1、返回目录 Cloning Unit 2 返回目录 Have you ever wished you could have a clone ofyourself to do your homework while you went out to playwith your friends?Imagine if you could really do that,where would you start?What exactly is cloning?Cloning is a way of making an organism(有机体)that is an exact genetic(基因的)co
2、py of another.Thismeans that every single bit of DNA is the same between单元话题链接返回目录 You might not believe it,but there are human clonesamong us right now.They werent made in a lab,though.Theyre identical(同 样 的)twins,created naturally.Below,well see how natural identical twins relate tomodern cloning
3、technologies.How is cloning done?You may have first heard of cloning when Dolly thesheepshoweduponthescenein1997.Cloningtechnologies have been around for much longer than返回目录 How does one go about making an exact geneticcopy of an organism?There are a couple of ways to dothis:artificial embryo twinn
4、ing(人工胚胎双生)andsomatic cell nuclear transfer(体细胞核移植).How dothese processes differ?1Artificial Embryo TwinningArtificial embryo twinning is the relatively lowtech version of cloning.As the name suggests,thistechnology mimics the natural process of creating返回目录 2Somatic Cell Nuclear TransferSomatic cel
5、l nuclear transfer(SCNT),uses anapproach different from artificial embryo twinning,butit produces the same result:an exact clone,or a geneticcopy,of another.This was the method used to createDolly the sheep.返回目录 Section Warming Up and Reading返回目录 课前教材预案课堂深度拓展课末随堂演练目录Contents 返回目录 课前教材预案课文理解.Choose t
6、he best answer according to the text.1Whats the main idea of the text?AAnimal cloning is very valuable and can benefitthe world.BAnimal cloning could be misused by bad peopleso it must be forbidden.返回目录 CAnimal cloning is well developed because Dollythe sheep was born.DAnimal cloning raised argument
7、s and scientistsare not sure about its future.答案 D返回目录 2How long did the sheep that donated the somaticcell most probably live?A3 years.B6 years.C9 years.D13 years.答案 D 返回目录 3 Whatcanweinferfromthelastthreeparagraphs?AThe normal development of Dolly had no effecton the cloning of other species.BDoll
8、ys serious disease and final death disturbedthe whole world.CDolly successfully cloned a new lamb with thehelp of cloning scientists.DThere were arguments about animal cloningandabout the future of cloning返回目录 4What is the writers attitude towards cloning inthe text?AThe writer is against cloning.BT
9、he writer is in favour of cloning.CThe writer does not state any personal opinionabout cloning.DThe writer is indifferent to cloning.答案 C返回目录.Analyze and translate the sentences from thetext.1It also happens in animals when twins identicalin sex and appearance are produced from the sameoriginal egg.
10、句式分析 本句中，when引导_从句，在该从句中，形容词短语identical in sex and appearance作_。自主翻译 时间状语 这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。后置定语 返回目录 2 Although at present human egg cells andembryos needed for cloning research are difficult toobtain,newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clonethemselves to attain their am
11、bitions.句式分析 本句中，Although引导_从句，其 中 过 去 分 词 短 语 neededresearch 作_；主 句 中，现 在 分 词 短 语hopingthemselves 作 _，不 定 式 短 语to作。让步状语 后置定语 后置定语 目的状语 返回目录 自主翻译 _尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸上报道说，有些邪恶的头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。返回目录 课文助读原 文CLONING:WHERE IS IT LEADING US?Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay.It
12、is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones.It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg.The fact is that these are both examples of
