1、典型技巧01 长难句的分析与理解【技巧释义】高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。一、长难句的常见形式1.复合句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就
2、清晰了。I urge you to contact your state legislators to move this legislation forward so that this weekend will be one of the last times when we have to “fall back”.分析此句的主语为I，谓语是urge, so that引导的结果状语从句。在结果状语从句中when引导定语从句。2.分隔结构高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。“The r
3、esults are pretty excitingstrong levels of reductionsbut there clearly are going to be things to be learned from the areas where the reductions are not as great.” said Penn State University professor Elizabeth McGraw.提醒分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。3.成分省略或倒装在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主
4、要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。(2019北京高考阅读)By the end of the century, if not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.分析此句正常语序为： By the end of the century, if it is not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener
5、 thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.二、长难句突破策略1.结构分析法通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握句子的基本框架的基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语，即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。【真题再现】(2020浙江1月高考阅读C)A key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic t
6、hat researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers.分析主语是A key skill，谓语是is，表语是persistence, a characteristic是同位语，解释说明persistence。that引导同位语从句，解释名词characteristic。方法二：并列复合句的处理方法找并列连词There was a bit of me that didnt want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brillian
7、t. 分析句中的but是并列连词，连接两个并列单句。方法三：主从复合句的处理方法找从属连词【真题再现】(2020浙江1月高考阅读C)A key finding is that over time, children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence, which leads to better outcomes in school.分析该句主语是A key finding, that引导表语从句，从句中含有which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰名词per
8、sistence。方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句【真题再现】(2019北京高考阅读)“Itll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change，” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the color of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed o
9、ur planet.”分析but引导两个并列的主从复合句， but前的主从复合句中是before引导的时间状语从句，该从句中show后是that引导的宾语从句； but后的主从复合句中，主语是the change，谓语是will be, that引导的同位语从句，解释说明名词signals的内容。【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）1If you asked me to dance, Id probably freeze on the spot and some people say I have two left feet! But with some persuasion and Dutch
10、 courage I can be tempted to take to the dance floor and shake some moves-and that, apparently, is only natural.Experts have found as well as being fun, dancing might have helped us to survive as a species. Evolutionary anthropologist(人类学家) Bronwyn Tarr from the University of Oxford believes that da
11、ncing alone is one thing but its dancing as a group that makes our brain reward us with a cocktail of feel-good hormones that change how we feel about ourselves and those around us. This is likely to lead to profound social effects. Its keeping paces with others that makes us happy. Bronwy Tarr says
12、 that “dancing fosters social closeness between people. It helps us build social connections and communities. In our past, those social connections would have been critical for surviving.”Dance is also a good way to keep fit and improve our mental health. In Wales there have been calls for doctors t
13、o prescribe dance classes to people who are unwell. The Arts Council of Wales claims there are many health benefits. And Bronwyn Tarr says “more and more were actually discovering that your longevity(长寿)-your life expectancy-is predicted by the social connections that you havestill today its somethi
14、ng we should do more of.”It could be part of being a conservative Englishman that makes me a reluctant dancer. Look at other nationalities such as Cubans where dancing is at the heart of their cultural identity. And in Brazil at Carnival time, people let their hair down by dancing together day and n
15、ight. They seem to be having a good time-so maybe I should get on my feet and dance!1.What does the author imply in the first paragraph?A.He doesnt like dances.B.He does not dance well.C.He lacks confidence in dance.D.He does everything out of nature.2.What can be inferred from Tarrs words in Paragr
