1、第九讲依据句子成分和结构突破定语从句编者按：在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)，一个短语，一个分句或一个完整的句子。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。真题集训明考点一、 语法填空常考点1.（2020新课标III卷语法填空）In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike
2、.2.（2020 山东新高考 语法填空）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.3.（2020新课标I卷语法填空）Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the mo
3、on in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.4.（2020 山东新高考 语法填空）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.1(2019全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in
4、 Macclesfield, _ she opened with her late husband Les.2(2019全国卷)They were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals.3(2019浙江6月高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in the dark.4(2019北京高考)The students benefitting most from c
5、ollege are those _ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources (资源)5(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early
6、 deaths from all causes.6(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soiltesting program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.二、短文改错常考点1.（2020新课标II卷 短文改错）Thank you for your l
7、etter, what really made me happy.2.（2020新课标III卷语法填空）In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike.3. （2020新课标III卷短文改错）Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation. 1(2019全国卷)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was wal
8、king by the school playground._2(2019全国卷)In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them._3(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish._4(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that i
9、s on the rooftop of their house._5(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments._答案：一、语法填空常考点1.【答案】61. whose 【解析】考查定语从句。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句。先行词 artist 是人，与paintings 为所属关系，故填入作定语的关系代词 whose。 2.【答案】which / that 【解析】
10、考查定语从句。关系代词 which / that 引导定语从句，指代先行词 the British Museum，在从句中作主语。 3.【答案】63. where 【解析】此处缺少引导定语从句的关系词。spot 作为先行词表示地点，空白处所填的词在定语从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词 where。 4. 【答案】which / that 【解析】考查定语从句。关系代词 which / that 引导定语从句，指代先行词 the British Museum，在从句中作主语。 1解析：which分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，且关系词在句中替代先行词the pet shop在从句中
11、作opened的宾语，故填关系代词which。2解析：who分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。3解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，先行词是cloth，设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that/which。4解析：who/that分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，修饰先行词those (指代students)，关系代词一般用who；又因为that也可以指人，故填who/that。5解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行
12、词study，故填that/which。6解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。二、短文改错常考点1.【解析】what which 考查定语从句。本句是含有非限制性定语从句的复合句，先行词 是 your letter，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处应用指物的 which。 2.【解析】61. whose 考查定语从句。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句。先行词 artist 是人，与paintings 为所属关系，故填入作定语的关系代词 whose。 3.
13、 【解析】what that 考查定语从句。 此处考查定语从句。先行词为 the food，不定代词all 作其定语，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词 that。1解析：wherewhen分析句子结构可知，afternoon后为定语从句，先行词One afternoon表示时间，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导该从句。2解析：whatthat/which分析句子结构可知environment后为定语从句，修饰先行词the historical environment，先行词在定语从句中作主语，故将what改为that或which。3解析：which前加in或whi
14、chwhere分析句子结构可知，they raised fish是定语从句，其先行词为a small pond (一个小池塘)，在定语从句中应该作介词in的宾语，或者用关系副词where作地点状语。4解析：thatwhich分析句子结构可知，此句是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引导。5解析：theythat/which分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。语法精析知规则一、关系代词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose (of
15、whom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语as人或物主语、宾语、表语Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travell
16、ing, is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。1关系代词that与which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词只用that。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。This is one of the most exciting f
17、ootball games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。定语从句出现在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中时用that。Which is the bike th
18、at you lost？哪辆是你丢的自行车？Who is the boy that won the gold medal?赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to
19、 be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。There is a seat in the corner that is still available.在那个角落还有一个座位可用。(2)只用which不用that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子
20、。关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, which he remembers starting as early as his childhood.世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结，他记得这种情结始于他的儿童时代。The result was not the same as the
21、y had expected, which was rather disappointing.结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。2which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等意思上意为“这一点”意为“正如，正像的那样”She married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料不及的。She married again, as we
22、 expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。名师指津as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such名词as (像一样的，像之类的)；such (pron.)as (像一样的，像之类的)； the same名词as (和同样的)。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。二、关系副词关系副词先行词句法功能when表示时间时间状语where表示地点地点状语why表示原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)
23、It has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.它为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didnt study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。名师指津当先行词
24、为situation, case, stage, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。三、“介词关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)介词关系代词主语可转化为“whose名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词主语数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换介词(短语)关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系
