作时间状语at/in/on/during which表示场所的名词：park, place， country, house等where作地点状语in/at/to/on which表示理由或原因的名词：reasonwhy作原因状语for whichWe live in an
12、 age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前更容易获得更多信息的时代。Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。 (三)“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介
13、词之后。The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.美国是一个说许多不同方言的大国。He is the person on whom you can depend.他是你可以信赖的人。He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 集训中明晰考点 考点1根据在从句中充当的成分选择恰当的关系词1(2020全国卷)Because the moons body blocks direct rad
14、io communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.解析：where分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰a spot，且所填词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。2(2020全国卷)In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.解析：whose关系词
15、在定语从句中作定语，修饰paintings，故填whose。3(2020新高考全国卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.解析：which/that分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰the British Museum(指物)，且从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which/that。4(2020北京高考)Some university students carried out
16、a campaign they spent their whole day without cell phones.解析：where分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为campaign，空处在从句中作地点状语，故填where。5(2019全国卷)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.解析：who分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。6(2019浙江6月高考)On the
17、 edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，先行词是cloth，设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that/which。考点2关系副词where的特殊用法where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。1(2021抚州
18、模拟)“Spittake” refers to an act someone spits liquid out of his or her mouth when he or she hears something funny or surprising.解析：where句意：“笑喷”指的是当某人听到有趣或令人惊讶的事情时，从他或她的嘴里吐出液体的行为。设空处引导定语从句修饰act，引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此使用where引导。2(2021淄博模拟)Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important
19、as sales skills.解析：where句意：销售经理是一个交流能力和销售技能一样重要的职位。空处引导定语从句，先行词position在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。3(2020扬州模拟)To learn English effectively, you should not only have a good command of the grammar, but understand the culture it is spoken.解析：where句意：为了有效地学英语，你不仅要掌握好语法，还要明白它被说的那种文化。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词cultu
20、re，并在从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词where。 考点3关系代词只用that不用which的情况1(2021汕头模拟)This is the only one of the best films has been shown this year.解析：that先行词为the only one，关系词应该用that，在从句中作主语。2(2021鞍山模拟)So I stopped the first cab drove by my house.解析：that先行词被序数词修饰时关系代词要用that。3(2021六安模拟) He wasted it on something is unnece
21、ssary.解析：that先行词是不定代词时关系代词要用that。4(2021青岛模拟)He expressed his hope that he would visit China again the next year, and this was the very hope he expressed as soon as he arrived in the country.解析：that句意：他表示希望明年再次访问中国，这也是他一到中国就表达的希望。hope为先行词，且被the very修饰，故关系词用that。考点4关系代词as先行词被such, the same, “so形容词a/an
22、”“as形容词a/an”修饰时，关系代词要用as。1(2021昆明模拟)He pointed out such a crucial detail about the experiment we could never neglect.解析：as句意：他指出有关实验的一个我们绝不能忽视的关键细节。根据句意判断，先行词为a crucial detail，在定语从句中作neglect的宾语，且先行词被such修饰，故用关系代词as。2(2021郑州模拟)Because of health problems, Peter cannot continue to work at the same full
23、 space he has done up to now.解析：as句意：由于健康问题，彼得不能继续这样到现在为止一直从事的全速工作了。pace是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作宾语，由于前面有the same，故用as。3(2021徐州模拟)It was funny that he should have told such a funny story made everyone present burst into laughter.解析：as句意：真有趣，他竟然讲了那样一个让在场的每一个人都放声大笑的滑稽故事。先行词是story，其前有such修饰，故用as引导。 考点5非限制性定语从句中关
24、系词的选择 (1)关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；(2)关系代词要用which和who，不能用that；如果关系代词表示人且紧跟在介词后，只能用whom，不能用who和that；(3)关系副词when, where可用于非限制性定语从句，而关系副词why不可以。1(2020天津7月高考改编)Dr.Rowan， secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.解析：whose句意：罗恩博士不得不自己做所有的打字工作，他的秘书两周前辞职了。secretary与先行词Dr.Rowan之间为所属关系，空格处
25、在从句中作定语，需用whose。2(2020天津5月高考改编)Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s， he gave it to his grandson.解析：when句意：史密斯先生拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它给了他的孙子。这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的主从复合句，从句缺少时间状语，因此用when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the early 1990s。3(2019全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in
26、Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.解析：which分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在句中替代先行词the pet shop在从句中作opened的宾语，故填关系代词which。4(2021昆明模拟)Professor Smith, for work matters most, is devoted to his research work.解析：whom句意：史密斯教授致力于他的研究工作，工作对他最重要。空处为“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词Professor Smith，且做介词for的宾语，指人
27、，故用whom。考点6“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词的某种习惯搭配来确定；(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定；(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。 1(2020江苏高考改编)Many lessons are now available online, which students can choose for free.解析：from句意：现在网上有很多课程，学生可以免费从中选择(来学习)。这是“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是Many lessons(指物)，从句谓语为choose，常和from搭配，故用from which来引导。2(2
