1、单元质量评估(四)时间：100分钟分数：120分第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分35分)第一节(共10小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。ASolar energy collection faces no shortage of problems.Scientists have discovered another block(阻碍)：air pollution.In certain parts of the globe，its influence on solar panels(太阳能面板) can decrease ener
2、gy output by more than 25 percent，according to a new study.“My colleagues in India were showing off some of their rooftop solar installations，and I was blown away by the panels and couldnt describe how dirty they were，” said Michael Bergin，a professor of environmental engineering at Duke University
3、and lead author of the study.“I thought the dirt must affect their efficiency，so we put together a model to do just that.”Working with his colleagues at the Indian Institute of TechnologyGandhinagar，Bergin measured the efficiency of the schools solar panels as they became dirty over several months.T
4、he chemical analysis showed that 92 percent of the dirt was natural dust.The remaining 8 percent pollutants came from human activities，such as fossilfuel and biomass combustion (生物质燃烧)Although this latter group contributed to a smaller percentage of the overall dirt on the solar panels，it can result
5、 in greater energy loss，Bergin said.The manmade pollutants are small and sticky(粘的)，making them much more difficult to clean off.In addition，smaller pollutants block sunlight more efficiently than natural dust does.Although cleaning the panels produced an immediate 50 percent increase in energy gath
6、ering，Bergin warned against it.“The more you clean them，the higher your risk of damaging them，” he said.“We always knew these pollutants were bad for human health and climate change，but now weve shown how bad they are for solar energy as well，”Bergin added.“Its yet another reason for policymakers wo
7、rldwide to adopt emission controls.”【语篇解读】本文介绍了影响太阳能收集的一个容易被忽略的因素：空气污染，尤其是人类活动造成的颗粒污染，其中所占比例虽小但影响巨大。1What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?ATouched.BShocked.CShamed. DChanged.解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段“couldnt describe how dirty they were”可推断，迈克尔伯金觉得太阳能面板很脏，这让他感到震惊。答案：B2According to Paragraph 3，sola
8、r panels_Ashould always be used in clean areasBare mainly polluted by human activitiesCcan stop work when natural dust gathersDwork inefficiently with manmade pollutants解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Although this latter group contributed a smaller.can result in greater energy loss”可知，人类污染物会严重降低太阳能面板收集太阳能的效率。答案：D3W
9、hat can we infer from Paragraph 4?ATheres no need to clean off natural dust.BPeople should replace solar panels frequently.CSolar panels shouldnt be cleaned frequently.DManmade pollutants are heavier than natural dust.解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“Although cleaning the panels produced.The more you clean them，the h
10、igher your risk of damaging them”可知，太阳能面板极易因为清洁而受损，即太阳能面板并不适合频繁清洁。答案：CBAll that extra carbon dioxide blocking our atmosphere might be useful for something new in a process described at the American Chemical Society meeting in Boston，Massachusetts，the carbon from pipedin air was spun into tiny nanofi
11、bresa raw material used to build strong composites(复合材料)such as those used in aircraft，fitness equipment and sports cars.A team led by Stuart Licht of George Washington University in Washington DC has designed a process that actively uses carbon from the air and turns it into a product that can be s
12、old for much more than the cost to produce it.Carbon nanofibres sell for about$25，000 per ton，but making a ton of them using this process would cost only about$1，000.“Were transforming the CO2 into something useful，”says Licht.“We hope therell be significant demand.”The technique works in an electro
13、lytic cell(电解槽)，in which atmospheric carbon breaks up in lithium carbonate，a common industrial chemical.So far，the teams efforts have revealed no unexpected barriers.The electric current could come from conventional sources but Licht has also successfully run it on solar power.If its used on a large
