1、Section II Learning about the language一、课前预习I. 重点短语1. 较早些时候 _2. 如果你想要 _3. 地球引力 _ _4. 构成岩石 _5. 逃离地球 _6. 一项重要的研究话题 _7. 全球变暖 _8. 遮住阳光 _9. 变为灭绝 _10. 撞击地球 _II. 完成句子： 1. Although its origin may still be a puzzle, the moon _ _ _ _ _ _ a satellite of the earth. 尽管月球的起源仍是个迷，但它只能是地球的一个卫星。2. _ _ _, the earth h
2、ad no water at all. 起初，地球上没有水。3. When the animals that _ _ _ them disappeared, mammals multiplied. 当对他们有危害的动物消失后，哺乳动物繁衍起来。4. People think that _ _ _ the moon travelled through space as a small planet which was caught by the earths gravity 人们认为很早时候月球是作为被地球引力抓住的一个小行星在太空运行的。5_ _ _, the evidence for its
3、 going around our planet is that the atoms that make up the rocks on the moon seem to be different from those on earth. 结果，它绕着我们行星运行的依据是构成月球岩石的原子与地球的似乎不同。二、语法突破：名词性从句：主语从句 语法专项：主语从句I. 定义： 一般来说，在复合句中能够充当主语的从句就叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的词有：连接词：that whether 连接代词：what who which whom whatever whoever whichever 连接副词：w
4、hy where when how连接词的作用：只起_作用，在主语从句中_。连接代词的作用：起连接作用，在主语从句中充当_ _ _、定语，本身有实在意义。连接副词的作用：起连接作用，在主语从句中充当_，可分别充当地点、原因、时间、方式等状语，本身有实在意义。What we need now is time and money. 我们所需要的是时间和资金。解析：what we need在该复合句中充当主语，是主语从句；由连接代词what 引导 ，what在主语从句中充当动词need 的宾语。 Who and what you are is not important. What is impor
5、tant is how you will finish this task. 你是谁，是干什么的都不重要，重要的是你会怎样来完成此项任务。 解析：who and what you are 在前一个复合句中充当主语，是主语从句。由连接代词who 和what 引导，who 和what 在主语从句中充当表语。What is important 在后一个复合句中充当主语，是主语从句； 由连接代词what 引导，what 在主语从句中充当主语。how you will finish this task 在该复合句中充当表语，是表语从句。由连接副词how引导，在表语从句中充当方式状语。When the e
6、arth came into being is still a mystery to us. 地球是何时形成的对与我们来说仍是个谜。 解析：When the earth came into being 在该复合句中充当主语，是主语从句，由连接副词when 引导，when 在主语从句中充当时间状语。It is very important and necessary that young people should learn English well.年轻人学好英语是很重要也很必要的。解析：it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that young people should learn Englis
7、h well ,因此该从句是主语从句。由连接词that 引导，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。连接词that 本身没有意义，但不能够被省略。II 几组连接词的辨析1. what /that相同点：都起连接作用，都可用来引导名词性从句。不同点：what 是连接代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语，本身有实在意义，译为“的” that 是连接词，在从句中不充当任何成分，本身没有任何意义; that也可用作关系代词，引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语2. who/whom相同点：都指人，可用来引导名词性从句，也可用来引导定语从句，在从句中充当宾语。不同点：who 在从句中可以充当
8、主语，宾语，表语. whom 在从句中只能充当宾语 _ he is matters little. What matters most is what he is. 他是谁无关紧要，有关系的是他是做什么的。3. who/which相同点：在名词性从句中，都可以指人，在从句中充当主语，宾语。不同点：which 指人时，必须是在特定范围之中：“中的哪一个”_ of you will offer to help that old lady cross the street?你们当中谁愿意帮助老奶奶过马路？_will be sent there to work with you is not deci
9、ded yet. _ of us will be sent there to work with you is not decided yet.谁会派去与你工作还没就定下来呢，4. who/whoever相同点：在名词性从句中都可用来指人，充当主语，表语，宾语不同点：who 可引导各种名词性从句；whoever则常只用来引导主语从句或宾语从句 Whoever 侧重“无论谁”，表示单数，泛指，用来加强语气。Who 还可用来引导定语从句；whoever 可用来引导状语从句。_breaks the law shall be punished. 无论谁触犯法律，都将受到惩罚。 This prize w
10、ill be given to_ gets the highest mark in this test.此项奖将颁发给本次考试获得分数最高之人。5. whether/if相同点：二者拥有相同含义：“是否”，都可以用来引导动词的宾语从句。不同点：whether 可以用来引导其他名词性从句，还可以引导让步状语从句，“无论还是” If 可以引导条件状语从句; Whether 可以用来引导介词宾语从句； 可以其后跟动词不定式。_he will be allowed to work here depends on how he acts in the interview.他是否能够在此工作取决于他在面试
11、中的表现。6. what/which相同点： 二者都可用来引导名词性从句，都可以用来指物不同点：what 表示泛指，当从句中缺少主语，宾语或表语，而且可翻译为“的”时，就使用what，只能指物。只能引导名词性从句。which表示特指，指在一特定范围中的“哪一个”可指人，也可指物。此外，which 可以用作关系代词，指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语。_school you will choose to study in means nothing to me.你选择在哪所学校就读我并不关心。三、课后自测（一）基础知识自测 I. 单词拼写1. Mammals _(增加) when the a
12、nimals harmful to them disappeared.2. The moon can never be anything more than a _(卫星) of the earth.3. It was said that a comet _(撞击)into the earth and caused the disappearance.4. As they lived in a warm and wet_(气候) there was plenty of food so dinosaurs multiplied quickly.5. How dinosaurs disappear
13、ed is a favorite topic for discussion for _ (物理学家)and astronomers.II单项选择1. _it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.A. Who B. WhatC. Which D. That2. The earth became so violent that it was not clear _the shape would last or
14、not.A. ifB. whetherC. howD. what3. _is even more important is _as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.A. Which, what B. That, thatC. What, thatD. All, /4. _many scientists believe is _the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into t
15、he oceans and seas.A. That, thatB. What, thatC. Which, thatD. All, whether5. This produced a chain reaction, _made it possible for life to develop.A. whatB. thatC. it D. which6. _the dinosaur suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. No one finds the reason.A. ThatB. WhenC. WhetherD. Why7. _life
16、 will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on_ this problem can be solved.A. Whether, whether B. Whether, ifC. If, ifD. What, when8. _is clear is _the moon is smaller than the earth and this prevents it from escaping from the earth.A. All, thatB. Which, why C. That, thatD.