28、021扬州模拟)There are many occasions which you are left in a helpless situation, which you can depend on no one other than yourself.解析：on; in句意：很多时候你处于无助的境地，在这种情况下，除了自己，你谁也依靠不了。第一空用on which引导定语从句修饰occasions，on many occasions表示“很多时候”；第二空用in which引导定语从句修饰situation，situation表示抽象的地点，其前常用介词in。3(2021徐州模拟)She
29、showed the visitors around the museum, the construction which had taken more than three years.解析：of句意：她领着游客们参观了博物馆，这座博物馆的建设花了三年多的时间。空处为“介词关系代词”结构引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词museum，且此处construction与museum为所属关系，故应用介词of。 自测中查漏补缺.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the g
30、overnment started a soiltesting program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.2(2021菏泽模拟)The teen, who is black and only speaks some basic Chinese, has been praised by teachers since he picked up the music as a kindergart
31、ener.3In addition, due to peoples awful impression of the smoking people, the habit will limit our social network, which will finally lead to loneliness.4(2021常德模拟)As is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cu
32、ltures.5(2021重庆模拟)The report has also drawn criticism, with some scientists arguing that the data on which it is based is not wide and representative enough to generate a single number for the decline of wildlife worldwide.6After some time，when both of you have renewed your confidence in each other,
33、 go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.7(2021淄博模拟)Badaling is the most famous of the five sections that lie near Beijing and can be accessed easily.8Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years, whose origin can be seen as old local operas, especially Anhui Opera.9(2020衡水模拟)In the following yea
34、rs, there were fewer dropouts and more college graduates in my village, which I am proud of even today.10(2020六盘山模拟)Being in a big，busy building in a country where I could not speak the language made me nervous, but as I found my way, I gained confidence.单句改错1On the other hand, I can see the singers
35、 stories, who are so inspiring.whowhich2Its a really beautiful school in our city, that many flowers and trees have been planted.thatwhere3We asked one of the workers what it was, and he told us it was an animal care center, there the sick animals got treated.therewhere4It is hard to be mean to some
36、one is being nice.someone后加who/that5I wanted to swim in the river, which some women villagers were washing clothes.whichwhere或which前加in6Then Mr Green read some views of the play, that said it was a terrible one.thatwhich.语法填空A Relay Event Brings Diverse Cultures TogetherWhen Herman Kambugu received
37、the good news he was expecting, he did something unusual.He ran for 32km in 1 (celebrate)Kambugu，who works for the Standard Chartered Bank(StanChart)in Uganda，was among the over 86,000 employees around the world who had attempted 2 (take)part in a relay across Belt and Road countries as a way to see
38、 how the Belt and Road Initiative (“一带一路”倡议) is developing.Kambugu and seven more of his coworkers in StanCharts offices around the world visited 44 destinations along the Belt and Road routes, 3 helped them understand the initiative better.Kambugu 4 (witness)how the Belt and Road Initiative is chan
39、ging life for 5 better in East Africa so far.“The Mombasa Nairobi Railway has not only shortened transportation time, but also created over 20,000 jobs for local people in Kenya，”he said.Serena Leung from the Hong Kong office said 6 she had seen during her journey impressed 7 (she)In some places, pe
40、ople greeted them in Mandarin.They spoke it 8 (fluently)than some people from Hong Kong, she said jokingly.“By running together，we run further，” added Therese Neo, a customer manager from the Singapore office.As she saw it, the countries 9 (participate)in the Belt and Road Initiative were like the 1
41、0 (runner)When they join forces，they have a better shared future.语篇解读：为领略“一带一路”倡议的发展，银行职员Herman Kambugu和他的同事参加了奔越“一带一路”沿途国家的接力赛。通过这项活动，他们深刻体会到“一带一路”倡议让参与国的人民的生活更美好。1celebration考查名词。根据空前的介词in可知，空处应填名词celebration。2to take考查非谓语动词。attempt to do sth.为固定用法，意为“尝试做某事”。3which考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，引导词在
42、从句中作主语，先行词为空前的整个主句，故用which引导该定语从句。4has witnessed考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“so far”可知，该句应用现在完成时；由该句主语Kambugu可知，主语为第三人称单数，故谓语动词用单数形式。5the考查冠词。此处表示使生活变得更好，for the better“有所好转”，为固定搭配，故用定冠词the。6what考查主语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导主语从句，作从句中had seen的宾语，表示“的事物”，故用what引导该主语从句，表示“她所看到的”。7her考查代词。空处作及物动词impressed的宾语，故用宾格代词he
43、r。8more fluently考查副词的比较级。根据该句中的“than”可知，空处用其比较级。9participating考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，the countries和动词participate之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。10runners考查名词复数。runner为可数名词，又主语the countries为复数，故此处表示多个奔跑者，应用复数形式。.短文改错Traditionally, Chinese people pay little attention to our birthdays. But they do when they are the ag
44、e of sixty. The sixty birthday is regarded as a key point of life and a big celebration is necessarily. Sons and daughters are usually in the charge of that. They think its a good chance to show respect and expressing their thanks for what their parents had done. On the birthday morning the father and the mother will eat long noodles, that symbolize a long life in China. Eggs are also among the best choice of food taken on the day.答案：第一句：ourtheir第二句：the age前加at第三句：sixtysixtieth; necessarilynecessary第四句：去掉charge前的the第五句：expressingexpress; hadhave第六句：andor; thatwhich第七句：choicechoices