14、 scale，the process could in theory have a great effect on fighting climate change.“We calculate that with a physical area less than 10 percent the size of the Sahara Desert，our process could remove enough CO2 to decrease atmospheric levels to those of the preindustrial revolution within 10 years，”Li
15、cht says.Thats a fearless projectand not everyone believes it.“Im extremely sceptical of these ideas，”says Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford，California.Caldeira doubts whether this kind of solartochemical conversion(转化)is near being economically working.“I would be hig
16、hly surprised if these people have broken this nut，”he says.Nate Lewis of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena says one limitation of using Lichts method on a large scale might be that carbon dioxide would be used up.Getting CO2 from the atmosphere above an area with high efficiency wo
17、uld mean that more would have to blow in from elsewhere after only a few hours.“It will require much longer time than they calculate，”Lewis says.Licht says his unpublished research shows that just the hint of a breeze could provide enough inflow of new CO2 to allow his process to keep running.But hi
18、s team doesnt have plans to adapt their method for largescale commercial ends.Licht stresses that his lab is interested only in pioneering the fundamental(基础的)science involved.【语篇解读】本文介绍了利用大气中的CO2制造新材料(碳纳米纤维)的一项新科技和其潜在的前景，以及外界对其可行性的质疑。4Who will be most likely to support the teams efforts?APhysicists
19、. BAstronomers.CPhysicians. DEnvironmentalists.解析：推理判断题。第三段说只要不到撒哈拉沙漠面积十分之一大的地方，CO2的浓度在十年之内就可以降低到工业化前的水平。根据常识可知，CO2是公认的全球变暖的罪魁祸首，所以，这可以成为环境问题的一个解决方法。所以可以推断环保主义者会支持这项技术。答案：D5What does Ken Caldeira mean by saying “I would be highly surprised if these people have broken this nut”？AThe technique isnt qu
20、ite practical.BCarbon nanofibres arent very marketable.CCarbon nanofibres arent so environmental as we thought.DThe technique needs to be acknowledged by more people.解析：推理判断题。从画线句的上文可知，肯卡尔德里亚怀疑这个技术的经济性，由此可知他不相信这个技术是可行的。答案：A6What else do scientists shed doubt on besides economical practicability?APub
21、lic awareness of carbon emission.BPossible inaccuracy of data and figures involved.CTheir interest only in fundamental science involved.DFailure in adapting their method for largescale commercial ends.解析：细节理解题。内特刘易斯的话对他们的计算提出质疑，由此可知，他们的数据可能存在不精确的地方，这是科学家们表示怀疑的另一个原因。答案：B7Which would be the best title
22、 for the passage?AFighting against climate changeBMaking nanofibres into car partsCMaking carbon nanofibre from the air saves the earthDProtecting the environment by reducing CO2解析：主旨大意题。本文关键信息有两个：一是明线，利用大气中的CO2制造碳纳米纤维；二是暗线，通过所举的例子表明其环境价值。故选D。答案：DCSea ice is drifting(漂移) faster in the Arcticwhich me
23、ans polar bears need to walk farther to stay in their native range.Polar bears spend most of their time wandering the sea ice in search of seals.And seals spend most of their time underneath that ice，avoiding the top predator(捕食者)But climate change is giving polar bears additional challenges in thei
24、r searches for food.“Sea ice is now drifting faster，” George Durner，a research zoologist said.He and colleagues compared sea ice conditions from 1987 to 1998 with those from 1999 to 2013.“And what we found was ice drift at the locations used by polar bears increased 30% in the Beaufort sea and 37% i
25、n the Chukchi sea.” Thats a problem because polar bears are homebodiesthey prefer to stay in a specific range.“Throughout their range，they seem to have a sense of place.And here we have a situation where the general pattern of ice drift is westward，so to remain in their traditional range，it means th
26、ey have to constantly be walking eastward to adapt to that westward drift.”The result：a large number of polar bears walk on the treadmill (跑步机)And all that walking requires extra fuel.On average，a single bear eats between 31 and 33 seals per year.But the changeable consequence of the treadmill effec
27、t means they have to eat on average one to three more.George Durner and some other scientists agree that increased Arctic sea ice drift makes adult female polar bears movements and energies change.And not only is the ice drifting faster，its also melting more，giving the bears less of the platform(平台)