17、 what, that9 _we need more practice is quite clearA. WhenB. WhatC. ThatD. /10. _will take part in the chemistry contest will be announced tomorrow.A. WhoB. WhomC. WhichD. That（二）能力提升自测 1. _the workers insisted on was that they _more pay.A. That, must be givenB. What, should giveC. What, be given D.
18、Whether, would be given2. _remains to be seen.A. If it will do us harmB. How will it do us harmC. Whether it will do us harmD. That it will do us harm3. _whether you win or not . The most important thing is the way you play the game.A. No matterB. Do not careC. It doesnt matterD. Dont worry4. It hap
19、pened _ they were absent at the meeting.A. whatB. thatC. where D. if5. Has it been announced _ the planes are to take off?A. whenB. ifC. whichD. what6. _we go swimming every day _us a lot of good.A. If, doB. That, doC. If, doesD. That, does7. It matters little _a man dies, but _matters much is _he l
20、ives.A. how, what, how B. how, it, how C. why, it, why D. that, what, that8. _makes no difference to me.A. Whether the teacher is here or notB. That the teacher is here or notC. If the teacher is here or notD. The teacher is here or not9. _you can succeed in the end will mainly depend on _you work h
21、ard.A. What, whatB. Whether, whether C. What, ifD. Whether, if10. _he was chosen to the team made us very happy.A. BecauseB. WhatC. ThatD. Whether11. Air, or _is called the atmosphere, surrounds the whole world.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. it12. _they will have a good harvest this year is still unknown.
22、A. WhetherB. IfC. WhichD. That13. _nothing to do with us.A. What he did isB. What he has doneC. What did he doD. What he has done has14. Is it true_ the rain stops, it will be as hot as in the summer here?A. whenB. wheneverC. that whenD. that15. _is up to him to decide.A. When leavingB. When shall w
23、e leaveC. When we leaveD. When we have left（三）智能拓展训练I. 阅读理解 All too often , a choice that seems sustainable（可持续的）turns out on closer examination to be problematic. Probably the best example is the rush to produce ethanol（乙醇）for fuel from corn . Corn is a renewable resource you can harvest it and gro
24、w more, almost limitlessly. So replacing gas with corn ethanol seems like a great idea .One might get a bit more energy out of the ethanol than that used to make it, which could still make ethanol more sustainable than gas generally, but thats not the end of the problem. Using corn to make ethanol m
25、eans less corn is left to feed animals and people, which drives up the cost of food. That result leads to turning the fallow（休闲的） land including, in some cases, rain forest in places such as Brazil into farmland, which in turn gives off lots of carbon dioxide（CO2）into the air. Finally, over many yea
26、rs, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change would have progressed so far that it might not help.You cannot really declare any practice “sustainable” until you have done a complete lift-cycle analysis of its environmental（环境的）costs. Even
27、then, technology and public policy keep developing, and that development can lead to unforeseen and undesired results. The admirable goal of living sustainable requires plenty of thought on an ongoing basis.1. What might directly cause the loss of the forest according to the text? A. The growing dem
28、and for energy to make ethanol. B. The increasing carbon dioxide in the air. C. The greater need for farmland. D. The big change in weather.2. The underline word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ” . A. the energy benefit B. the forest loss C. climate change D. burning ethanol3. The author th
