1、八、被动语态.阅读下面材料，用括号内单词的正确形式填空。(2015 广东)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what _(leave)【答案与解析】was left。what 与 leave 之间为被动关系，且整体时态为过去时，故此处用一般过去时的被动语态。.改错。(2015 新课标全国卷)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming
2、 has already become a very serious problem.【答案】删掉 shown 前的 been。考查语态。此处表示“研究表明”，所以用主动语态。(一)被动语态的构成1基本形式：be V-ed (其中 be 是构成被动语态的助动词，V-ed 为及物动词的过去分词)2各种时态的被动语态只需要将 be 动词作相应的变化即可，被动语态没有完成进行时和将来进行时(加括号的结构只需理解)：实义动词的被动结构情态动词的被动结构一般现在时am/is/areV-edcancouldmaymightshouldwouldought to.一般过去时was/wereV-ed一般将来时
3、will/shall beV-ed过去将来时would/should beV-ed现在进行时am/is/are beingV-ed过去进行时was/were beingV-ed现在完成时has/have beenV-ed过去完成时had beenV-ed一 般 将 来 完成时will/shall have beenV-ed过 去 将 来 完成时would/should have beenV-edbeV-ed(二)被动语态的用法用法例句(1)不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者。Such books are written for children.Printing was introduced in
4、to Europe from China.(2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心，或者既关心动作的承受者，又关心动作的执行者。This song was composed(作曲)by a student.She is liked by everybody.(3)出于修辞的需要。He went to the country and was warmly welcomed.(此句使用同一主语，以求简练)结构例句附注(1)主语被动动词Rice is grown in the south.People grow rice in the south.(2)主语被动动词保留宾语(或介词短语)I was given
5、 a book(by him).A book was given(to)me(by him).He gave me a book.带双宾语的句子变被动语态时，将其中一个宾语变成被动句的主语，另一个宾语置于原来的位置上，称之为“保留宾语”。（三）被动语态的句型结构结构例句附注(3)主语被动动词主补He will be made our monitor.We will make him our monitor.He was seen to come this morning.I saw him come this morning.主动句中的宾语补足语变成被动句后被称作主语补足语；在主动句中，不定式
6、在有些动词后作宾补要省to；而变成被动式后，这类不定式随之变成了主补，就要加to。结构例句附注(4)主语情态动词被动动词He should be praised by the teacher.The teacher should praise him.(5)主语被动的短语动词My sister is taken care of by Grandma.Grandma takes care of my sister.短语动词变成被动式后，要保持整体性，不能漏掉介词或副词。结构例句附注(6)形式主语it被动词主语从句It is thought that she is a good teacher.E
7、veryone thinks that she is a good teacher.It was suggested that we should put off the meeting.Somebody suggested that we should put off the meeting.这类句子的被动式实际上就是将主动句中的宾语从句变成主语从句。用于这类结构的谓语动词常见的有：say,think,believe,suppose,report,hope,know,decide,etc.学习时可作句型来记忆：It is said that.It is believed that.It is
8、 supposed that.It is reported that.It is known that.结构例句附注(7)主语被动动词动词不定式The horse is said to run very fast.They say that the horse runs very fast.这一结构实际上是结构(6)的简化。此例即可改成：It is said that the horse runs very fast.同样，结构(6)的例句1亦可改成She is thought to be a good teacher.不难理解，(6)(7)结构的互换，就是复合句与简单句的互换。(四)使用被动
9、语态须注意的问题 注意事项例 句只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态，不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见不及物动词和不及物动词短语有：appear，die，disappear，end(vi.结束)，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，sit，spread，stand，break out，come true，fall asleep，keep silent，lose heart，take place等。The price has been risen.()The price has risen.()The price has raised.()The price ha
10、s been raised.()The accident was happened last week.()The accident happened last week.()Please seat.()Please be seated.()This room is belonged to me.()This room belongs to me.()注意事项例 句表示状态的及物动词，如have，cost，fit，last，own，hold，become等往往不能用于被动语态。The shirt fits him very well.()He is fitted very well by th
11、e shirt.()反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。You must look after yourself.()Yourself must be looked after.()注意事项例 句短语动词作为一个整体转换为被动语态时，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。All the rubbish should be got rid of.The Child will be taken of by my mother.Such a thing has never been heard of before.动词(read/write/sell/wash/clean/wear/open/eat/
12、lock/.)副词(well/badly/easily/smoothly/.)表示主语的属性特征时，用主动形式表被动含义。This hall measures 100 metres long and 60 metres wide.This type of car sells well in China.中译英。1这些东西很畅销，很快就卖完了。_1These things sold well and were sold out soon.2食物在冰箱里能保鲜。_2Food can keep fresh in a fridge.3这故事最后被翻译成了英文。_3In the end the stor
13、y was translated into English.4这首歌非常值得听。_4This song is well worth listening to.5自从二十世纪八十年代以来，这个村庄到处建起了楼房。_5Buildings have been built everywhere in this village since the 1980s.6已经采取了很多措施阻止污染。_6 Many measures have been done to stop pollution.7关于怎样学外语已经说得够多的了。_7Enough has been said on how to learn foreign languages.8他不喜欢被人嘲笑。_8He dislikes being laughed at.9我是不会去的，除非被邀请去。_9I wont go unless invited(to)10在太阳底下暴晒的时间太长会引起皮肤问题。_10Being exposed to the sun for a long time will cause skin problems.