1、被动语态冠县第一中学Book 3 Module 1 Grammar 1被动语态(Passive Voice)1.概念：语态表示句子的主语和谓语动作之间的关系1）主动语态：表示主语是动作的 执行者。2）被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者。He speaks English.（主动）English is spoken in many countries by many people.（被动）2.结构：be+过去分词被动语态时态变化反映在be动词形式上.一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时或过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时am/is/are+donewas/were+doneshall/w
2、ill be+doneam/is/are going to be+donewould/should be+doneam/is/are being+donewas/were being+donehave/has been+donehad been+done3.用法：在日常生活中，能用主动语态就尽量不用被动语态。只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态：1）不清楚动作的执行者。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.2)说话人对宾语更感兴趣（用by引导动作的执行者）。My TV set is being repaired in the
3、shop.The song was composed by a young worker.这首歌是一位年青工人谱写的。3)不愿说出动作的执行者,常用一些句式。“It is said that”（据说），“It is reported that”（据报道），“It is well known that”（众所周知）It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age,salary,marriage,etc.问
4、别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。4)出于修辞，或为了更好地安排句子。The professor came to our school and was warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.（后半句用被动式就可以只安排一个主语。）4.带情态动词的被动结构句式为“情态动词+be+过去分词”。或“ought to和have to+be+过去分词”：The debt must be paid off before next month.The debt has to be paid off before next month.Oil
5、 can be turned into energy by burning it.You ought to be criticized for your carelessness.5.主动句变被动句1)主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，如果是宾格，变成主格；主动句中的谓语变为被动句的谓语；主动句的主语变为by 短语（没必要时可省）。Bell invented the telephone in 1876.The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876.练习一1.My mother made the soup.2.Uncle Wang will repair my
6、 computer.3.You must clean your room once a week.4.The boy broke the window.5.The workers are building a new bridge.The soup was made by my mother.My computer will be repaired by Uncle Wang.Your room must be cleaned once a week(by you).The window was broken by the boy.A new bridge is being built(by
7、the workers).6.I can not find my dictionary.7.Do students learn English in the middle school?My dictionary can not be found by me.Is English learned in the middle school by students?2)关于带有两个宾语的主动态变成被动态:She sent me a novel on my birthday.I allowed him an hour to finish the work.这种主动句变被动态，可选两个宾语中的任何一个
8、作为被动态句的主语，而将另一个宾语作为“保留宾语”写入被动态的句中。如果直接宾语作“主语”，有时要在被动态句子的“保留宾语”前加上合适的介词。因为这些动词常有两种句式，即：give sb sth=give sth to sb,send sb sth=send sth to sb,buy sb sth=buy sth for sb对比：She sent me a novel on my birthday.=I was sent a novel on my birthday by her.=A novel was sent to me on my birthday by her.My brothe
9、r bought me a watch yesterday.=I was bought a watch yesterday by my brother.=A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.3)关于带复合宾语的主动句变被动句。这类句子只能将原句的宾语作为被动句的主语，这时，原句里的宾语补足语就变成被动态句子的主语补足语了。例如：The story made us laugh.They asked me to help them.We saw them coming over.We call her Rose.We were mad
10、e to laugh by the story.I was asked to help them.They were seen coming over.She is called Rose.6.注意:有些动词形式上主动却表示被动。1).可和well等连用的及物动词如sell。My pen writes well.我的笔好使。The cloth washes well.这个料子耐洗。The poem reads smoothly.这首诗读起来很流畅。The door will not open.这扇门打不开。The sign reads as follows.这牌子告示如下.2).be +形容词
11、+to do sth.The story is interesting to read.The wine is nice to drink.3).某些系动词如feel，sound，taste,smell;look,prove,没进行时，也没被动语态。The flowers smell sweet.这花儿很香。The food tastes nice.这食物味道好。4).下列词不用被动形式：last(持续),have(有)，wish,let,take part in,break out(爆发),happen,take place.I have two brothers.I didnt let h
12、im go home.5).need,be worth等后用动名词表被动。The desk needs repairing.The novel is worth seeing.1.If the work _,you can go and play games.A.finished B.has finished C.will be finished D.is finished2.It was raining heavily outside and the children were made _ in the classroom.A.stay B.to stay C.staying D.stay
13、ed3.To make our city more beautiful,rubbish _ into the river.A.neednt be thrown B.mustnt be thrown C.cant throw D.may not throw4.I like my bike.It _ very well.A.rides B.is riding C.is ridden D.has ridden5.I wont come to the party unless Tom _,too.You mean if Tom comes,youll come.A.will invite B.invi
14、tes C.invited D.is invited6.The children must _.A.look after B.be taken good care C.look the same D.be taken good care of 7.The woman still doesnt know what _ in her hometown while he was away.A.happens B.happened C.will happen D.was happened8.I saw you were on foot this morning.Yes.My bike _.A.is m