16、aph 2?A.Dancing alone doesnt benefit at all.B.Dancing with others helps people survive.C.It is funny to keep paces with other people.D.It matters most to dance on social occasions.3.How does the author feel about dancing in the last paragraph?A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Unclear.D.Objective.4.Which is th
17、e best title for the text?A.What makes you a real dancer?B.What can dances bring us?C.Why do people love to dance?D.How can we dance well?【答案】1.B 2.B 3.A 4.C【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章剖析了“人为什么要跳舞”及跳舞对种群生存的积极意义。1.推理判断题。根据第一段中“If you asked me to dance, Id probably freeze on the spot and some people say I have two
18、left feet! （如果你请我跳舞，我可能会当场呆住，人们会说我笨手笨脚的。）”可知，作者不擅长跳舞。故选B项。2.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Experts have found as well as being fun, dancing might have helped us to survive as a species. （专家们发现，舞蹈不仅有趣，还可能帮助我们作为一个物种生存下来。）”和“Bronwy Tarr says that “dancing fosters social closeness between people. It helps us build social
19、 connections and communities. In our past, those social connections would have been critical for surviving.”（ Bronwy Tarr说：“跳舞能促进人们之间的社会亲密感。它帮助我们建立社会联系和社区。在我们过去，这些社会关系对生存至关重要。”）”可知，Bronwy Tarr认为和别人跳舞有助于人们生存。故选B项。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“They seem to be having a good time-so maybe I should get on my feet and
20、dance!（他们似乎玩得很开心，所以也许我应该站起来跳舞！）”可知，作者对跳舞的看法是积极的。故选A项。4.主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Experts have found as well as being fun, dancing might have helped us to survive as a species. （专家们发现，舞蹈不仅有趣，还可能帮助我们作为一个物种生存下来。）”和“This is likely to lead to profound social effects. （这可能会导致深远的社会影响。）”以及第三段中“Dance is also a good way t
21、o keep fit and improve our mental health.（舞蹈也是一个很好的方式来保持健康，改善我们的心理健康。）”可知，文章剖析了“人为什么要跳舞”及跳舞对种群生存的积极意义，因此选项C“为什么人们喜欢跳舞？”最合适作文章标题。故选C项。2What do you do with old stuff? That dress you bought for a party three years ago, for example. You wore it once and put it away somewhere. So, what to do?In the UK, w
22、e might take it to a charity shop. The first charity shops appeared in Britain in the 19th century. The Salvation Army was one of the first to run a second-hand clothing shop to provide the needy with affordable clothes. This was followed by charities such as the British Red Cross, who also relieved
23、 hardship and raised money for the war effort during World War Two. In 1947, Oxfam opened a charity shop in High Street, Oxford, which is the modern form we know today. These days, charity shops are a common sight with around 11, 200 shops across the UK, according to the Charity Retail Association.
24、During business hours the public can donate their unwanted items to a charity shop-clothes, books, electronics, furniture. These items are checked for wear and tear and if found still serviceable, priced up to be sold at a heavily discounted price.For many, this is a win-win situation. To the charit
25、y, it means a valuable source of income. To the consumer, it provides the opportunity to buy, often extremely cheap items and clothes. To the donator, it may help to assuage consumer guilt. “You can make a pretty good case to yourself that you are doing good, because what you are doing is going towa
26、rds a charitable cause and you are saving stuff from landfill(垃圾堆),” Clare Press, fashion journalist and sustainable style advocate, tells the Guardian.There are sometimes hidden treasures for the buyers, too. Take a screen print for example. It was bought for 99p and later found to be by English ar
27、tist Ben Nicholson. It was sold for4, 200. So next time you need to rid yourself of something, spare a thought for the charity shop-after all, charity begins at home!5.The text is mainly written to_.A.comment on the benefits of charity shopsB.analyze the popularity of the UK charitiesC.list the name
28、s of the first UK charity shopsD.introduce something about UK charity shops6.Modern charity shops might be run by_.A.British Red CrossB.The Salvation ArmyC.OxfamD.Charity Retail Association7.What does the underlined word “assuage” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Ease.B.Add.C.Mix.D.Increase.8.What doe