13、 natural clones.返回目录 Cloning has two major uses.Firstly,gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants.Secondly,it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.I
14、t is a difficult task to undertake.Many attempts to clone mammals failed.But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe cloning of Dolly the sheep.The procedureworks like this：返回目录 1 Female sheep A provides an egg cell.2 The nucleus is removed fr
15、om the egg cell.3 The egg cell is ready for a new nucleus.4 Female sheep B provides a somatic cell for the clone.The nucleus of this cell contains all the genes needed to produce a new sheep.5 The nucleus is taken out of the somatic cell.6 The nucleus from sheep B and the egg cell from sheep A are j
16、oined using electricity.返回目录 7 The cell divides and grows into an embryo21.8 The embryo is put into female sheep C,who becomes the carrier22 of the clone23.9 The lamb is the clone of the donated cell from Sheep B which provided the nucleus24.返回目录 On the one hand,the whole scientific world followed t
17、he progress of the first successful clone,Dolly the sheep.The fact that she seemed to develop normally25 was very encouraging.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill26.Cloning scientists were cast down27 to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to28 a much older
18、animal.返回目录 Altogether29 Dolly lived six and a half years,half the length of the life of the original sheep.Sadly the same arbitrary30 fate affected other species,such as cloned mice.The questions that concerned all scientists31 were：“Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals?Would it
19、happen forever?Could it be solved if corrections32 were made in their research procedure？”返回目录 On the other hand,Dollys appearance raised a storm of33objections34 and had a great impact35 on the media36 and public imagination.It became controversial37.It suddenly opened everybodys eyes to the possib
20、ility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings38.返回目录 Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research39 are difficult to obtain40，newspapers wrote of41evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain42 their ambitions43.Religious leader
21、s also raised moral44questions.Governments became nervous and more conservative45.返回目录 Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade46 research into human cloning,but other countries like China and the UK,continued to accumulate47 evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provid
22、e48.However,scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us49.返回目录 注 解exact adj.精确的；准确的make a copy of(copy)复制cutting n剪枝；剪报；剪纸twin n双胞胎之一；孪生儿之一 adj.成对的；成双的identical adj.同一的；一模一样的此句中，that引导表语从句，不作成分，但不能省略。返回目录 straightforward adj.简单的；直接的；坦率的while在此表示“而；却”，是并列连词
23、，表示对比关系。complicated adj.复杂的；难懂的undertake vt.(undertook；undertaken)着手；从事；承担不定式短语to undertake作定语，修饰task。不定式短语to clone mammals作定语，修饰attempts。返回目录 pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清breakthrough n突破procedure n程序；步骤；手续nucleus n原子核；中心somatic adj.躯体的；肉体的；细胞体的过去分词短语needed to作定语，修饰genes。现在分词短语using electricity作方式状语。返回目录 2
24、1 embryo n胚；胚胎；萌芽时期22 carrier n携带者；搬运工；运输工具23 who 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 female sheep C。24 which 引导定语从句，修饰 Sheep B。25 that she seemed to develop normally 作 fact 的同位语。26 此句中，then 位于句首引起完全倒装。本句中的 news 与that Dolly had become seriously ill 是同位关系。27 cast down 使失望；使沮丧cast vt.(cast，cast)扔；投；掷返回目录 28 be appropria
25、te to 适合于的；与相称的29 altogether adv.总共；完全地30 arbitrary adj.任意的31 that 引导定语从句，修饰 the questions。32 correction n改正；纠正；修正33 a storm of 常形容感情的爆发。34 objection n不赞成；反对；异议object vi.反对；不赞成返回目录 35 impact n撞击；冲击；巨大的影响36 the media 大众传播媒体(如电视、报纸等)medium n(pl.media)媒介；手段；工具37 controversial adj.有争议的，引起争议的38 of using