29、inks that replacing gas with corn ethanol is . A. impractical B. acceptable C. admirable D. useless4. What does the author mainly discuss in the text? A. Technology . B. Sustainability. C. Ethanol energy . D. Environmental protection .II 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The way we communica
30、te with our children is extremely important. _1_ Communicating effectively with your children will make them perform better and try hard to achieve their goals. Here are some tips to help you communicate with your children._2_ Let them know that you accept them completely and love them. This will ma
31、ke them more confident when they communicate with others.Readily listen to your children. Let them know that youre interested and want to know all about it. _3_A very important key to effective communication is eye contact(接触). It is not just for when you are giving them commands. _4_Use polite lang
32、uage with children. Using words like please, sorry, thank you, etc. will not only make them polite, but will also make them feel important.Always use positive words. _5_ Always tell them that they are good and that you know they can do things wonderfully.A: It plays a big role in childrens lives.B:
33、Let your children feel they are accepted.C: They will soon discover that they love it.D: Make them tell you more by asking questions.E: You can also find out books that suit their interests.F: Never tell your children that they are not good at something.G: Look at them even when theyre telling you t
34、heir playground experiences. Section II Learning about the language一、课前预习I. 重点短语1. earlier in time 2. if you are to do 3. the earths gravity 4. make up the rocks5. escape from the earth 6. a very important topic for research 7. global warming8. block out the sunlight 9. become extinct 10. crash into
35、 the earthII. 完成句子1. can never be anything more than 2. At the beginning 3. were harmful to4. earlier in time 5. As a result二、语法突破I. 连接； 不充当成分； 主语，宾语，表语； 状语II. What; Which; Who; Which; Whoever; whoever三、课后自测（一）基础知识自测 I. 单词拼写1. multiplied 2. satellite 3. crashed 4. climate 5. physicistsII单项选择1. B.考查主
36、语从句。由主语从句中的become 确定从句中缺少表语，故选what。2. B.考查主语从句。 由形式主语it , 表语是not clear ，而且后面从句中的or not 确定选择whether。3. C.考查主语从句。第一空在该从句中充当主语，故选what，后面整个是表语从句，从句中含有as 引导的时间状语从句，因此选that。4. B. 考查主语从句。第一个空在该从句中充当believe 的宾语，故选what, 后面从句内容完整，只需要其连接作用的连词，故选that。5. D.考查定语从句。在定语从句中，关系代词which 指代前面整个句子，做其非限制性定语从句中的主语 。6. D.考查
37、主语从句。由后面的reason 确定选择D，即恐龙消失的原因而不是时间或是否得问题。7. A.考查主语从句。根据depend on则 确定选择whether。8. D.考查主语从句。第一个空在该从句中做主语，故选择what, 后面在陈述事实，故使用that。9. C.考查主语从句。该从句意义完整，不缺少成分，故选择连接词that。10. A.考查主语从句。由announce 可知应是参加竞赛的人选，而且该从句中缺少主语，故选择who。（二）能力提升自测1. C. 考查主语从句。 第一空在该从句中做insist on 的宾语，故选what, 第二空需要使用被动语态，故选择C。2. C. 考查主语
38、从句。根据remains to be seen 可以排除D选项。根据语序排除B选项。If“是否”只能引导动词的宾语从句，不能引导主语从句，故选择C。3. C. 考查主语从句。 根据句意：赢不赢没有关系，故选择C， it 是形式主语，whether 从句是真正的主语从句。4. B. 考查主语从句。句型it happen that 碰巧5. A. 考查主语从句。飞机何时起飞有通知吗？。故选择when 引导主语从句，在该从句中做时间状语。6. D. 考查主语从句。 该句意为：每天游泳对我们有好处。主语从句意义完整，只需要连接词，从句作主语时谓语动词用单数。故选择D。7. A 考查主语从句。句意是：一
39、个人怎么死没关系，重要的是怎样活。故选择B。8. A. 考查主语从句。老师在不在这对我来说没有多大关系。故选择A。9. B. 考查主语从句。最后成功与否取决于你是否努力。故选择B。10. C. 考查主语从句。他入选这个队使我们很高兴。该主语从句意义完整，故选择C。11.C. 考查主语从句。 该主语从句中缺少主语，故选择what。12. A . 考查主语从句。根据unknown 确定选择A，即是否今年他们会丰收仍是未知数。13. D. 考查主语从句。从句中缺少do 的宾语，故选择what , 而且表示“与有关：have something to do with , 综合以来选择D。14. C.
40、考查主语从句。it 是形式主语, 真正的主语从句是后面的一个含有时间状语从句的复合句，句意是：真会是当雨停了的时候，会和这的夏天一样热吗？故选择C。15. C. 考查主语从句。 根据语序，排除B。根据结构排除A。根据句意：何时动身由他来决定。说明将要动身，故选择C。（三）智能拓展训练I. 阅读理解1. C. 细节判断题。根据第二段第四行可知。2. A. 细节判断题。考察代词指代功能。根据it 前面的句子，即第二段倒数第二行finally.一句可找出答案。3. A. 细节推断题。根据第二段最后一句，和第三段可以推断：用玉米酒精取代汽油是不大实际的。4. B. 概括归纳题。根据第一段第一句， 第二段论证此办法不可行，第三段再次首句呈现“sustainable”, 等，可以归纳出，用玉米生产汽油似乎很好，但很不实际，没有长久性， 因此选择B。IIABDGF
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