29、s the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?A.Get rid of unwanted items.B.Start charity from daily life.C.Be environmentally friendly.D.Make a difference for the future.【答案】5.D 6.C 7.A 8.B【分析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了英国的慈善商店，以及慈善商店带来的益处。5.推理判断题。根据第二段内容“The first charity shops appeared in Britain in th
30、e 19th century. The Salvation Army was one of the first to run a second-hand clothing shop to provide the needy with affordable clothes.”（第一家慈善商店出现在19世纪的英国。救世军是最早经营二手服装店的组织之一，向有需要的人提供他们买得起的衣服。）以及第三段“For many, this is a win-win situation.”（对许多人来说，这是双赢的局面。）可知本文主要目的是介绍英国的慈善店。故选D。6.细节理解题。根据第二段“In 1947,
31、Oxfam opened a charity shop in High Street, Oxford, which is the modern form we know today.”（1947年，牛津饥荒救济委员会在牛津的高街开了一家慈善商店，这就是我们今天所知道的现代形式。）可知，现代慈善商店可能会被Oxfam管理。故选C。7.词句猜测题。根据前文“For many, this is a win-win situation. To the charity, it means a valuable source of income. To the consumer, it provides
32、the opportunity to buy, often extremely cheap items and clothes.”（对许多人来说，这是双赢的局面。对于慈善机构来说，这意味着一种宝贵的收入来源。对消费者来说，它提供了购买的机会，通常是非常便宜的物品和衣服。）以及后文“You can make a pretty good case to yourself that you are doing good, because what you are doing is going towards a charitable cause and you are saving stuff fr
33、om landfill”（你可以很好地证明自己是在做好事，因为你所做的是为了慈善事业，你是从垃圾填埋场中节省东西）可推知，可以帮助捐赠者减轻负罪感。故assuage的意思是“减轻”的意思，A项ease减轻，缓解。故选A。8.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“So next time you need to rid yourself of something, spare a thought for the charity shop-after all, charity begins at home!”（因此，下次你需要处理一些东西时，为慈善商店想一想毕竟，慈善始于家庭!）由此判断出，作者建议慈善
34、从家庭开始做，故选B。3As the birthplace of kites in the world, Weifang, Shandong province of China, produces beautiful, vivid, colorful and high-quality kites. Now, more than 70% of kites in the world are exported from Weifang. If you want to see various shapes and sizes of kites covering the sky, you cannot
35、miss the Weifang Kite Festival held on the third Saturday of every April.But this year, tens of thousands of Chinese participants gathered in Weifang, from Sept 26 to 29 for the 37th International Kite Festival. Held since 1984, the International Kite Festival is an annual event to “exhibit the exce
36、llence of the kite lovers to the public,” according to the festivals website.During the festival, kite lovers can enjoy stunt (特技表演) kite flying, also known as aerial ballet. Controlled by either a single person or a group, the kites form different shapes in the air. People always devote a lot of ti
37、me and wisdom to making their own kites. From animals that crawl (爬行) on the ground or swim in the water to legends like Monkey King, everything can fly in the sky at the festival. One of this years highlights was the giant kites decorated with images of medical staff and the Long March 5 rocket, wh
38、ich reflect the hot topics this year.“Flying a kite is like flying your dream. All the cultural symbols from ancient and modem times can be found in the sky of Weifang,” noted Medium. After more than three decades of development, the festival has become a place to appreciate kites. But most importan
39、tly, it serves as a unique cultural event to promote international exchange.9.What does the text mainly talk about?A.A kite festival.B.A kite birthplace.C.The future of kites.D.Kite performances.10.For what purpose is the kite festival held every year?A.To enjoy animals flying in the air.B.To show k
40、ite-lovers brilliance.C.To perform specialized kite flying.D.To enhance Weifangs global impact.11.What can be known from Paragraph 3?A.It takes a lot of trouble to make a kite.B.Stunt kite flying is the only highlight.C.Imagination can be shown in the kite.D.Decorations matter least in the show.12.W
41、hat is the most important role the festival plays?A.It helps organize an international event.B.It offers tips on how to appreciate kites.C.It helps make the place known worldwide.D.It enhances international cultural exchange.【答案】9.A 10.B 11.C 12.D【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了潍坊的国际风筝节。9.主旨大意题。根据第一段中“ If you want
42、 to see various shapes and sizes of kites covering the sky, you cannot miss the Weifang Kite Festival held on the third Saturday of every April.（如果你想看到各种形状和大小的风筝覆盖天空，你不能错过每年四月的第三个星期六举行的潍坊风筝节。）”可知，这篇文章主要介绍了潍坊的风筝节。故选A项。10.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Held since 1984, the International Kite Festival is an annual event