26、cloning作定语，修饰 the possibility。39 过去分词短语作定语，修饰 human egg cells and embryos。40 obtain vt.获得；赢得41 write of 描写；论及42 attain vt.获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)返回目录 43 现在分词短语作定语，修饰 evil leaders。44 moral adj.道德(上)的；伦理的45 conservative adj.保守的；守旧的46 forbid vt.(forbade；forbidden)禁止；不准47 accumulate vt.&vi.积累；聚积48 that 引导定语从句且
27、在从句中作 provide 的宾语，修饰先行词 medical aid。49 whether 和 where 分别引导宾语从句，均作 wonder 的宾语。返回目录 译 文克隆：它将把我们引向何方？克隆一直与我们同在，而且它还要持续下去。它是一种精确地“复制”另一种动植物的方法。园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一原生卵子产出性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。实际上，这些都是自然克隆的例子。返回目录 克隆技术有两个主要用途。第一，园艺师一直用它大量生产供商用的植物；第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是有价值的。克隆植
28、物简单，但克隆动物非常复杂。这是一项很难完成的任务。克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。但是决心和耐心使科学家们最终于1996年收获了突破性的结果克隆羊“多莉”。它的程序如下所示：1 母羊A提供一个卵细胞。2 将卵细胞中的细胞核取出。返回目录 4 母羊B提供一个供克隆的体细胞，该细胞的细胞核包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。5 取出该体细胞的细胞核。6 用电将母羊B的体细胞核和母羊A的卵细胞结合起来。7 细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。8 把胚胎植入母羊C体内，母羊C就是克隆羊的代孕者。9 这头小羔羊就是由提供细胞核的母羊B所提供的返回目录 一方面，整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆羊多莉的成长。多莉看起来
29、发育正常很令人鼓舞。接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉患的病更容易发生在年老的动物身上，这让他们很沮丧。多莉总共活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。可悲的是，同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。让所有科学家们担心的问题是：“这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢？这种现象会不会永远发生？如果改进他们的研究程序，问题会不会解决返回目录 另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。它引起了争议。突然之间，它让人们看到利用克隆来治疗重病，甚至克隆人类的可能性。尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸上报道说，有些邪恶的头
30、目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。宗教领袖也提出了道德方面的问题。各国政府变得惶恐不安而且更加保守。返回目录 有些政府开始改革他们的法律制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，但是其他国家，如中国和英国，则仍然在继续收集证据，证明克隆技术有可能提供大量医疗救助。然而，科学家们还不知道克隆对人类是有益还是有害，也不确定克隆技术将把我们引向何方。返回目录(1)differ from与不同differ in在方面不同differ with sb about/on/over sth 与某人就某事意见相左课堂深度拓展词汇点击differ vi.不同；相异difference n差异；争执；不同之处diff
31、erent adj.不同的differently adv.不同地1 返回目录(2)make a/some/no difference(to)(对)有/有些/没有作用/影响tell the difference between A and B 区分A与B的不同(3)be different from 与不同be different in在方面不同The two sides still differ with each other over the question of pay.双方在报酬的问题上仍各持己见。返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(1)The twin sisters differ on
32、ly _ that one is abit fatter than the other one.解析 differ in在方面不同。(2)Amastersdegreedoesmake_greatdifference to the student who wants to get a desirablejob.解析 make a difference to 对有作用或影响，在这个结构里，difference 是不可数名词，但当其前有in a 返回目录 写作提能句型训练(3)在我们的日常生活中，每个人时不时都会失败，但你如何回应意义重大。In our daily life,everyone fai
33、ls every now and then.Itishowyoureact_.that makes a big/great difference 返回目录 undertake sth着手/从事/承担某事undertake to do sth承诺/答应做某事undertake that 承诺undertake responsibility/a task/a project承担责任/任务/工程undertake vt.着手；从事；承担；承诺；答应2 I cant undertake that you will win the game.我不能保证你会在比赛中获胜。返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(1
34、)The project _(undertake)by theyoung engineer on his own turned out to be verysuccessful.(2)He undertook _(deliver)us to theairport at ten next morning.解析 句意：他承诺第二天上午十点把我们送到机场。undertake to do sth承诺/答应做某事。undertaken to deliver 返回目录(1)raise/voice/make an objection to对提出异议have an objection to反对(2)objec
35、t to(doing)sth反对(做)某事object that 提出作为反对的理由；抗议objection nC不赞成；反对；异议object v反对；不赞成 n物体；目的；目标objective adj.如实的；客观的3 返回目录【提示】(1)以上短语中的to均为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词；(2)object表示“反对”时，为不及物动词，接宾语时需要加介词to；oppose表示“反对”，为及物动词，接宾语时不需要加介词to。be opposed to反对；和相反。返回目录 Why do some people object to human cloning?为什么一些人反对克隆人类呢？M