28、 they use to pursue their prey.So they need more seals and will have a tougher time tracking them.All of this puts polar bears on a slippery slope.But maybe they keep expecting more trouble while growing up.【语篇解读】气候的变化使北极熊面临新的挑战。8What can we learn from Paragraph 3?AGeorge Durner collected the data b
29、y himself.BPolar bears always change their living range.CThe research was carried out by making comparisons.DIce drift at the places where polar bears live increased by 7%.解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中“He and colleagues compared sea ice conditions from 1987 to 1998 with those from 1999 to 2013.”及下文可知，研究者主要通过比较冰块的
30、状况来实施项目研究。答案：C9On average，how many seals does a bear eat at least half a year after climate change?A13. B16.C31. D32.解析：数字计算题。根据文章第四段“On average，a single bear eats between 31 and 33 seals per year.on average one to three more.”可知，气候变化后导致每只北极熊每年平均捕食海豹至少31132只，半年则为16只。答案：B10What does the passage mainl
31、y talk about?AIce is melting more and drifting faster.BMore seals are walking eastward.CThe polar bears prefer to live in the same place.DClimate change affects polar bears survival.解析：主旨大意题。总观全文，作者主要围绕气候变化导致北极熊为了生存必须像在跑步机上行走一样可知，气候变化影响了北极熊的生存。答案：D第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项
32、中有两项为多余选项。For most Americans，plastic bags are a necessary part of any shopping trip.11._But plastic bags that end up in oceans and on beaches are harmful to fish，birds and other wildlife.Several cities around the US have either banned singleuse plastic bags，tax(征税) them，or find other ways to limit t
33、heir use.Those who support a bag tax say it encourages people to bring reusable bags.12._But critics argue that taxing the use of plastic bags puts unfair stress on lowincome families.Here two students share their views.Grant Gordinier，11，from San Diego，California，says，“13._ Every year，485 billion p
34、lastic bags are not recycled.Some end up in the ocean and can cause harm to sea life.Placing a small tax on plastic bags might encourage shoppers to bring their own reusable bags to stores.Reusable bags would cut down on waste in the environment.Businesses would also save money by not having to prov
35、ide as many plastic bags to customers.”However，Elle Belperio，12，from Los Angeles，California，has different opinions.“14._Some grocery stores(杂货店) have bins for shoppers to recycle used bags.Other stores reward individual efforts.They give a small refund(退款) every time a shopper uses his or her own ba
36、g.If you reuse and recycle your plastic bag properly，you will not be hurting the environment.I know many families reuse them to pick up after their dogs.15._Instead，the government should educate people in ways to reuse and recycle them.”ANew York City will also ban plastic bags.BThere are many ways
37、to reuse plastic bags.CIn my home，we find many uses for the bags.DBesides，they think it helps cut down on wastes.ECommunities should limit the use of plastic bags.FI dont think communities should tax plastic bags.GMany people seldom think of the bags influence on the environment.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。社区应该通
38、过征税限制塑料袋的使用吗？两名学生给出了他们的观点。11解析：由该空后的“But plastic bags.are harmful to fish，birds and other wildlife”可知，G项“很多人很少会想到塑料袋对于环境的影响”符合此处语境。答案：G12解析：由语境可知，此处承接上句阐述对塑料袋征税的另一个好处，故选D项。答案：D13解析：由本段的描述可知，格兰特戈丁纳支持对塑料袋征税，故E项内容“社区应该限制塑料袋的使用”符合此处语境。答案：E14解析：由该空前的“has different opinions”以及该空后的“Some grocery stores have
39、 bins.Other stores reward individual efforts”可知，艾尔贝佩里奥持不同的观点，他认为有很多方法可以重复使用塑料袋。答案：B15解析：由该段的描述和该空后的“Instead，the government should educate people in ways to reuse and recycle them”可知，艾尔贝佩里奥不支持对塑料袋征税。答案：F第二部分英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Xiu
40、htezcatl Martinez isnt a typical 16yearold.First，theres his Aztec_16_，which is hard to pronounce.Then theres his long hair，which has never been cut.But whats most_17_about Xiuhtezcatl is not his name or how he looks.Its how he_18_his time.While most teens are_19_with sports，friends，and YouTube，Xiuht
41、ezcatl is working to_20_the planet.“I call myself a warrior(勇士) for the Earth，”he says.He points out that climate change is a huge and_21_problem.Xiuhtezcatl began looking for solutions when he was just a little kid.His older sisters and brothers ran a(n)_22_group called Earth Guardians，which was st
