1、专题二十 解释画线单词或句子意思-2-考情概览此题要求考生结合主旨大意、整合上下文语境信息进行猜测,还要利用同义或者反义关系、构词法和语篇文脉关系等理解生词,猜测其含义。有些题目需要在较大的上下文范围甚至理解整个语篇的基础上进行猜测判断,以此考查考生根据上下文理解词汇或者句子含义的能力。考查形式为解释某个画线词、短语或者句子的含义。-3-1.根据上下文理解句子含义(2017天津卷)In the years of my growing up,Dad was strict with me.He made sure I made my bed and did my homework.He would
2、 call in advance to make sure there was no alcohol at the party.I got so angry with him for laying down the law.I would scream,“I hate you!”Dad would yell back,“Good!I dont care!”Deep down I knew he did.One time at a party,I drank too much alcohol and got so sick.I said,“Call my dad.”Next thing,Dad
3、was carrying me to the car.I woke up the next morning,thinking I would definitely be criticised.As expected,I got a roasting,but I now understand why I needed discipline.-4-Dad was 29 when he got his big roles in films.I had an early start at the age of nine with a role in a 1990s TV series,but it w
4、asnt until I finished film studies that I pursued my career as an actress.Like those early days for Dad,I faced lots of rejections.Working in such a competitive industry,Ive sometimes thought,“I cant do this any more.”Once,after a trip to Hollywood,I returned to Australia so depressed and spent mont
5、hs in my bedroom painting,listening to Eckhart Tolles music and trying to find myself again.Dad sat me down and said,“Alice,I know its hard,but its all about persistence(坚持不懈).”-5-Now I get to work with Dad a lot,which I love.We are both passionate about acting,which comes from us being so intereste
6、d in people.If it werent for Dad,I wouldnt be where I am today.Hes my biggest fan,and when you have that in your life you can go a long way.57.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?(no more than 5 words)I got/was criticized/scolded.由画线部分所在句子前的“thinkingI would definitely be criticised”及“A
7、s expected”可知,作者如自己所预想的那样遭到了父亲的批评/责骂。-6-2.根据定义猜测词义通过词汇后面给出的定义、同位语从句或同位语词组、定语从句等来确定词义。如果生词在文中直接被句子或段落解释,理解句子或段落本身就能推断出词义;构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号和括号等;定语从句在文中起着解释和说明的作用,据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。-7-【典例分析】.The job was strenuousshe could get to the end of a page,make a mistake on the last line,and have to
8、do the whole thing again.For a number of years,Low also worked in the CNIB sound studio reading books onto tape.Three years ago,she took up proofreading(校对)at the CNIBs word factory.What does the underlined word“strenuous”most probably mean?(1 word)_Difficult/Hard/Tiring/Tough.根据破折号后面的“she could get
9、 tothe end of a page,make a mistake on the last line,and have to do thewhole thing again”可知,她可能进行到每页的结尾了,但最后一行出了错误,那么她就不得不重新做一遍。由此可知,这项工作非常难,而且让人疲劳。-8-3.根据逻辑关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中,有时会对两个事物或现象进行对比或类比性的描述,我们可以根据生词的反义词或同义词来猜测其意义。英语中表示对比关系的词(组)主要有unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast和while引导的并
10、列句等;表示类比关系的词(组)主要有similarly,like,also,as well等。在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系、替代关系等,我们可以根据这些逻辑关系推知生词的词义。-9-【典例分析】Born in 1949,Diana Nyad took an early interest in swimming as a sport and was a Florida State High School swimming champion.Like many young athletes,she had Olympic dreams,but a serious illness
11、 kept her from competing in the Games.The disappointment didnt stop her from going forward.Instead,she became interested in marathon swimming.A brilliant athlete,she was well-conditioned for spending long periods of time in the water.As a long-distance swimmer,she would compete against herself and t
12、he obstacles presented by distance,danger,cold,and exhaustion.What does the underlined word“obstacles”mean?(1 word)_Difficulties/Problems/Trouble(s)/Challenges.根据后面的“bydistance,danger,cold,and exhaustion”可知,obstacle 意为“困难,障碍”。-10-4.根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义我们可以根据文中与生词密切相关的句子,对生词进行合情合理且合乎上下文语境的推测,也可以根据生词后举出的有关例
13、子进行适当归纳,猜测生词的词义。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义,这时就需要运用生活经验和常识确定词义。-11-【典例分析】.People often ask me why we go to faraway places like Mars.My answer is simple:because were curious.We human beings do not just hole up in one place.We are constantly wondering and trying to find out whats over the hill and beyond the
14、 horizon.What does the underlined phrase“hole up”mean?(1 word)_Stay/Remain/Live/Hide.根据后面的“are constantly wonderingand trying to find out whats over the hill and beyond the horizon”可知,这里的意思是不能总是待在同一个地方。-12-5.借助构词法来猜测词义英语单词的构成方法主要有三种,即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前
15、面或后面加上前缀或后缀,可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义,那么就可以很容易地猜测出所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有:super-(超),inter-(在之间),-able(能的),mini-(极少的,微型的),micro-(极微小的),re-(再,反复),co-(共同),post-(后),pre-(前),trans-(超越;转换),under-(在之下;低于;不足),-hood(状态;性质;时期),-ish(如的;有点儿的);-proof(防的;不能穿透的),-scope(镜),-ship(身份;资格;权力;性质);-some(易于的
16、),-wards(向),un-(不;非),in-(不;非),im-(不;非),dis-(不),non-(不;非),-less(不;无),anti-(反;防)。-13-ABC(2017天津和平区四模)Be careful what you say around your dog.It might understand more than you think.A border collie named Rico recognizes the names of about 200 objects,say researchers in Germany.The dog also appears to b
17、e able to learn new words as easily as a 3-year-old child.Its word-learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee(黑猩猩).In one experiment,the researchers took all 200 items that Rico is supposed to know and divided them into 20 groups of 10 objects.Then the owner told the dog to go an
18、d fetch one of the items and bring it back.In four tests,Rico got 37 out of 40 commands right.As the dog couldnt see anyone to get clues,the scientists believe Rico must understand the meanings of certain words.-14-ABCIn another experiment,the scientists took one toy that Rico had never seen before
19、and put it in a room with seven toys whose names the dog already knew.The owner then told Rico to fetch the object,using a word the dog had never heard before.The correct object was chosen in seven out of 10 tests,suggesting that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination(排除法).A mon