36、other objected that Jimmy was too weak to take up the job.母亲反对说，Jimmy 身体太虚弱，不能承担那份工作。返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(1)Theproposalwillgoaheaddespitestrong_(object)from the public.解析 句意：尽管公众强烈反对，这项提案仍将付诸实施。(2)I no longer have any objection _ your goingto see her.解析 句意：我不再反对你去见她。objections to 返回目录(3)He strongly objec
37、ts to _(treat)like a child.解析 object to doing sth反对做某事。being treated 返回目录(1)forbid sb sth禁止某人得到某物forbid doing sth禁止做某事forbid sb to do sthforbid sb from doing sth禁止某人做某事(2)Its forbidden to do sth禁止做某事the Forbidden City紫禁城forbid vt.(forbade,forbidden)禁止；不准forbidden adj.禁止的4 返回目录【提示】forbid 后不能直接跟动词不定式作
38、宾语，但可直接跟动名词作宾语，也可用 forbid sb to do sth 形式，有类似用法的单词还有 allow,permit,advise 等。The students were forbidden,unless they had special passes,to leave the base.这些学生除非有特别的通行证，否则被禁止离开基地。返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(1)For this writer there is no such thing as a_(forbid)topic.解析 句意：对于这位作家，没有忌讳的话题。(2)Lackofspaceforbids_(list
39、)thenames of all those who contributed.解析 句意：篇幅所限，不能一一列出所有贡献者的名字。forbidden listing 返回目录 写作提能句式升级(3)那个小孩被禁止外出，因此他无事可做只能看动漫。普通表达：The child _，sohe had nothing to do but watch cartoons.高级表达：_，the child hadnothing to do but watch cartoons.(分词短语作状语)was forbidden to go/from going out Forbidden to go/from g
40、oing out 返回目录 pay sth off付清；偿清pay sb off付清工资后解雇；遣散pay for为付款；为付出代价pay back还钱；偿还；报复；回报；报答pay up全部(或按时)付清(欠款)pay off 得到回报；取得成功；偿清(债款)5 返回目录【提示】pay off 表示“得到回报”时，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清”时，用人作主语。Jim couldnt pay off his debts because he was paid off by the company he had been working for for many year
41、s.Jim 难以还清债务，因为他为之工作多年的公司付清他的工资后把他解雇了。返回目录 考点训练用pay相关短语的适当形式填空(1)That I can _ the help people give memakes me happy.(2)Loss of health is too high a price to _success.(3)His twelve years of hard work _when he was admitted to a key university.pay back pay for paid off 返回目录 一词多义写出句中cast down的含义(1)The c
42、ountry girl cast down her eyes shyly.垂下(2)They cast down their weapons at last.扔掉(3)He was much cast down when he heard of hisfailure at the examination.沮丧cast down 扔掉；使向下；使沮丧；不愉快(多用于被动语态)6 返回目录 cast away扔掉；浪费；(被动)使失事cast sb into prison把某人投进监狱cast light uponthrow light on使容易理解cast a shadow 蒙上一层阴影The
43、 current developments cast a shadow over the future of the talk.目前的形势给未来的谈判蒙上了一层阴影。返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(4)Dont be so cast _.Just keep up yourspirits!(5)John _(cast)down to learn the newsthat he was rejected by the committee.down was cast 返回目录 in ones favour对某人有利do sb a favourdo a favour for sb帮某人一个忙ask s
44、b for a favourask a favour of sb请求某人帮忙owe sb a favour欠某人人情in favour of 赞成；支持7 返回目录【拓展】“in名词of”结构的常见短语：in praise of表扬，in charge of掌管，in need of需要，in possession of拥有，in place of代替，in termsof就而言，in honour of/in memory of纪念，inconsequence of由于；作为的结果。返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(1)The situation of the war is not in _(
45、we)favour,but we will try every means to win it.(2)Since I owe you _ favour,I will pay backwhenever you need my help.our a 返回目录 写作提能句型训练(3)你能帮我一个忙，向这些外国学生推荐一些关于中国传统文化的书籍吗？_some books about traditional Chinese culture to theforeign students?Could you do me a favour to recommend 返回目录 while意为“然而”，表示对比转
46、折句型解读1 句型公式Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.(教材 P11)克隆植物简单，但克隆动物非常复杂。返回目录 点拨：本句中while为并列连词，意为“然而，但”，表示对比转折。while的另外两个重要含义：(1)while作从属连词，意为“当的时候”；返回目录(2)while 作从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，表示让步关系Her parents could help with child care while she works.她工作时父母可以帮忙照看孩子。While s
