1、“教书先生”恐怕是市井百姓最为熟悉的一种称呼,从最初的门馆、私塾到晚清的学堂,“教书先生”那一行当怎么说也算是让国人景仰甚或敬畏的一种社会职业。只是更早的“先生”概念并非源于教书,最初出现的“先生”一词也并非有传授知识那般的含义。孟子中的“先生何为出此言也?”;论语中的“有酒食,先生馔”;国策中的“先生坐,何至于此?”等等,均指“先生”为父兄或有学问、有德行的长辈。其实国策中本身就有“先生长者,有德之称”的说法。可见“先生”之原意非真正的“教师”之意,倒是与当今“先生”的称呼更接近。看来,“先生”之本源含义在于礼貌和尊称,并非具学问者的专称。称“老师”为“先生”的记载,首见于礼记?曲礼,有“从
2、于先生,不越礼而与人言”,其中之“先生”意为“年长、资深之传授知识者”,与教师、老师之意基本一致。观察内容的选择,我本着先静后动,由近及远的原则,有目的、有计划的先安排与幼儿生活接近的,能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的,是相当有趣的,如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等,孩子一边观察,一边提问,兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象,注意形象逼真,色彩鲜明,大小适中,引导幼儿多角度多层面地进行观察,保证每个幼儿看得到,看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法,即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察,观察与说话相结合,在观察中积累词汇,理解词汇,如一次我抓住时机,引导幼儿观察
3、雷雨,雷雨前天空急剧变化,乌云密布,我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的,有的孩子说:乌云像大海的波浪。有的孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。”我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时,我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来,我抓住时机说:“这就是雷声隆隆。”一会儿下起了大雨,我问:“雨下得怎样?”幼儿说大极了,我就舀一盆水往下一倒,作比较观察,让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨”这个词。雨后,我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空,朗诵自编的一首儿歌:“蓝天高,白云飘,鸟儿飞,树儿摇,太阳公公咪咪笑。”这样抓住特征见景生情,幼儿不仅印象深刻,对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快,记得牢,而且会应用。我还在观察的基础上,引导幼儿联想
4、,让他们与以往学的词语、生活经验联系起来,在发展想象力中发展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的,尖尖的,硬硬的,像医生用的手术刀样,给大树开刀治病。通过联想,幼儿能够生动形象地描述观察对象。“师”之概念,大体是从先秦时期的“师长、师傅、先生”而来。其中“师傅”更早则意指春秋时国君的老师。说文解字中有注曰:“师教人以道者之称也”。“师”之含义,现在泛指从事教育工作或是传授知识技术也或是某方面有特长值得学习者。“老师”的原意并非由“老”而形容“师”。“老”在旧语义中也是一种尊称,隐喻年长且学识渊博者。“老”“师”连用最初见于史记,有“荀卿最为老师”之说法。慢慢“老师”之说也不再有年龄的限制,老少皆可适用。
5、只是司马迁笔下的“老师”当然不是今日意义上的“教师”,其只是“老”和“师”的复合构词,所表达的含义多指对知识渊博者的一种尊称,虽能从其身上学以“道”,但其不一定是知识的传播者。今天看来,“教师”的必要条件不光是拥有知识,更重于传播知识。新起点四年级下册英语Unit 3 Travel Plans (旅行计划)基础知识测试Written Exercises(笔试部分)一、按顺序默写出英语26个字母大小写形式(请按手写体格式完成):二、写出120,36,48,52,61,73,84,97,112的英语单词:三.请把英语单词与汉语意思连线sea 暑假ski 旅游eat seafood 照相visit
6、the Mogao Caves 周五West Lake 划船row a boat 西湖the Great Wall 吃海鲜take photos 长城summer vacation 大海travel 滑雪Friday. 参观莫高窟四.写出下列各句的汉语意思:Where do you want to go? I want to go to West Lake with my parents. What do you want to do there? I want to swim in the sea and eat seafood. 五.根据课文和汉语提示,补全所缺的单词:There are
7、many beautiful places China. 中国有好多美丽的地方。This is Great Wall. 这是长城。You can see it Beijing. 你能在北京看到它。Its very and very long. 它很古老很长。You can photos there. 你可以在那照相。This is Sanya. Its beautiful city. 这是三亚。是座很美的城市。We can eat good sea food there and swim the sea. 我们能吃到好吃的海鲜和在海里游泳。This is Harbin. We can ski
8、winter. 这是哈尔滨。我们能在冬天滑冰。This is Hangzhou. We can row a boat West Lake. 这是杭州。我们能在西湖划船。This is Dunhuang. We can visit Mogao Caves. 这是敦煌。我们能餐馆莫高窟。Theyre fantastic. 他们很美妙.六、情景对话( )1.How are you? _A. I am nine. B. I am fine. C. I am a student.( )2. Where are the stamps? _A. Its in the book. B. They are in
9、 the book.C. They are Chinese stamps.( )3. How many children are there? _A. Yes, there are. B. No, there isnt. C. There are five.( )4. Would you like some bananas? _A. I am sorry. B. No, thanks. C. No, you cant.( )5. _? Fine, thank you. A. How old are you?B. How is the day? C. How are you?( )6. What
10、 color is it? _ A. Its green.B. Its a green. C. Its Green.( )7. Whats the name of his cat? _A. Its a Chinese cat. B. Its an English cat. C. Its name is Mimi.( )8. _? Sure, here you are.A. May I use your bike? B. Is this your bike?C. Whats this in English.( )9. Thank you. _ A. Thats all right.B. Very
11、 good. C. All right.( )40. _? Im from Japan.A. Where are you?B. Where are you from?C. What are you?七、选择正确的序号。( ) How do you feel? A. I am 13.( ) How old are you? B. I am 40kg.( ) How tall are you? C. I am bored.( ) How heavy are you? D. I can see five.( ) How do you go to work? E. Thats great.( ) Ho
12、w much is the ruler? F. Two yuan.( ) How many mirrors can you see? G. Im sorry to hear that.( ) I failed the English test. H. By subway.( ) We are going to have a picnic.I. I am 160cm.八、选择填空。MTV CCTV WTO PC PRCA.M. USA P.M. CAN UK( )音乐电视 ( )中华人民共和国 ( )美国 ( )上午 ( )英国 ( )中央电视台 ( )下午( )世贸组织 ( )加拿大 ( )个人电脑
Copyright@ 2020-2024 m.ketangku.com网站版权所有