25、副词互换介词关系代词名词状语关系代词常用which 和whose介词关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或toRecently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。He has three cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有三个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。We are looking for the person to whom the book belo
26、ngs.我们正在寻找这本书的主人。Lily might possibly come, in which case Ill ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。应用落实通方法一、单句语法填空1The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected.2In todays
27、competitive economy, everyone is trying to do more with less, youve got to figure out a way to profit from the very beginning.3Cultural shock is a feeling most travelers experience in a foreign country they find the culture is quite different from of their own.4Tibet is such a place all the people a
28、cross the world are dreaming of visiting.5Gift shops in museums used to be the last stop of each visit, people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends.6However, speeding up your walking pace cant instantly make you the life of the party, means that you neednt change your personality.7 i
29、s expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions.8A best friend is someone you can tell everything to, even your most personal feelings and thoughts.答案：一、单句语法填空1 whose 2 where 3 which/that where that 4 as 5 where 6 which 7As 8 whom 解题技法语法填空解题“3视角”1解答此类考题，关键是找准先行词，分析句
30、子结构，根据从句所缺的成分确定关系词的使用。如果缺少主、宾、表或定语，需用关系代词；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词或关系代词that。确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词，是reason还是way等，从而最后确定答案。2若先行词指人，“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词用whom，若指物，则用which。3牢记that与which, as与which的区别。二、单句改错1Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a lecture, the theme of what was env
31、ironmental protection.2Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family.3She thanked me several times sincerely, that made me feel extremely proud.4The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of them left their village homes for a better life in the ci
32、ty.5Im writing to ask you to come and give a speech, that is on American country music.6Ive been prepared for the National College Entrance Examination, that is vital for me and my future life.7I sat next to Hailey, that was my first friend there.8It is known to all, the Internet is playing an impor
33、tant part in our daily life.答案：二、单句改错1whatwhich2wherewhich3thatwhich4themwhom5thatwhich6thatwhich7thatwho8ItAs解题技法短文改错解题“3视角”1首先识别该句是否为定语从句，然后根据先行词的性质，判断关系词的使用是否正确或缺失，并予以改正或添加。2根据关系词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断关系词的使用是否正确。作主、宾、表语用which/that/who/whom/as；作定语用whose；作状语用when/where/why/that；作介词宾语用which/whom。3判断定语从句是非限制
34、性定语从句还是限制性定语从句，从而判断句中关系词的使用是否正确。三、高考写作佳句1(2019全国卷书面表达)比赛定于本周六下午在市体育场举办，比赛旨在帮助我们与你的学校交流和增进友谊。_ _2(2019天津高考书面表达)我之所以喜欢西方音乐，是因为贝多芬的命运交响曲(Fate Symphony)激励了我在困难中前进。_ _3(2018北京高考书面表达)上周，我们带领外国学生体验了正宗的(authentic)茶文化，结果证明非常值得。_ _4(2018北京高考书面表达)它的中国文学专业对你来说是适合的，在那儿你可以完全沉浸在中国深厚的历史和丰富的文化中。_ _5(2017北京高考书面表达)搜集材
35、料花了我们整整一周的时间，在此期间我们采访了老师并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面。_ _四、用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空There was a time _1_ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason _2_ my father forced me to join in a 30day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the clu
36、b, _3_ I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide, _4_ teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me facetoface, from _5_ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each o
37、ther.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities _6_ we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide, _7_ encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into _8_ I put my en
38、tire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages, through _9_ I can memorize a large number of new words. _10_ our English teacher says, “As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have pe
39、rseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later.” 答案：三、高考写作佳句1The_match_is_due_to_be_organised_this_Saturday_afternoon_in_the_citys_stadium,_whose_aim_is_to_help_us_communicate_with_your_school_and_improve_our_friendship.2The_reason_why_I_love_western_music_is_that_the_piece_of_music_named_Fate
40、_Symphony_by_Beethoven_has_inspired_me_a_lot_to_move_on_when_I_am_in_difficulty.3Last_week,_we_took_the_foreign_students_to_experience_the_authentic_tea_culture,_which_turned_out_to_be_extremely_rewarding.4Its_Chinese_literature_major_is_perfect_for_you_where_you_can_be_completely_devoted_to_Chinese
41、_profound_history_and_rich_culture.5Material_collecting_took_us_a_whole_week,_during_which_we_interviewed_our_teachers_and_took_pictures_of_every_aspect_of_school_life.四、用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。1when句意：有一段时间，我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。There
42、 was a time when. “有一段时间”。2whyThis is/was the reason why. “这就是的原因”。3where先行词是the club，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。4whose先行词为my guide，代入定语从句后为：My guides teacher was Yu Minhong.由此可见，先行词与teacher之间是所属关系，故用whose引导。5which先行词为“my guide communicated with me facetoface”；先行词在定语从句中作from的宾语，且介词from提前，故填which。6that/whi
43、ch/不填先行词是activities，且先行词在定语从句中作宾语，故用that或which引导或省略关系代词。7who先行词为my father and the guide，关系词在定语从句中作主语，且指“人”，所以用who引导。8which先行词为English，关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语，且介词into已被提前，故填which。9which每天入睡前我总是回忆所学的文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的英语生词。先行词为I recall the passages，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语，且介词已被提前，故用which引导。10As句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于句首，指代引号内直接引语的内容，故需用as引导。