47、he has to take care of children,her work is lightened by modern living conditions.尽管她得照料孩子们，她的工作负担因为现代生活条件有所减轻。返回目录【比较网站】while/however/butwhile作并列连词，表示转折，强调对比however是副词，放在句首、句中或句末，常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开but作并列连词，连接两个简单句，仅表示转折返回目录 He was feeling bad.He went to work,however,and tried to concentrate.他感觉不舒服，但他仍然去
48、上班，并且努力集中精神工作。It isnt that Mr Brown lied exactly,but he did tend to exaggerate.布朗先生不见得是真的说谎，但他的确是有意夸大。返回目录 考点训练选词填空(while/however/but)(1)Id like to go with you;_，my handsare full.解析 句意：我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不过来。(2)He said he would come,_ he didnt.解析 句意：他说他会来，但是他没来。(3)Tombecomesanengineer_Jackremains a worker
49、.however but while 返回目录 写作提能高考小作文(4)(2018北京卷书面表达)然后我向他们展示如何沏茶。我坐在桌子旁边，当我沏茶的时候，同时向他们解释过程的每一步。Then I showed them how to make tea.I sat at atable,explainingeverystepoftheprocess_.while I was making tea 返回目录 2 完全倒装句句型公式Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(教材 P12)接着传来了多莉病重的坏
50、消息。返回目录 点拨：本句中副词 Then 位于句首，句子采用完全倒装结构。that 引导同位语从句，解释说明 news 的具体内容。表示方位、方式或时间的副词或介词(短语)，如 here,there,now,then,up,down,out,in,away,off,in the room,on the wall 等置于句首，句子的主语为名词而非代词，且谓语通常为be动词或come,go,stand,lie,arrive 等表示位移的不及物动词时，句子用完全倒装结构。There goes the bell for break.休息铃响了。返回目录【提示】若句子的主语是代词，则不用倒装语序。In
51、 the hall stood the minister from the village.大厅里站着那位村里来的牧师。Here he comes!他来了！返回目录 考点训练单句语法填空(1)Seated in the lecture hall _(be)hundredsof students.解析 句意：演讲厅里坐着数百名学生。(2)Professor Zhang came into the hall,and then_(follow)his assistant carrying a pile of books.解析 句意：张教授走进大厅，接着进来的是他的助手，提着一摞书。are follo
52、wed 返回目录 写作提能句型训练(3)上午传来了他被北京大学录取的消息。In the morning _ he had beenadmitted to the Peking University.came the news that 返回目录.词形转换1As far as Im concerned,a journalist should tryhis best to be completely _(object)2I just need a few _(correct),andthen I can send the novel to the printer.3Nowadays,people
53、have a much easier access tothelatestnewswiththehelpofvarious课末随堂演练objective corrections media 返回目录 4Cindy and Cynthia are twins,but they havemany _.They _ in hobbies.Inaddition,they are _ in character.(differ)5 The purpose of education is not only the_ of knowledge,but it also aims at_intelligencea
54、swellasabilities.(accumulate)differences differ different accumulation accumulating 返回目录.选词填空(用方框中所给短语的适当形式填空)have a great impact on，cast down，in favour of，be identical in，to be exact，on the other hand1Robert sat there alone,looking _.What had happened to him?2Are you _ Tonys suggestion that we shou
55、ld work around the clock to meet the deadline?cast down in favour of 返回目录 3 Hewillsetoffthedayafter tomorrow,_，on May 26,Tuesday.4The computer _modern life in the past 20 years.5We _ our views of what shouldbe done.6Ecotravel,_，is a wayto travel responsibly.to be exact has had a great impact on are
56、identical in on the other hand 返回目录.课文语法填空Cloning is a way of making an exact copy of1._ animal or plant.2._ has two majoruses.One is that gardeners use it to produce commercialquantitiesofplants.Theotheristhatitis3._(value)for research on new plant speciesand for medical research on animals.However
57、,theprocessofcloningisdifficultanother It valuable to undertake 返回目录 Thefirstsuccessfulclone，Dollythesheep,5._(make)the whole scientific world follow itsprocess,though it had 6._(many)problems thanthe normal sheep.But on the other hand,Dollys7._(appear)raised a storm of objectionsand had a great impact 8._ the media and publicimagination.Different people have different opinions onit.9._，scientists still wonder whethercloning will help or harm us and 10.it ismade more appearance on However where 返回目录 课后限时作业(四)