42、arted by their mum.First he sneaked(偷偷溜进) into their meetings to listen.Soon he was travelling around the countryand the world.His_23_？To educate and inspire people to_24_the fight against climate change.Today，Xiuhtezcatl runs Earth Guardians.The group _25_ with thousands of kids around the globe.He
43、 speaks to students in classrooms about_26_they can take to help the planet.And he writes and performs hiphop songs about the environment.Xiuhtezcatl_27_that if many people adjust their habits，we can_28_the causes of climate change.“There are so many ways to_29_in your own life，”he says.“_30_changes
44、 can have a huge influence.Turn off the water and lights.Use less plastic._31_your own food.”He_32_his message on TV，online，and through his music.And he gives speeches to world leaders and presidential candidates，asking them to use their_33_to stop climate change.“Climate change sounds scary，” Xiuht
45、ezcatl says，“_34_its possible to defeat it.We can_35_the Earth，the air，the water，and the atmosphere so my generation will live on a safe，healthy planet.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了一位与众不同的16岁男孩地球保护勇士Xiuhtezcatl Martinez。16A.word BnameCopinion Daccent解析：由下文中的“about Xiuhtezcatl is not his name or how he looks
46、”可知，Xiuhtezcatl Martinez的名字(name)来自(墨西哥)阿兹特克语，很难发音。答案：B17A.popular BinterestingCunusual Dmysterious解析：由上文中的“Xiuhtezcatl Martinez isnt a typical 16yearold.”和下文介绍他致力于环境保护可知，令Xiuhtezcatl与其他16岁男孩与众不同的(unusual)既不是他的名字也不是他的外表，而是他如何度过(spends)他的时光。答案：C18A.keeps BsetsCspends Dvalues解析：参见上题解析。答案：C19A.busy Bbo
47、redCcareful Dangry解析：由下文中的“I call myself a warrior for the Earth”可知，当大多数青少年忙(busy)于参加体育运动、交友、上社交网络的时候，Xiuhtezcatl正致力于挽救(save)地球。答案：A20A.design BsaveCcontrol Drecord解析：参见上题解析。答案：B21A.strange BunavoidableCfrightening Dshortterm解析：由下文中的“Climate change sounds scary”可知，他认为气候变化是一个巨大且令人害怕的(frightening)问题。答
48、案：C22A.charitable BculturalCpolitical Denvironmental解析：由下文提到的“fight against climate change”和“Xiubtezcatl runs Earth Guardians.to help the planet”可知，Earth Guardians是一个与环境有关的(environmental)组织。答案：D23A.view BgoalCsecret Dstandard解析：由下文介绍Xiuhtezcatl在环保方面所做出的努力可知，他环游世界的目标(goal)是教育并启迪人们加入(join)到应对气候变化的活动中来
49、。答案：B24A.feel BjoinCstop Dwatch解析：参见上题解析。答案：B25A.travels BlivesCtalks Dworks解析：由下文中的“He speaks to students in classrooms”可知，环保组织Earth Guardians 与全球的孩子们共同工作(works)。答案：D26A.orders BstepsCrules Droles解析：作为环保组织Earth Guardians的管 理者，Xiuhtezcatl要在课堂上给学生们讲解采取什么措施(steps)来保护地球。答案：B27. Adoubts BadmitsCbelieves
50、 Dremembers解析：由下文Xiuhtezcatl列举改变自我习惯的办法“Turn off the water and lights.your own food”可知，作为一个保护地球的勇士，Xiuhtezcatl相信(believes)如果大家能调整自己的习惯，我们就能够减少(reduce)导致气候变化发生的原因。答案：C28A.show BreportCreduce Ddiscover解析：参见上题解析。答案：C29A.give way Bstand outCmake mistakes Dtake action解析：下文介绍的“Turn off the water and light
51、s.your own food”都是生活中我们为减少气候变化的发生可以采取的行动(take action)。答案：D30A.Rapid BSmallCGlobal DSeasonal解析：关掉水电、尽量少使用塑料和自己种植(Grow)食物都是一些小(Small)却能起到巨大影响的改变。答案：B31A.Choose BBuyCGrow DEat解析：参见上题解析。答案：C32A.leaves BsharesCreceives Dforms解析：Xiuhtezcatl不仅通过课堂来传播他保护地球环境的意识，还会通过电视、网络、歌曲来分享(shares)他的环保主张。答案：B33A.money Bp
52、owerCtime Dcourage解析：由上文中的“world leaders and presidential candidates”可知，Xiuhtezeatl希望世界领导人和总统候选人可以利用他们的影响力(power)来阻止气候变化。答案：B34A.and BorCso Dbut解析：“气候变化听上去可怕”与“它有可能被扼制”之间是转折关系，故用but。答案：D35A.change BfollowCprotect Drespect解析：由下文中的“my generation will live on a safe，healthy planet”可知，只有保护(protect)好地球、空
53、气、水以及大气层，我们才能生活在一个安全又健康的星球。答案：C第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。The Great Barrier Reef is one of Earths greatest 36._ (nature) wonders.Its the largest system of coral reefs (珊瑚礁) in the world.The colourful underwater habitat provides food and shelter to many sea animals.Bu
54、t in 2016，scientists flying over the reef 37._(shock)by what they saw.“Where you expected 38._(see) colourful healthy corals，what you saw was just white，” says scientist Mark Eakin.What the scientists saw is a condition called coral bleaching(珊瑚白化)Its a warning sign that the reef is 39._ serious tro