43、 to “exhibit the excellence of the kite lovers to the public,” according to the festivals website.（据国际风筝节网站介绍，自1984年以来，国际风筝节每年举行一次，目的是“向公众展示风筝爱好者的卓越才能”。）”可知，每年举行风筝节的目的是展示风筝爱好者的才能。故选B项。11.推理判断题。根据第三段中“People always devote a lot of time and wisdom to making their own kites. （人们总是投入大量的时间和智慧来制作他们自己的风筝。）
44、”可知，想象力可以在风筝上表现出来。故选C项。12.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But most importantly, it serves as a unique cultural event to promote international exchange.（但最重要的是，它是促进国际交流的独特文化活动。）”可知，这个节日最重要的作用是它促进了国际文化交流。故选D项。4Ocean Today serves as a gate to the most useful and interesting websites and organizations on ocean science an
45、d culture, to thousands of ocean-based curricula and educational resources, to our Ocean Directory of over 18, 000 ocean organizations worldwide.Our knowledge of the ocean today goes beyond the limits of a distant horizon and mysterious deep. Through exploration and scientific research, we have begu
46、n to learn more about its physical elements, its cultural contributions, and its interaction with other natural systems-climate and fresh water, for example-that apply directly to our personal, financial, and social welfare.World Ocean Observatory advocates for the ocean through independent, respons
47、ible, non-political science, and is dedicated to advancing public understanding of ocean issues through institutional cooperation and partnerships, pro-active programs, and connection with individual subscribers around the world.Extreme Weather keeps us informed of the undated severe weather conditi
48、ons around the world, including vivid images and reports of hurricanes and typhoons, tsunamis and waves, droughts. How do CO2 emissions(排放)or global warming affect our weather? Is there a connection between our behavior and these phenomena? How can we protect ourselves from the destructive effect?Wo
49、rld Ocean Forum, dedicated to voices for change in ocean policy and action worldwide, is linking unexpected people with unexpected ideas and offering a knowledgeable outlet for research, opinion and storytelling. To inquire about becoming a contributing writer, or to contribute to our Solutions With
50、in Reach series, please contact us at director .A contribution, in any amount, helps to further advance global ocean communications. We are informing millions of individuals around the globe, building political will, and changing the future by changing global perspectives of human impacts on the oce
51、an while sharing the knowledge that the sea connects all things.13.What is the function of Ocean Today?A.An entry to ocean-based information.B.A platform to exchange resources.C.A window to learn more about ecology.D.An inspiration to explore more about seas.14.What does Extreme Weather focus on?A.F
52、inding out the driving force behind the nature.B.Promoting global cooperation to a better world.C.Offering information about latest weather change.D.Processing data of greenhouse gas emissions.15.If someone wants to make his voice heard, he might probably choose_.A.Ocean DirectoryB.World Ocean Obser
53、vatoryC.Extreme WeatherD.World Ocean Forum【答案】13.A 14.C 15.D【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了提供海洋信息、关注海洋问题等的组织和网站。13.细节理解题。根据第一段“Ocean Today serves as a gate to the most useful and interesting websites and organizations on ocean science and culture, to thousands of ocean-based curricula and educational resources, t
54、o our Ocean Directory of over 18, 000 ocean organizations worldwide.（今日海洋为人们打开关于海洋科学和文化的最有用和最有趣的网站和组织，数以千计的海洋课程和教育资源，以及我们全球18000个海洋组织的海洋目录的大门。）”可知，今日海洋的功能是提供海洋信息的入口。故选A项。14.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Extreme Weather keeps us informed of the undated severe weather conditions around the world, including vivid image
55、s and reports of hurricanes and typhoons, tsunamis and waves, droughts.（极端天气使我们了解世界各地未注明日期的恶劣天气状况，包括飓风和台风、海啸和海浪、干旱的生动图像和报告。）”可知，极端天气的焦点是提供最新天气变化信息。故选C项。15.推理判断题。根据第五段中“World Ocean Forum, dedicated to voices for change in ocean policy and action worldwide, is linking unexpected people with unexpected ideas and offering a knowledgeable outlet for research, opinion and storytelling.（世界海洋论坛，致力于改变全球海洋政策和行动的声音，将意想不到的人与意想不到的想法联系起来，并为研究、意见和故事提供一个知识丰富的渠道。）”可知，如果有人想让别人听到他的声音，他可能会选择世界海洋论坛。故选D项。