15、ending B.is being mended C.is mended D.is being mending主谓一致冠县第一中学范文东Book 3 Module 1 Grammar 2主谓一致主谓一致的基本原则1.语法一致的原则根据主语的语法性质决定其谓语动词的单、复数形式。2.意义一致的原则根据主语的内涵决定其谓语动词的单、复数形式。1)单数主语采用复数谓语动词：The team are playing wonderfully.(team作为集体名词)2)复数主语采用单数谓语动词：The works was built in 1970.(works作factory解时为单、复数同形)3)同
16、一词做主语，分别采用单数或复数谓语动词：All possible means have been adopted.Every means has been tried.3.就近原则谓语动词根据其前面最临近的名/代词的数的形式，而非真正主语的数来决定其自身的单、复数：No one except his own supporters agree with him.考点归纳一、主语是复数形式，谓语用单数形式1表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词，常看作整体，谓语用单数。1).Eight hours of sleep is enough.2).Where is that ten pounds?2
17、以s结尾的国名、地名、书报名、团体、学科等名词作主语，形式上是复数，谓语用单数。Mathematics is the language of science.3表示两个相同部分连成一体的复数名词，如trousers，shoes，gloves，shorts，glasses等作主语时，前面若无a kind of/a pair of/a series of等单位词修饰时，谓语用复数，若带有单位词，谓语由单位词的单复数决定。This pair of shoes is mine.Those shoes are johns.二、主语形式是单数，谓语用复数形式1有些集体名词作主语时，应以复数看待。这类名词有
18、people，cattle，police,police等。Cattle sell well in the country market at present.2有些以sh，ese，ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时，表示复数含义，谓语用复数。表示单数含义，谓语用单数。The Chinese are praised for loving peace.The Chinese people is a brave and hardworking people.3“the形容词/分词”指一类人，谓语用复数。When the injured were rushed to the hospita
19、l，they came to life.三、主语是单数，谓语视情况而定。1主语是family，team，group，crowd，class，committee，population，crew，enemy，government等集合名词，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式；如果指一个个成员或个体时，谓语就该用复数。The crew was made up of accomplished(熟练的)sailors and thus were highly paid to do the work on the ship.2主语是“a series of，a kind of等名词”结构时，谓语用单数。
20、“kinds of等名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。注意：在“this kind of名词”之后，无论这里的名词是单数还是复数，谓语都用单数。So far a series of problems has been brought about(引起)by this decision.Many kinds of furniture are being transported from Beijing to Tianjin.Machines of the new type are made in Shanghai.3不定代词all，some，any以及the rest等作主语，谓语的单复数应根据上下文
21、或具体场合确定。“All are present and all is going on well”,our monitor said.The rest of the eggs have gone bad.The rest of the money was stolen4定语从句的谓语单复数取决于先行词。注:“one of名词复数”后面定语从句谓语动词用复数，但如果“one of名词复数”之前有the only，the very，the last修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。Jack，as well as his friends who _ football games，_ travele
22、d with the team.Alikes;has Blikes;haveClike;has Dlike;haveShe is the only one of the girls who plays bridge well.她是那些姑娘中唯一很会打桥牌的人。四、并列主语，谓语动词的单复数视情况而定。1and或bothand连接两主语时，谓语常用复数。如果and连接的两个名词指同一个人或表示同一概念时，谓语用单数。A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow af
23、ternoon.Ais Bare Cwas DWere2.当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有each，every，more than one，many a，no修饰时，谓语用单数。Every boy and every girl is asked to be at the school gate before 630 in the morning.如果前面有each或every时，即使主语含有几个名词，谓语动词亦用单数形式。Every man,woman,and child needs love and understanding.Each book and magazine is liste
24、d on the card catalog.但如果each 用在复数名词或代词之后作主语的同位语时谓语动词要用复数形式。They each play several instruments.2由or，eitheror，neithernor，notbut，not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词单复数与最邻近的主语一致：Either you or he is to blame.Not only I but also other workers are willing to have a rest after a weeks work.Neither Liu Xiang nor
25、his parents and coach have expected that he can become such a world famous athlete.Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.五、主谓一致的其他情况1“分数/百分数of名词”或“some/a lot of/lots of/a(large)quantity of/the rest of/plenty of/masses of”构成的短语，其名词可以是可数名词或不可数名词。
26、这些短语作主语时，谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词保持数的一致。Masses of cards were sent on his birthday.Masses of food was left over.但amounts of,quantities of 后面通常跟复数动词，即使of 后是不可数名词。Very large quantities of aid were needed.由单位词+of 构成的词组等引起主语时，单位词是单数则谓语动词用单数，如a load of,a mass of,a pile of,a portion of,a series of,a set of,等；单位词是复
27、数则谓语动词用复数。A pile of dirty clothes lies by the washing machine.Three sets of sales letters have been prepared.已经准备好了三套销售函件。The company had about 20 notebook computers but only onethird used regularly.Now we have 60 working all day long.Ais Bare Cwas DwereLarge amounts of water _ been pumped from the
28、mine so far.Ahad Bwould have Chas Dhave2“a number of名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“the number of名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。The number of people hurt in the traffic accident has increased to 95.A great number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake were sent to live with families in other cities.3主语后跟with，together