55、uble.Experts say 40._is rising ocean temperatures that are mostly to blame.Coral reefs look like plants，but theyre 41._(actual) tiny animals that live together in huge groups.Corals get their nutrients from tiny plantlike living things called algae(海藻)The algae live inside corals and give 42._ (they
56、) their colour.But when the ocean gets too warm，corals release the algae.As 43._result，the corals get bleached white. Scientists say that bleaching is becoming more widespread as oceans get warmer.Some corals can recover from bleaching as the water 44._(cool) in winter，but that is getting less likel
57、y as winter ocean temperatures rise too.Reefs worldwide suffer from 45._(pollute)，overfishing，and other dangers，but scientists say climate change is the biggest threat.They predict that nearly 90 percent of all reefs will disappear by 2050.【语篇解读】本文主要讲了珊瑚白化的相关事情。36解析：考查形容词作定语的用法。设空处作定语修饰wonders，故填nat
58、ural(自然的)。答案：natural37解析：考查一般过去时的被动语态。主语scientists与shock之间是被动关系，且由时间状语in 2016可知，设空处表示的动作发生在过去，故填were shocked。答案：were shocked38解析：考查不定式作宾语的用法。expect to do sth意为“期望做某事”。答案：to see39解析：考查介词。in trouble意为“处于困境中，有麻烦”。答案：in40解析：考查it的用法。设空处所在句是强调句型，强调rising ocean temperatures，故填it。答案：it41解析：考查副词。设空处修饰系动词are，
59、故填actually。答案：actually42解析：考查代词。设空处作宾语，指代前面的corals，故填them。答案：them43解析：考查不定冠词。as a result意为“结果”。答案：a44解析：考查一般现在时。设空处描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填cools。答案：cools45解析：考查名词。设空处与overfishing以及other dangers并列作from的宾语，故填名词pollution。答案：pollution第三部分写作(共两节，满分40分)第一节应用文写作(满分15分)假定你是李华，你的英国网友John即将外出旅行，请给他写一封信，谈谈你的想法。内容包括
60、：(1)你对旅行的看法；(2)旅行前的准备；(3)旅行时要注意的问题。注意：(1)词数80左右；(2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。_答案：Dear John，I am glad to hear that you are going to travel.In my opinion, travelling is a very good activity.When you get tired of your study and have free time，you can go out to enjoy the beauty of nature.When travelling，you can me
61、et different people and make friends with them.In order to have a pleasant journey，youd better know about the weather conditions and take proper clothes.Remember to take some medicine for common injuries and diseases with you.On your journey，you must pay attention to what you eat. Wish you a good jo
62、urney.Yours，Li Hua第二节概要写作(满分25分)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。My weight has been a lifelong problem for me.The first time I went on a diet，I was in 9th grade.By the time I graduated from high school，I was 150 pounds.I tried a commercial weight loss programme on and off over the years，but I only almost r
63、eached my goal weight one time.I tried other things，like seeing a dietitian，but I guess my head wasnt in the right place.I went back to a commercial weight loss programme again in 1993.I was turning 40 and had gone through a divorce.I was so unhappy with my life.I would come home from work，eat，watch
64、 television，and go to bed，and the cycle would start all over again the next day.I finally realized that if I didnt do something to change my ways I would never see another 40 years. I followed the commercial weight loss plan，but this time I added physical activity.I was so heavy，but I would go to th
65、e mall after work and walk for 10 to 15 minutes.Now，I can walk in my neighborhood for two hours.I had to learn a new behaviour pattern，including knowing when I was full or hungry.I started taking an exercise class at the local hospital，and I walk when I can.When I didnt exercise，I made sure I balanc
66、ed it by eating fewer calories.The weight started coming off.With every 10 to 20 pounds I lost，I got rid of those clothes that were now too big on me.I did not want to make it easy for me to go backwards this timeI didnt want to go back.When I went to my 20th high school reunion，everybody had aged t
67、remendously.I had been a heavy，fat kid in high schoolbut there I was the most fit person in the room! _答案：Since she was nine years old，the author had tried many times to lose weight，but she failed nearly every time.(要点1)As a result，her life before 40 was hopeless and unhappy.(要点2)However，she didnt lose heart and tried her best to achieve her goal.(要点3)In the end，she succeeded in losing weight，which made her the most fit person at her 20th high school reunion party.(要点4)