20、th later,Rico remembered half of the new names,which is even more impressive.Rico is thought to be smarter than the average dog.For one thing,Rico is a border collie,a breed(品种)known for its mental abilities.In addition,the 9-year-old dog has been trained to fetch toys by their names since the age o
21、f nine months.-15-ABCIts hard to know if all dogs understand at least some of the words we say.Even if they do,they cant talk back.Still,it wouldnt hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then.You might just get a big,wet kiss in return!-16-ABC1.Whats the best title of the passage?(No more than 5
22、words)A clever dog.2.What do the underlined words“a border collie”in Paragraph 2 refer to?(No more than 10 words)A breed/A kind of dog for its mental ability.3.Why does Rico seem smarter than the average dog?(No more than 25 words)Because its a breed known for its mental abilities and it has been tr
23、ained since the age of 9 months.4.What does the author advise us to do by saying“it wouldnt hurt to sweet-talk.”?(No more than 10 words)Be friendly to our dog./He advises us to be friendly to our dog.5.Would you like to keep a dog as a pet?Why?(No more than 25 words)Open.-17-ABC(2016天津卷)Im a 34-year
24、-old man,married,living in a nice house,and having a successful career as an educational consultant.But my life was not always so great.I had a learning disability from an early age.I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help.Still,I suffered the rest of my school days in public scho
25、ols.My life improved remarkably when I discovered art.The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words.I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay(黏土).Here I learned my first important lesson:disabled as I was in language,I could still be smart and well expre
26、ss myself with clay.And my confidence came along.-18-ABCI got my next lesson from rock climbing.It was a fun thing but I was scared at the start.I soon noticed it wasnt a talent thing;it was practice.So I did it more.After about five years of climbing,I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall.
27、I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time,you will get better at it.Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write.Every day I practiced reading and writing,which I used to avoid as much as possible.After two hard years,I was literate
28、.Having gone through the long process with art,rock climbing,and reading and writing,now Ive got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown,hard,but interesting.-19-ABC1.What made the authors school days difficult?(No more than 5 words)(His)lear
29、ning disability.Or:Having a learning disability.Or:That he was learning disabled.Or:He had a learning disability.2.Why did art give the author confidence?(No more than 10 words)He could be smart and express himself with clay.Or:Art could help him express himself without words.Or:He could well expres
30、s himself with clay/art.3.What lesson did the author learn from rock climbing?(No more than 15 words)If you enjoy something and keep doing it,you will get better at it.Or:The more you practice something,the better at it you will become.Or:Practice makes perfect.Or:Practice leads to success.-20-ABC4.
31、What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4?(No more than 5 words)I could read and write.5.How does the authors story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life?Put it in your own words.(No more than 20 words)We should not lose heart in face of difficulties.If we work hard,we will fi
32、nd a way out.Or:The authors story tells me that I should be confident and practice hard to overcome difficulties in my life.Or:We should overcome our weaknesses and fears with courage and determination.-21-ABCWhen my friends went to college in great delight,I restarted my senior high school life.My
33、spirits sank.Surrounded by strange classmates,I felt like I was in a maze and was sorry about myself.There were some complex feelings in my mind.I was frightened,nervous and lonely.To make matters worse,I recalled my failure again and again,which put more pressure on me than I could bear.As a result
34、,I was always feeling down during class time.My teacher found me spiritless.One day he asked me to come to his office and told me about his attitude towards life:we might suffer from mistakes,but its important to learn lessons from them.All the pains and the embarrassing things we experience are par
35、t of the process.So keep your spirits up!At last,he added,“If you are optimistic,things you want may happen to you!”-22-ABCWarmth rushed through my soul.I suddenly found the sun shining again when I stepped out of his office.With the teachers help,I eventually got over my depression.From then on,I n
36、o longer bowed my head and began smiling to my classmates.I would put up my hand confidently in class and play with my new friends in my spare time.Meanwhile,I was gradually embraced by my classmates.Now faced with fierce competition,we all study hard because we know that every second counts.Moreove
37、r,there is an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect between us.I love my class;I love my classmates!-23-ABCTo be frank,I still have a thirst for my dream university,but Im not afraid of failure because I can gain from it.With parents and teachersencouragement,Im quite certain of my success and Im s
38、ure I can fly high.-24-ABC1.Why was the writer in low spirits at the beginning?(No more than 10 words)Because he could not go to college.2.What did the teacher expect the writer to do?(No more than 10 words)The teacher expected him to be optimistic.3.What is the main idea of Paragraph 5?(No more than 15 words)With the teachers help,he eventually got over his depression.4.The underlined word“embraced”in paragraph 5 means.(No more than 5 words)accepted/welcomed5.What does the writer think of failure now?(No more than 10 words)He thinks he can benefit from failure.
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