29、 with，along with，but，except，besides，as well as，rather than，including,no less than，as much as等短语，谓语应与前面的主语保持一致。Dr.Johnson,together with his assistants,is coming to visit our school.John as well as the other children who have no parents is being taken good care of in the center.All the workers except
30、Jack are allowed to work at home.4动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。When and where to go for the onsalary holiday has not been decided yet.Most of what has been said about the Smiths is also true of the Johnsons.5确定倒装句谓语的单复数要找准主语：On the wall hang two large portraits._at the front _ some VIPs from the company.A
31、Seating;was BSeated;were CSitting;was DSat;were6.There be 句型中的主谓一致动词be 形式取决于其后事实上的主语。如果事实上的主语是并列结构，只要第一项是单数名词或者不可数名词，be就根据就近原则用单数。There were two chairs and a sofa.There was a sofa and two chairs.除了be 以外，某些动词也可置于there 之后，如appear,happen,seem,arise,come,enter,exist,follow,live,remain等，用法和be相同。There _ a
32、 pen，two pencils and three books on the desk.Aare Bis Chas Dhave7each of，neither of，either of，one of，any(one)of，every one of等作主语时，谓语用单数。Each of the students,working hard at his or her lessons,hopes to go to university.None/neither of them is/are impressed.8.一些固定用法1).“more than one+可数名词单数”谓语用单数.More
33、than one person is involved in this.2).“many a+可数单数”，谓语用单数Many a famous pop singer has been ruined by drugs.3).“a(n)+单数可数名词+or two”表示一两个，谓语动词用单数A servant or two was to accompany her.One or two reasons were suggested.One reason or two was suggested.1.The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number
34、of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;were 2.The number of students in this school _ by 5%every year.A.rise B.raise C.rises D.raises3.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered4.Email,as
35、 well as telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have played C.are played D.play5.Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A.Know B.knows C.have known D.is known6.All but one _ here just now.A.is B.was C.has been D.were7.Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to these gifted stud
36、ents at the meeting.A.is to hand out B.is handing out C.are to hand out D.are handing out 8.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.A.is B.are C.am D.were9.She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten.A.is well paid B.are well paid C.is paying D.are
37、 paid well10._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A.Two fifth;is B.Two fifth;are C.Two fifths;is D.Two fifths;are11.When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided12.There _ no life on the moon.A.is said t
38、o have B.are said to have C.is said to be D.are said to be13.Each of the students,working hard at his or her lessons,_ to go to university.So do I.A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped14.A group of _ are eating _ and _ at the foot of the hill.A.sheep;grass;leaves B.sheeps;grasses;leaves C.sheep;grass;leaf
39、 D.sheeps;grass;leafs15.All the _ are made of _,not plastics.A.glass;glass B.glasses;glass C.glass;glasses D.glasses;glasses16.It was he and I who _ at your house yesterday.A.was B.am C.were D.is1.Her advice _ useful to me.(be)2.Laying eggs _ the queen ants fulltime job.(be)3.Everyone _ Tom and Mary
40、 will get married next month.(know)4.Nothing _ been done to stop the lake from being polluted.(have)isisknowshas用所给词的适当形式填空5.Either of the rooms _ big enough.(be)6.More than one person _ killed in the accident.(be)7.More questions than one _ been asked.(have)8.A poor woman together with her four chi
41、ldren _ found begging in the street.(be)is washavewas9.The professor,including all of his students gone abroad.(have)10.Two hours _ enough for us to finish the work.(be)11.One hundred dollars a month _ not a high pay.(be)12.Arabian Nights _ a book popular with the young children.(be)hasisisis13.Poli
42、tics _ not easy for the students to learn well.(be)14.The youth _ fond of rock n roll music.(be)15.Fifty tons of coal _ wasted in the factory last year.(be)16.A large quantity of new machines _ been bought by the factory this year.(have)isarewerehave17.Collecting stamps and playing the guitar _ my h
43、obbies.18.Each boy and each girl _ to finish the work on time.(be)19.What they needed _ some water.(be)20.Nearly 60 percent of the students in our class _ boys.(be)areisisare21.More than two thirds of the surface of the earth _ covered by water.(be)22.Neither my parents nor my sister _ known the secret.(have)23.There _ some water and stones in the bottle.(be)ishasis
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